Observations by Ground-Based MAX-DOAS of the Vertical Characters of Winter Pollution and the Influencing Factors of HONO Generation in Shanghai, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methodologies
2.1. The MAX-DOAS Observations
2.1.1. Setup of Observations
2.1.2. Spectral Analysis
2.1.3. Profile Retrievals of Aerosol and Trace Gases
2.2. Backward Trajectory
2.3. TUV Model
2.4. Ancillary Data for Validation
3. Results
3.1. Validation of VCDs Measured by MAX-DOAS
3.2. Validation of Surface Concentrations Measured by MAX-DOAS
3.3. Vertical Distribution Characters and Diurnal Variations of Tropospheric Aerosol Extinction, NO2, HONO, HCHO, SO2, and Water Vapor
4. Discussion
4.1. Trajectory Clustering and Potential Pollution Evolution
4.2. Vertical Characters of Tropospheric HONO
4.3. The Impact Factors on HONO Formation at Different Altitude
4.4. Contribution of OH Production from HONO Photolysis at Different Altitude
5. Conclusions and Summaries
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Data Source | Trace Gases | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O4 | O4 | NO2 | HONO | HCHO | SO2 | H2O | ||
Fitting Wavelength Range (nm) | 338–367 | 460–490 | 338–367 | 335–373 | 336.5–359 | 307.5–315 | 433–462 | |
NO2 | [27] 220 K, 294 K, I0-correction * (SCD of 1017 molecules/cm2) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √(294 K) | √(294 K) | √ |
SO2 | [28] 298 K | √ | ||||||
HCHO | [29], 297 K | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
HONO | [30], 296 K | √ | ||||||
O3 | [31], 223 K, 243 K, I0-correction * (SCD of 1020 molecules/cm2) | √ | √(223 K) | √ | √ | √ | √ | √(223 K) |
O4 | [32], 293 K | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | |
BrO | [33], 223 K | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||
Glyoxal | [34], 298 K | √ | ||||||
H2O | [35], 293 K, 1021 hPa | √ | √ | |||||
Ring | Ring spectra calculated with QDOAS [36] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Polynomial degree | 5th order | 5th order | 5th order | 5th order | 5th order | 5th order | 3rd order | |
Intensity offset | constant | constant | constant | 1st order | 1st order | 1st order | constant | |
Wavelength calibration | Based on a high resolution solar reference spectrum (SAO2010 solar spectra) [26] |
Type | Site Location | Period | HONO (ppb) Mean ± SD | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Beijing, China (urban) | 3 January–27 January 2016 | 1.05 ± 0.89 | [25] | |
Ji’nan, China (urban) | December 2015–February 2016 | 1.75 ± 1.62 | [16] | |
Ground level | Wangdu, China (rural) | June–July 2014 | 0.91 ± 0.48 | [77] |
observations | Guangzhou, China (urban) | June 2006 | 2.80 | [78] |
in China | Xinken, China (rural) | 13 October–2 November 2004 | 1.20 | [79] |
Back Garden, China (rural) | July 2006 | 0.76 | [80] | |
Shanghai, China (urban) | October 2004–January 2005 | 1.1 ± 1.0 | [81] | |
Whiteface Mountain, USA (1483 m a.s.l.) | 14 June–20 July 199 | 0.046 | [82] | |
Hohenpeissenberg, Germany (980 m a.s.l.) | 3 July–12 July 2002 | 0.039 | [83] | |
Mt.Brocken, Germany (1142 m a.s.l.) | 19 June–4 July 1999 | 0.056 | [84] | |
Observations at | Northern Michigan (1000–1900 m.) | 30 July-6 August 2007 | 0.009 | [85] |
high altitude | Northern Italy (300–1000 m a.g.l.) | 12 July 2012 | ~0.15 | [86] |
Mt. Tai, China (1534 m a.s.l) | November–December 2017 March–April 2018 | 0.15 ± 0.15 0.13 ± 0.15 | [87] |
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Xu, S.; Wang, S.; Xia, M.; Lin, H.; Xing, C.; Ji, X.; Su, W.; Tan, W.; Liu, C.; Hu, Q. Observations by Ground-Based MAX-DOAS of the Vertical Characters of Winter Pollution and the Influencing Factors of HONO Generation in Shanghai, China. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 3518. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173518
Xu S, Wang S, Xia M, Lin H, Xing C, Ji X, Su W, Tan W, Liu C, Hu Q. Observations by Ground-Based MAX-DOAS of the Vertical Characters of Winter Pollution and the Influencing Factors of HONO Generation in Shanghai, China. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(17):3518. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173518
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Shiqi, Shanshan Wang, Men Xia, Hua Lin, Chengzhi Xing, Xiangguang Ji, Wenjing Su, Wei Tan, Cheng Liu, and Qihou Hu. 2021. "Observations by Ground-Based MAX-DOAS of the Vertical Characters of Winter Pollution and the Influencing Factors of HONO Generation in Shanghai, China" Remote Sensing 13, no. 17: 3518. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13173518