Sinkhole Scanner: A New Method to Detect Sinkhole-Related Spatio-Temporal Patterns in InSAR Deformation Time Series
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background on Sinkhole Types and Shapes
3. Methods
3.1. Multi-Burst TSInSAR Processing
3.2. Sinkhole Simulation
3.3. Sinkhole Scanner
3.4. Moving Window Operation
3.5. Hypothesis Testing Method
4. SAR Data and Test Site Description
5. Results
5.1. TSInSAR Results
5.2. Sinkhole Scanner Results
5.3. Hypothesis Testing Results
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inverted Gaussian Model | Cylindrical Model | Conical Model | |
---|---|---|---|
Model equation | , | ||
Model parameters |
Data | Date Range | Source | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Sentinel-1 SLC SAR | April 2015–December 2018 | Alaska Satellite Facility (ASF) | Polarization: VV, Nr. images: 75 |
Acquisition mode: IW, Track nr.: 1 | |||
Sentinel-1 Orbit data | April 2015–December 2018 | Copernicus Sentinels POD Data Hub | Orbit type: Precise |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Simulation grid size (m) | 10 × 10 |
Extent of grid () (km) | 63.73 ×43.84 |
Starting depth of sinkhole (mm) | 0.5 |
Maximum depth of center (mm) | 100 |
Temporal baseline (min, max) (year) | (0, 3.65) |
Epochs | 10 |
Uncertainty (e) (mm) | 10 |
Velocity of center (mm · yr) | 25 |
Simulation Space | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Scenario S | Scenario L | |||
Window size (m) | 100 × 100 | 2000 × 2000 | ||
Stride (m) | 100 × 100 | 2000 × 2000 | ||
, | (5,5) | (50, 50) | ||
Scanning Space | ||||
Scanner 1 | Scanner 2 | Scanner 3 | Scanner 4 | |
Window size (m) | 2000 × 2000 | 1000 × 1000 | 500 × 500 | 100 × 100 |
Stride (m) | 2000 × 2000 | 1000 × 1000 | 500 × 500 | 100 × 100 |
Scanner | Total Grids | Nr. of Scanned Grids | Scanned Area (km) |
---|---|---|---|
Scanner 1 | 651 | 499 | 1996 |
Scanner 2 | 2709 | 1142 | 1142 |
Scanner 3 | 10,922 | 2819 | 704.75 |
Scanner 4 | 274,320 | 1964 | 19.64 |
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Kulshrestha, A.; Chang, L.; Stein, A. Sinkhole Scanner: A New Method to Detect Sinkhole-Related Spatio-Temporal Patterns in InSAR Deformation Time Series. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 2906. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13152906
Kulshrestha A, Chang L, Stein A. Sinkhole Scanner: A New Method to Detect Sinkhole-Related Spatio-Temporal Patterns in InSAR Deformation Time Series. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(15):2906. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13152906
Chicago/Turabian StyleKulshrestha, Anurag, Ling Chang, and Alfred Stein. 2021. "Sinkhole Scanner: A New Method to Detect Sinkhole-Related Spatio-Temporal Patterns in InSAR Deformation Time Series" Remote Sensing 13, no. 15: 2906. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13152906