Retrieval of Chlorophyll a from Sentinel-2 MSI Data for the European Union Water Framework Directive Reporting Purposes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. In Situ Data
2.2. S2 MSI Data
2.2.1. ACOLITE
2.2.2. C2RCC
2.2.3. POLYMER
2.2.4. Sen2Cor
2.2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Validation of Water-Leaving Reflectance
3.1.1. Jõemõisa, Kaiu, Verevi and Pangodi
3.1.2. Kirikumäe, Murati and Hino
3.1.3. Otepää Valgjärv
3.1.4. Peipsi
3.1.5. Võrtsjärv
3.1.6. Comparison of AC processors
3.2. Comparing and Developing chl a Algorithms for S2 MSI
3.2.1. Spatial Analysis of C2RCC Derived ρw Product over Mesotrophic and Eutrophic Lakes
3.2.2. Ecological Status of Water in Lakes Based on chl a
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Type of Lake | Water Surface Area | Stratification | Water Color | Amount of Chloride | pH | Number of Lakes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | <10 km2 | Non-stratified | Dark/light | Low | Hard | 1 |
2 | <10 km2 | Non-stratified | Dark/light | Low | Moderate | 33 |
3 | <10 km2 | Stratified | Dark/light | Low | Moderate | 21 |
4 | <10 km2 | Non-stratified | Dark | Low | Soft | 10 |
5 | <10 km2 | Non-stratified | Light | Low | Soft | 8 |
6 (Võrtsjärv) | 100–300 km2 | Non-stratified | Light | Low | Moderate | 1 |
7 (Peipsi and Lämmijärv) | >1000 km2 | Non-stratified | Light | Low | Moderate | 2 |
8 | Coastal lakes | Non-stratified/stratified | Dark/light | High | Hard/Moderate/Soft | 13 |
Type of Lake | Very Good | Good | Moderate | Bad | Very Bad |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | <1 | 1–2 | >2–3 | >3–5 | >5 |
2 | <10.8 | 10.8–28 | >28–52 | >52–215 | >215 |
3 | <5.8 | >5.8–13 | >13–26 | >26–104 | >104 |
4 | <10 | 10–20 | >20–30 | >30 | >30 |
5 | <5.4 | 5.4–13 | >13–26 | >26–103 | >103 |
6 | ≤24 | >24–38 | >38–45 | >45–51 | >51 |
7 | ≤3 (Peipsi), ≤6 (Lämmi-järv) | >3–8 (Peipsi), >6–13 (Lämmi-järv) | >8–20 (Peipsi), >13–37 (Lämmi-järv) | >20–38 (Peipsi), >37–75 (Lämmi-järv) | >38 (Peipsi), >75 (Lämmi-järv) |
8 | <5 | 5–15 | >15–25 | >25 | > 25 |
Surface Area (km2) | Avg. Depth (Deepest) (m) | Length (km) | Width (km) | chl a (mg/m3) | TSM (mg/m3) | acdom (442) (m−1) | Secchi Depth (m) | Base-line | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jõemõisa | 0.7 | 2.6 (3.2) | 1.8 | 0.7 | 27.3 | 4.3 | 10.1 | 0.8 | 2.05 |
Kaiu | 1.3 | 2.6 (3) | 1.7 | 1.3 | 21.2 | 5.0 | 14.0 | 0.8 | |
Verevi | 0.1 | 3.6 (11) | 0.95 | 0.3 | 31.0 | 5.3 | 3.4 | 1.4 | |
Pangodi | 0.9 | 3.9 (11.1) | 2.1 | 0.7 | 15.2 | 4.2 | 1.3 | 1.7 | |
Hino | 2.1 | 3.1 (10.4) | 2.9 | 1.2 | 5.3 | 10.7 | 0.7 | - | |
Kirikumäe | 0.6 | 2.8 (3.5) | 1.0 | 0.95 | 20.7 | 6.0 | 7.7 | 1.2 | |
Murati | 0.7 | 3.6 (4.3) | 1.8 | 0.7 | 23.8 | 3.7 | 13.3 | 1.0 | |
Otepää Valgjärv | 0.7 | 3.2 (5.5) | 1.4 | 0.8 | 27.1 | 25.5 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 2.04 |
Peipsi_11 | 3543.1 | 8 (17.5) | 143.0 | 48.0 | 25.5 | 10.5 | 1.6 | 0.9 | |
Peipsi_12 | 34.3 | 12.0 | 4.8 | 0.7 | |||||
Peipsi_38 | 24.8 | 12.5 | 1.9 | 0.8 | |||||
Võrts-järv_1 | 270.0 | 2.8 (6) | 38.4 | 14.4 | 34.7 | 10.8 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 2.02 |
Võrts-järv_10 | 34.8 | 10.8 | 2.4 | 0.7 |
443 | 490 | 560 | 665 | 705 | 740 | 783 | N | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | ACOLITE | 0.32 | 0.01 | 0.34 | 0.43 | 0.48 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 11 |
C2RCC | 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.88 | 0.32 | 0.23 | 13 | |
POLYMER | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.47 | 0.67 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 7 | |
Sen2Cor | 0.57 | 0.02 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.61 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 10 | |
ψ | ACOLITE | 740.6 | 221.6 | 97.7 | 93.5 | 112.3 | 739.2 | 740.6 | 11 |
C2RCC | 113.8 | 53.2 | 42.6 | 51.2 | 58.0 | 72.9 | 117.0 | 13 | |
POLYMER | 122.5 | 60.6 | 20.5 | 40.6 | 40.0 | 72.2 | 110.9 | 7 | |
Sen2Cor | 419.0 | 118.8 | 50.1 | 60.6 | 51.4 | 105.8 | 121.2 | 10 | |
Δ | ACOLITE | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 11 |
C2RCC | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 13 | |
POLYMER | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7 | |
Sen2Cor | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 10 | |
δ | ACOLITE | 7.25 | 2.21 | 0.98 | 0.93 | 1.12 | 7.39 | 7.25 | 11 |
C2RCC | 0.58 | −0.07 | −0.41 | −0.46 | −0.58 | −0.37 | 0.19 | 13 | |
POLYMER | 0.92 | 0.32 | −0.10 | −0.31 | −0.32 | 0.00 | 0.83 | 7 | |
Sen2Cor | 3.92 | 0.81 | −0.06 | −0.06 | −0.11 | 0.03 | 0.20 | 10 | |
S | ACOLITE | −4.16 | −0.46 | 0.97 | 1.25 | 1.25 | −1.49 | −1.77 | 11 |
C2RCC | 0.17 | 0.57 | 0.80 | 1.18 | 1.01 | 0.60 | 0.56 | 13 | |
POLYMER | 0.37 | 0.05 | 0.27 | 1.10 | 1.42 | 0.14 | −0.18 | 7 | |
Sen2Cor | −3.06 | −0.42 | 1.11 | 1.33 | 1.71 | 0.05 | −0.16 | 10 | |
I | ACOLITE | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 11 |
C2RCC | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 13 | |
POLYMER | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7 | |
Sen2Cor | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 10 |
Investigated Empirical Algorithms | Reference | Investigated Empirical Algorithms | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
R443/R560 | [65] | R665−1 × R705 | [13] |
R490/R443 | [9] | R665−1 − R705−1 | [66] |
R490/R560 | [67] | (R665−1 − R705−1) × R740 | [15,66] |
log(R443/R560) | (R665−1 − R705−1) × R783 | ||
log(R490/R560) | (R665−1 − R705−1)/(R740−1 − R705−1) | [15] | |
ln(R490/R560) | [68] | R705 − ((R665 + R740)/2) | [69] |
ln(R443/R560) | R705/R665 | [13,66] | |
(R490 − R665)/(R560 − R665) | [14] | R740 × ((R665−1) − R705−1)) | [39] |
(R490 − R443)/(R490 + R443) | [9] | R705/(R560 + R665) | [70] |
(R443−1 − R490−1) × R560 | (R705−1 − R665−1)/(R705−1 + R665−1) | [15] | |
(R740/R705) − (R740/R665) | [39] | R740/R665 | [66] |
R665/R560 | [37] | SPP | [71] |
R665−1 × R783 | [13] | MCI | [41] |
R665−1 × R740 | FLH | [42] |
chl a (mg/m3) | TSM (mg/m3) | acdom (442) (m−1) | Secchi Depth (m) | N | R2 | Algorithm | Empirical chl a Algorithm | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Input S2 MSI L1C data | ||||||||
Estonian lakes | 15.2−34.8 (26.7) | 3.7–25.5 (9.2) | 1.3–14 (5.2) | 0.7–1.7 (1.0) | 12 | 0.26 | MCI (R783) | y = 1116.3x + 25.8 |
0.25 | MCI (R740) | y = 871.4x + 25.2 | ||||||
0.25 | SNAP S2 MCI processor | y = 870.8x + 25.3 | ||||||
Input R from GLaSS dataset | ||||||||
Peipsi | 2.7–14.3 (7.5) | 1.9–11.7 (6.3) | 1.7–4.1 (2.3) | 0.8–2.65 (1.4) | 23 | 0.44 | R665−1 − R705−1 | y = 0.1x + 9.8 |
0.40 | (R665−1 − R705−1) × 740 | y = 65.0x + 10.2 | ||||||
0.40 | (R665−1 − R705−1)/(R740−1 − R705−1) | Figure = 43.2x + 10.2 | ||||||
Võrts-järv | 24.6–45.3 (35.8) | 10.0–18.7 (15.7) | 2.2–4.2 (2.6) | 0.45–0.7 (0.6) | 11 | 0.93 | (R665−1 − R705−1) × R783 | y = 286.1x + 27.7 |
0.92 | (R705−1 − R665−1)/(R705−1 + R665−1) | y = −165.0x + 27.9 | ||||||
0.92 | (R665−1 − R705−1) × R740 | y = 260.5x + 27.8 | ||||||
Betuwe | 12.1–150.2 (23.5) | 1.4–28.2 (4.6) | N/A (N/A) | N/A (N/A) | 16 | 0.83 | MCI (R783) | y = 27639.6x + 13.7 |
0.77 | R705 − ((R665 + R740)/2) | y = 24385.4x + 7.7 | ||||||
0.76 | MCI (R740) | y = 23733.3x + 6.7 | ||||||
Finnish boreal lakes | 1.6–8.2 (3.2) | 0.7–2.1 (1.9) | 0.8–10.3 (1.4) | 1.3–5.0 (3.5) | 9 | 0.87 | MCI (R783) | y = 20821.5x + 1.7 |
0.64 | R705 − ((R665 + R740)/2) | y = 12065.5x + 1.4 | ||||||
0.60 | MCI (R740) | y = 10424.5x + 1.5 | ||||||
Vesijärvi | 1.7–11.0 (4.6) | 1.2–3.4 (2.5) | 0.5–0.9 (0.8) | 2.4–4.6 (2.9) | 7 | 0.97 | R705/R665 | y = 29.4x − 15.8 |
0.95 | (R705−1 − R665−1)/(R705−1 + R665−1) | y = −43.8x + 12.6 | ||||||
0.94 | (R490 − R665)/(R560 − R665) | y = −23.8x + 11.1 | ||||||
Garda | 0.2–9.2 (1.3) | 0.2–14.7 (1.4) | 0.0–1.2 (0.1) | 0.8–8.5 (4.5) | 46 | 0.25 | (R490 − R665)/(R560 − R665) | y = −2.7x + 3.9 |
0.21 | (R705−1 − R665−1)/(R705−1 + R665−1) | y = −4.1x + 2.5 | ||||||
0.20 | R705/R665 | y = 2.2x + 0.1 | ||||||
Mag-giore | 0.2–3.8 (1.6) | 0.1–2.8 (0.6) | 0.1–0.6 (0.2) | 4.9–10.5 (8.5) | 57 | 0.31 | R490/R443 | y = 6.5x − 7.7 |
0.30 | ln(R443/R490) | y = −9.3x − 1.7 | ||||||
0.30 | (R490 − R443)/(R490 + R443) | y = 19.1x − 1.8 |
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Ansper, A.; Alikas, K. Retrieval of Chlorophyll a from Sentinel-2 MSI Data for the European Union Water Framework Directive Reporting Purposes. Remote Sens. 2019, 11, 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11010064
Ansper A, Alikas K. Retrieval of Chlorophyll a from Sentinel-2 MSI Data for the European Union Water Framework Directive Reporting Purposes. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11(1):64. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11010064
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnsper, Ave, and Krista Alikas. 2019. "Retrieval of Chlorophyll a from Sentinel-2 MSI Data for the European Union Water Framework Directive Reporting Purposes" Remote Sensing 11, no. 1: 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11010064