Influence of the Ground Greening Configuration on the Outdoor Thermal Environment in Residential Areas under Different Underground Space Overburden Thicknesses
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Influence Mechanism of the Overburden Thickness of Underground Space on the Ground Greening Configuration and Outdoor Thermal Environment of Residential Areas
2.1. Influence of the Overburden Thickness of Underground Space on the Ground Greening Configuration
2.2. Mechanism of Greening on the Community Thermal Environment
3. Methodology
3.1. Simulation Tool
3.2. Software Model
3.2.1. Atmospheric Model
3.2.2. Radiation Flux
3.2.3. Vegetation Model
4. Case Study
4.1. Case Setup
4.2. Numerical Method
4.3. Evaluation Index
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Airflow Field
5.2. Air Temperature
5.3. Relative Humidity
5.4. Mean radiation temperature (MRT)
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- The building layout can exert a greater influence on the temporal profile of the average wind velocity than the greening configuration. For a given greening coverage, the average wind velocities for lawns were typically the highest, and small trees were more favorable for air convection at the pedestrian level than large shrubs.
- (2)
- The heat island effects in an underground space development area can be effectively reduced if the OTUS satisfies the requirement for planting large shrubs. For a given greening coverage, changes in the greening configuration have only a slight influence on the outdoor relative humidity at the pedestrian level.
- (3)
- Lawns, large shrubs, and small trees can all reduce the outdoor MRT at the pedestrian level significantly. For a given greening coverage in Nanjing, small trees are the most favorable greening configuration for improving outdoor thermal comfort at the pedestrian level, followed by large shrubs and lawns.
- (4)
- The OTUS should be designed to satisfy the requirement of planting small trees. If this requirement cannot be adequately met, individuals can also set up tree wells or add soil on top of underground structures to plant small trees, and establish an OTUS that can satisfy the requirement of planting large shrubs in other areas.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Validation of ENVI-Met
Initial Atmospheric Temperature (K) | Relative Humidity (%) | Wind Velocity (m/s) | Wind Direction (°) | Grid Numbers (X × Y × Z) | Initial Time of Simulation | Simulation Time (h) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
288.45 | 86.2 | 2.3 | 135 | 80 × 100 × 30 | 5:00 a.m. | 24 |
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Plant Types | Height (m) | Typical Plants | Overburden Thickness of Underground Space (mm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Reference [25] | Reference [26] | Engineering Experience | ||||
Trees | Small Trees | 6–10 | Osmanthus | — | >900 | 800–1000 |
Large Trees | 20–30 | Camphor | 900–1200 | >1500 | 1200–1500 | |
Shrubs | Small Shrubs | 1–1.5 | Golden leaf privet | 300–400 | >450 | 300–450 |
Large Shrubs | 1.5–3 | Phnom Penh | 450–600 | >600 | 450–600 | |
Land Vegetation | 0.2–1 | Grass | 100–200 | >300 | 150–300 |
Plant Type | Thermal Environment Parameters | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Air Temperature | Wind Environment | Radiation | Relative Humidity | |
Large Trees | Reduce solar heat gains by shading; absorb the majority of the heat and reduce the air temperature by photosynthesis and transpiration | Reduce the wind speed at high elevations via the plant canopy and introduce airflow from high elevations to the pedestrian height | Shade, absorb and reduce long-wave radiation | Increase the level of humidity via plant transpiration |
Small Trees | ||||
Large Shrubs | Affect the wind environment at the pedestrian height | Partially shade, absorb and reduce long-wave radiation | ||
Small Shrubs | Reduce land heat storage and strengthen the heat emission of soil; reduce the land surface temperature and air temperature | Typically do not affect the wind environment | Reduce the ground absorption of solar radiation and reduce long-wave radiation from ground to surroundings | |
Land Vegetation |
Typical Weather Day | Relative Humidity (%) | Wind Speed (m/s) | Wind Direction (°) | Initial Atmospheric Temperature (K) | Outdoor Atmospheric Pressure (Pa) | Initial Time of Simulation | Total Simulation Time (h) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6.23 (Summer) | 80 | 2.4 | 157.5 | 294.95 | 100,250 | 6:00 | 24 |
Model | Size (m) * | Leaf Area Index of Plant (LAD) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | ||
Lawn | 0.2 H | 0.3 | |||||||||
Large shrub | 3 W × 3 L × 2 H | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 1.5 | ||||||
Small tree | 5 W × 5 L × 10 H | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.65 | 2.15 | 2.18 | 2.05 | 1.72 | 0 |
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Su, X.; Cai, H.; Chen, Z.; Feng, Q. Influence of the Ground Greening Configuration on the Outdoor Thermal Environment in Residential Areas under Different Underground Space Overburden Thicknesses. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1656. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091656
Su X, Cai H, Chen Z, Feng Q. Influence of the Ground Greening Configuration on the Outdoor Thermal Environment in Residential Areas under Different Underground Space Overburden Thicknesses. Sustainability. 2017; 9(9):1656. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091656
Chicago/Turabian StyleSu, Xiaochao, Hao Cai, Zhilong Chen, and Qilin Feng. 2017. "Influence of the Ground Greening Configuration on the Outdoor Thermal Environment in Residential Areas under Different Underground Space Overburden Thicknesses" Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1656. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091656