A Cointegration Analysis of Real GDP and CO2 Emissions in Transitional Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Panel Unit Root Tests—Methodology
3.2. Cointegration Analysis—Methodology
4. Results
4.1. Results of Panel Unit Root Tests
4.2. Results of Cointegration Analysis
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Test | l_co2 | l_gdp |
---|---|---|
Breusch-Pagan LM | 858.3353 *** | 2255.909 *** |
Pesaran scaled LM | 42.76723 *** | 127.5076 *** |
Bias-corrected scaled LM | 42.26723 *** | 127.0076 *** |
Pesaran CD | 14.20806 *** | 47.47031 *** |
Level | First Difference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | Intercept and Trend | Intercept | Intercept and Trend | ||
l_co2 | LLC | −3.7864 *** | −7.159 *** | −6.9140 *** | −5.6412 *** |
IPS | −1.8709 ** | −1.8709 *** | −4.9425 *** | −4.9329 *** | |
CIPS | −1.984 | −2.095 | −2.222 ** | −2.229 | |
l_gdp | LLC | −2.1855 ** | −3.6908 *** | −7.1496 *** | −8.5949 *** |
IPS | −0.7983 | −1.8554 | −3.2694 *** | −3.5160 *** | |
CIPS | −1.670 | −2.293 | −2.678 *** | −3.485 *** |
Dimension | Test Statistics | Intercept | Intercept and Trend |
---|---|---|---|
Within-dimension | Panel v-Statistic | 3.1553 *** | 0.6033 |
Panel rho-Statistic | −3.4333 *** | −0.2595 | |
Panel PP-Statistic | −5.1231 *** | −3.0995 *** | |
Panel ADF-Statistic | −5.5646 *** | −4.1467 *** | |
Between-dimension | Panel rho-Statistic | −1.8934 ** | 0.8565 |
Panel PP-Statistic | −6.4690 *** | −4.3839 *** | |
Panel ADF-Statistic | −7.9836 *** | −6.1632 *** |
Test Statistics | Value |
---|---|
Gt | −1.615 *** |
Ga | −2.294 |
Pt | −4.416 *** |
Pa | −1.584 * |
Estimation Method | FMOLS | DOLS | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Polled, Trend | Grouped, Trend | Pooled | Grouped | |
Long-run coefficient | 0.3448 *** (0.0405) | 0.3782 *** (0.0252) | 0.3484 *** (0.0454) | 0.3770 *** (0.0284) |
No. of observations | 289 | 289 | 255 | 255 |
R-squared adj. | 0.9941 | 0.9958 |
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Mitić, P.; Munitlak Ivanović, O.; Zdravković, A. A Cointegration Analysis of Real GDP and CO2 Emissions in Transitional Countries. Sustainability 2017, 9, 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040568
Mitić P, Munitlak Ivanović O, Zdravković A. A Cointegration Analysis of Real GDP and CO2 Emissions in Transitional Countries. Sustainability. 2017; 9(4):568. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040568
Chicago/Turabian StyleMitić, Petar, Olja Munitlak Ivanović, and Aleksandar Zdravković. 2017. "A Cointegration Analysis of Real GDP and CO2 Emissions in Transitional Countries" Sustainability 9, no. 4: 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040568
APA StyleMitić, P., Munitlak Ivanović, O., & Zdravković, A. (2017). A Cointegration Analysis of Real GDP and CO2 Emissions in Transitional Countries. Sustainability, 9(4), 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040568