Household Energy Consumption Behaviour for Different Demographic Regions in Thailand from 2000 to 2010
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Reviews
2.1. Factors Influencing Changes in REC
2.1.1. Economic Factors
2.1.2. Socioeconomic–Demographic Factors
2.1.3. Geographic Factors
2.2. Input–Output Analysis and Structural Decomposition Analysis of Changes in Energy Consumption
3. Methodology
3.1. Energy Input–Output Analysis
3.2. SDA of Change in Energy Consumption
= (1/2) (ηLd,t2 + ηLd,t1) (Δfhh) + (1/2) (ΔηLd) (fhh,t2 + fhh,t1),
(1/4) Δη (Ld,t2 + Ld,t1) (fhh,t2 + fhh,t1) +
(1/4) (ηt2 + ηt1) ΔLd (fhh,,t2 + fhh,t1).
= [(1/2) (Δβ) (μӨswt2 + μӨswt1)] +
[(1/4) (βt2 + βt1) (Δμ) (Өswt2 + Өswt1)] +
[(1/8) (βt2 + βt1) (μt2 + μt1) (ΔӨ) (swt2 + swt1)] +
[(1/16) (βt2 + βt1) (μt2 + μt1) (Өt2 + Өt1) (Δs) (wt2 + wt1)] +
[(1/16) (βt2 + βt1) (μt2 + μt1) (Өt2 + Өt1) (st2 + st1) (Δw)]
(1/4) (ηt2 + ηt1) ΔLd(fhh,,t2 + fhh,t1) +
(1/4) [(ηLd,t2 + ηLd,t1) (Δβ) (μӨswt2 + μӨswt1)] +
(1/8) [(ηLd,t2 + ηLd,t1) (βt2 + βt1) (Δμ) (Өswt2 + Өswt1)] +
(1/16) [(ηLd,t2 + ηLd,t1) (βt2 + βt1) (μt2 + μt1) (ΔӨ) (swt2 + swt1)] +
(1/32) [(ηLd,t2 + ηLd,t1) (βt2 + βt1) (μt2 + μt1) (Өt2 + Өt1) (Δs) (wt2 + wt1)] +
(1/32) [(ηLd,t2 + ηLd,t1) (βt2 + βt1) (μt2 + μt1) (Өt2 + Өt1) (st2 + st1) (Δw)]
4. Data
5. Result and Discussions
5.1. Total Household Energy Consumption and Decomposition
5.2. Drivers of Changes in Energy Consumption
5.2.1. Greater Bangkok Region
5.2.2. Central Region
5.2.3. Northern Region
5.2.4. Northeastern Region
5.2.5. Southern Region
6. Conclusions and Policy Implications
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CPA | Classification of Products by Activity |
DEDE | Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency |
EIA | Energy Information Administration |
EPPO | Energy Policy and Planning Office |
IDA | Index Decomposition Analysis |
IEA | International Energy Agency |
NESDB | National Economic and Social Development Board |
NSO | National Statistics Office |
REC | Residential Energy Consumption |
SDA | Structural Decomposition Analysis |
Appendix A
Entire Kingdom | Greater Bangkok | Central Region | Northern Region | Northeastern Region | Southern Region | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Equation | Y = a + b*X | |||||
a | 9026.7 | 21,572 | 10,075 | 6655.1 | 4960 | 7594.2 |
b | 1741.3 | 2224.5 | 1601.7 | 1278.3 | 1541.6 | 2110.7 |
R2 | 0.978 | 0.947 | 0.951 | 0.946 | 0.955 | 0.940 |
Average 2010 income | 22,086.45 | 38,255.75 | 22,087.75 | 16,242.45 | 16,522 | 23,424.45 |
Appendix B
Year | Greater Bangkok | Central Region | Northern Region | Northeastern Region | Southern Region | Data Source | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Population (thousand) | 2000 | 8813.9 | 11, 607.8 | 11,367.8 | 20,759.9 | 8057.5 | [56] |
2010 | 12,795.1 | 13,693.4 | 11,656.0 | 18,966.1 | 8871.0 | [56] | |
Number of households (thousand) | 2000 | 2393.0 | 3109.8 | 3158.4 | 5019.7 | 1979.8 | [56] |
2010 | 4520.9 | 4348.9 | 3771.5 | 5372.7 | 2509.5 | [56] | |
Average household size | 2000 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 4.1 | 4.1 | (1) |
2010 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.5 | 3.5 | (1) | |
Population Density (per sq. km.) | 2000 | 1867 | 117 | 67 | 123 | 114 | (2) |
2010 | 2710 | 138 | 69 | 112 | 125 | (2) |
Appendix C
Appendix D
Type | Capacity (BTU) | Cost (Baht) | EER (BTU/Hr/W) | Data Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Year 2010 | ||||
Regular air-conditioning split type Label#5 | 18,000 | 20,000 | 11.2 | [61] |
Inverter system | 18,000 | 25,000 | 12.0 | [61] |
Evaporative condensing system | 18,000 | 29,000 | 15.5 | [61] |
Year 2017 | ||||
Regular air-conditioning split type Label#5 | ||||
MITSUBISHI MS-GN18VF | 18,000 | 28,800 | 13.1 | (1) |
DAIKIN ATM18MV2S | 18,000 | 24,900 | 13.4 | (1) |
ELECTROLUX ESM18CRN-A1 | 18,000 | 27,000 | 12.2 | (1) |
Inverter system | ||||
MITSUBISHI MSY-GN18VF | 18,000 | 33,000 | 21.1 | (1) |
DAIKIN FTKM18NV2S | 18,000 | 38,700 | 15.1 | (1) |
ELECTROLUX ESV18CRN-A1 | 18,000 | 33,900 | 18.1 | (1) |
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Sector | Hybrid-Unit I/O Sector Classification | I/O Sector | Household Expenditure Survey |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Agriculture | 1–29 | Charcoal and firewood |
Food prepared at home | |||
2 | Mining | 32–41 | n/a |
3 | Food & beverages | 42–66 | Non-alcoholic beverage (at home) |
Alcoholic beverages-drunk at home | |||
Alcoholic beverages-drunk away from home | |||
Tobacco products | |||
Prepared food:-Food taken home | |||
4 | Textiles | 67–74 | Cloth and clothing |
Footwear | |||
5 | Wood and furniture | 78–80 | Furniture equipment, household textiles and small appliances |
6 | Paper and paper products | 81–83 | Personal supplies * |
7 | Chemical products | 84–92 | Cleaning supplies |
Medicine and supplies | |||
8 | Non-metallic | 95–104 | Personal supplies * |
9 | Metallic | 105–107 | n/a |
10 | Fabricated metal | 108–111 | Personal supplies * |
11 | Manufacturing others | 75–77, 112–134 | Vehicles purchase |
Vehicle repairing & maintenance | |||
Recreation equipment and sports | |||
12 | Construction | 137–144 | Repair/maintenance dwelling |
Estimated rental value of dwelling (Include owned dwelling) | |||
13 | Commercial | 145–148, 158–178 | Service workers in household |
Rent of dwelling | |||
Personal services | |||
Medical services (outpatients) | |||
Medical services (inpatients) | |||
Communication | |||
Education | |||
Toys, pets, shrubs and recreation | |||
Admission, sports fee | |||
Reading/religious activities | |||
Special ceremony expenses | |||
Water supply, underground water | |||
Prepared food—Food eaten away from home | |||
14 | Rail transport | 149 | Household expenditure on other transportation ** |
15 | Road transport | 150–152, 157 | Household expenditure on other transportation ** |
16 | Water way transport | 153–155 | Household expenditure on other transportation ** |
17 | Air transport | 156 | Special occasion travelling and tour |
18 | Unclassified | 180 | Personal supplies * |
19 | Coal and lignite | 30 | n/a |
20 | Crude oil | 31 | n/a |
21 | Natural gas | 31, 136 | NGV, LPG |
22 | Petroleum products | 93–94 | Gas used in households (cooking and others) |
Gasoline | |||
Diesel | |||
Gasohol | |||
NGV, LPG | |||
Biodiesel and other alternative energy | |||
23 | Electricity | 135 | Electricity |
No | Region | Energy Consumption Change (ΔQ) | Energy Efficiency Effect (η) | Production Structural Change Effect (L) | Consumption Structure Effect (β) | Expenditure Shares on Income Effect (μ) | Incomes per Capita Effect (Ө) | Size of Household Effect (s) | Number of Households Effect (w) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Greater Bangkok | 6631 | 747 | 512 | 1471 | (2629) | 2126 | (3262) | 7666 |
% | 100 | 11 | 8 | 22 | (40) | 32 | (49) | 116 | |
2 | Central | 2659 | 551 | 639 | 1303 | (2327) | 1360 | (1184) | 2317 |
% | 100 | 21 | 24 | 49 | (88) | 51 | (45) | 87 | |
3 | Northern | 1519 | 400 | 554 | 1025 | (1803) | 1232 | (675) | 785 |
% | 100 | 26 | 36 | 67 | (119) | 81 | (44) | 52 | |
4 | Northeastern | 2303 | 615 | 923 | 1223 | (2477) | 2596 | (1011) | 435 |
% | 100 | 27 | 40 | 53 | (108) | 113 | (44) | 19 | |
5 | Southern | 1582 | 328 | 446 | 486 | (1471) | 1426 | (540) | 906 |
% | 100 | 21 | 28 | 31 | (93) | 90 | (34) | 57 |
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Supasa, T.; Hsiau, S.-S.; Lin, S.-M.; Wongsapai, W.; Wu, J.-C. Household Energy Consumption Behaviour for Different Demographic Regions in Thailand from 2000 to 2010. Sustainability 2017, 9, 2328. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122328
Supasa T, Hsiau S-S, Lin S-M, Wongsapai W, Wu J-C. Household Energy Consumption Behaviour for Different Demographic Regions in Thailand from 2000 to 2010. Sustainability. 2017; 9(12):2328. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122328
Chicago/Turabian StyleSupasa, Tharinya, Shu-San Hsiau, Shih-Mo Lin, Wongkot Wongsapai, and Jiunn-Chi Wu. 2017. "Household Energy Consumption Behaviour for Different Demographic Regions in Thailand from 2000 to 2010" Sustainability 9, no. 12: 2328. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122328
APA StyleSupasa, T., Hsiau, S. -S., Lin, S. -M., Wongsapai, W., & Wu, J. -C. (2017). Household Energy Consumption Behaviour for Different Demographic Regions in Thailand from 2000 to 2010. Sustainability, 9(12), 2328. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9122328