Securing the Future of Cultural Heritage by Identifying Barriers to and Strategizing Solutions for Preservation under Changing Climate Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Barriers to Heritage Preservation and Climate Adaptation
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Questionnaire
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Questionnaire Respondents
3.2. Barriers to Heritage Preservation and Adaptation
3.2.1. Institutional Barriers
3.2.2. Technical Barriers
3.2.3. Financial Barriers
3.3. Interdependencies of Identified Barriers
3.4. Needs for Overcoming Identified Barriers
3.4.1. Institutional Needs
3.4.2. Technical Needs
3.4.3. Financial Needs
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Organization | Number of Work Experiences | Geographic Region of Work Experiences * | Years of Experience in Current Position | Years of Experience in Current Organization |
---|---|---|---|---|
Federal government: n = 17, 44% | 1 experience: n = 15, 38% | South Atlantic U.S.: n = 27 | 1–4 years: n = 15, 38% | 15–20 or more years: n = 17, 44% |
State government: n = 8, 20% | 2 experiences: n = 11, 28% | Gulf Coast U.S.: n = 23 | 15–20 or more years: n = 10, 26% | 10–14 years: n = 12, 31% |
Private contractor or consultant: n = 6, 15% | 3 experiences: n = 8, 21% | Mid Atlantic U.S.: n = 11 | 10–14 years: n = 9, 23% | 10–14 years: n = 6, 15% |
Academic institution: n = 4, 10% | 4 experiences: n = 3, 8% | North Atlantic U.S.: n = 9 | 5–9 years: n = 5, 13% | 1–4 years: n = 4, 10% |
Historic preservation organization: n = 3, 8% | 5 experiences or more: n = 2, 5% | Great Lakes U.S. and Central U.S. (both): n = 7 | ||
Local government organization: n = 1, 3% | Rocky Mountain U.S.: n = 6 | |||
Pacific Northwest and California (both): n = 5 | ||||
Caribbean U.S.: n = 4 | ||||
International: n = 3 | ||||
Pacific Islands U.S.: n = 2 | ||||
Southwest U.S.: n = 1 |
Barrier | Questionnaire Quote of Barrier | Need for Overcoming Barrier |
---|---|---|
Lack of climate adaptation process | “Coastal areas more susceptible to deterioration that contain historic resources need better protections for how to prepare and react when sea levels rise, storms occur, etc.” | “Adaptation through public engagement and acknowledgment of need for change.” |
Lack of guidelines | “Administrators need clarity as to what legal options are available (for current stewards to divest threatened resources they can no longer protect, to form partnerships with others to provide the protection, etc.).” | “Illustrated guidelines from NPS defining acceptable applications of the Standards.” |
Lack of funding | “No budget to maintain required protections.” | “Provide funding to identify needs and preparation for climate change.” |
Lack of knowledge on climate change and cultural heritage | “Yes, there are challenges in terms of the sea level rise and frequent storms. How serious are they in a short and long run? We need to have enough evaluation, information and data which show the impact of the climate change on the resources. Lack of seasonal inspection and evaluation of the impact of the climate and the rise of sea level on the resources is a challenge.” | “Modeling—sea level and/or climate change modeling should be mandated.” |
Lack of knowledge on historic integrity changes | “Lack of knowledge, information and education. This includes the resource's values, knowing historic materials and the cultural heritage technique of construction, environment impact on the historic materials overall and in particular.” | “The CRM community needs to determine what, if any changes are necessary or applicable to properties threatened by sea level rise, etc. For example, can certain buildings be relocated when that would not otherwise be an acceptable treatment. Is it ok to raise floor levels in cases where the building sees water infiltration on a daily basis due to rising tides? Those of us who interpret and apply preservation standards are challenged by these questions and to approve work that would not otherwise be appropriate in the absence of specific guidance.” |
Lack of climate adaptation prioritization | “In light of stagnant public funding and increasing threats to cultural resources, need info as to how to prioritize among the resources…” | “A framework for evaluating vulnerability and significance to prioritize resources.” |
Lack of central policy | “Need broader policy options for dealing with the threats. Think outside the box of current administrative rules and policies.” | “Providing policies, guidelines and procedures in this regard.” |
Lack of technical expertise | “Repeated and frequent events challenge agencies (governmental, non-profit) with limited staffing and financial resources to provide the technical assistance needed by property owners. So too there are limited craftsmen and trades people, and they are not able to do all of the work required and in the timeframe necessary.” | “More climate change training on adaptation options and vulnerability assessments.” |
Lack of knowledge on “letting go” | “These climate changes are challenging us to really consider feasibility of long term preservation and forcing us to consider letting resources go to redirect limited funds or to preserve other resources.” | “Increase inventory and monitoring of resources that cannot be saved and plan accordingly.” |
Lack of consensus decision making | “Lack of unified response among state and federal agencies.” | “Early consultation with Tribal nations and Tribal Historic Preservation Offices.” |
Lack of documentation and inventory | “Having inadequate inventories of resources so the risk of loss is unknown.” | “Undertake comprehensive resource inventories.” |
Lack of political commitment | “Lack of support from political leadership on climate change and sea level rise initiatives.” | “Education of politicians and policy makers.” |
Lack of engagement and collaboration | “Deference to local knowledge and decision-making may result in losses that can be addressed by decision-making frameworks at a larger scale.” | “Creation of multidisciplinary teams to explore adaptation strategies at case study sites.” |
Lack of sense of urgency | “Convincing people that time is of the essence.” | |
Lack of integrated management | “Managing cultural landscapes and biotic cultural resources.” | “Approaching adaptation as a cultural and natural integrated effort.” |
Lack of NRHP revaluation | “50 year [eligible criteria for listing in NRHP] has to be revaluated—lots of potential, future resources are threatened and need to be revaluated.” |
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Fatorić, S.; Seekamp, E. Securing the Future of Cultural Heritage by Identifying Barriers to and Strategizing Solutions for Preservation under Changing Climate Conditions. Sustainability 2017, 9, 2143. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9112143
Fatorić S, Seekamp E. Securing the Future of Cultural Heritage by Identifying Barriers to and Strategizing Solutions for Preservation under Changing Climate Conditions. Sustainability. 2017; 9(11):2143. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9112143
Chicago/Turabian StyleFatorić, Sandra, and Erin Seekamp. 2017. "Securing the Future of Cultural Heritage by Identifying Barriers to and Strategizing Solutions for Preservation under Changing Climate Conditions" Sustainability 9, no. 11: 2143. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9112143