Sustainability and the Tourism and Hospitality Workforce: A Thematic Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Sustainable Tourism and Employment
Institutional policies and initiatives have advanced gradually from an initial acceptance of sustainability in tourism associated almost exclusively with the conservation of the environment, to a more global concept which takes the balance between society, the environment and economy into account.
Both from the development and preservation angle, HRD [Human Resource Development] holds the key to sustainability. Development requires a higher level of quality, and preservation requires attitudes, sensitivities and practices that are responsible towards and appropriate for the environment, local society, culture and economy.
- short-termism as a result of stochastic demand and deficient business planning;
- the misperception that skills are not required for many lower level hospitality jobs, thus denying workers their professional identity;
- widespread employment of labor, at all skills levels, that is not from the community or even country where the operations are located, denying opportunity to the local labor market;
- wide-term perception of employees as a cost and not as an asset to the business;
- poor working conditions and relatively poor pay, acting as a disincentive to either join or remain in the industry;
- dominance of small businesses (both in the formal and informal sectors) that limit career progression opportunities;
- limited engagement with diversity issues, meaning women and minorities do not have opportunities for progression; and
- human rights’ abuses through extensive use of child labor and working conditions that deny family rights.
United Nations Sustainable Development Agenda Goals
- Goal 1:
- to end poverty in all its forms and everywhere.
- Goal 3:
- to ensure healthy lives and well-being for all at all ages.
- Goal 4:
- to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.
- Goal 5:
- to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
- Goal 8:
- to promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work.
- Goal 10:
- to reduce inequality within and among countries.
- Goal 16:
- to promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.
3. Applying Sustainability to the Workforce Domain in Tourism
3.1. Gender, Employment and Sustainability in Tourism
3.2. Mobilities/Migration and Sustainability in Tourism
3.3. Generational Perspectives on Employment and Sustainability in Tourism
3.4. Career Competencies of Employees in Tourism
3.5. Tourism Education and Sustainability
- Use of experiential learning; e.g., organizing field trips for tourism students studying ecotourism to examine and study sustainability issues on site [115].
- Use social media for sustainability learning; e.g., Facebook has been used to engage students in sustainability and tourism [116].
- Promote group discussions, problem-based learning, service learning, critical thinking through case studies and collaborative learning [117].
- Further research on the use of technology in sustainable education for the hospitality industry; e.g., power management systems and green procurement programs for hotel chains, waste reduction and recycling for the restaurant industry, etc. [118].
3.6. Tourism Social Enterprise and Sustainable Human Resource Management Issues in Peripheral Areas
3.7. Sustainable Human Resource Management in Tourism: A Human Rights Issue
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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UN Sustainable Development Agenda Goal | Theme 1: | Theme 2: | Theme 3: | Theme 4: | Theme 5: | Theme 6: | Theme 7: |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gendered aspects of tourism employment (micro/meso/macro) | Tourism mobilities/migration planning (meso/macro) | Generational perspectives on tourism employment (meso/macro) | Career competencies development needs (micro/meso/macro) | Tourism education and sustainability (meso/macro/micro) | Local tourism social enterprise. Discrepancies between policy at institutional level and local practice (meso/macro) | Human rights in global tourism development and employment context (micro/meso/macro) | |
Goal 1: to end poverty in all its forms and everywhere. | Not met | Not met | Not met | Not met | Can contribute | Not met | Not met |
Can contribute | Can contribute | ||||||
Goal 3: to ensure healthy lives and well-being for all at all ages. | Not met | Not met | Not met | Met to some extent in hotel sector | Can contribute | Not met | Not met |
Can contribute | Can contribute | ||||||
Goal 4: to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. | Not met | Not met | Not met | Met to some extent in hotel sector | Can contribute | Not met | Not met |
Can contribute | Can contribute | ||||||
Goal 5: to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. | Not met | Not met | Not met | Not met | Can contribute | Not met | Not met |
Can contribute | Can contribute | ||||||
Goal 8: to promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work. | Not met | Not met | Not met | Not met | Can contribute | Not met | Not met |
Can contribute | Can contribute | ||||||
Goal 10: to reduce inequality within and among countries. | Not met | Not met | Not met | Not met | Can contribute | Not met | Not met |
Can contribute | Can contribute | ||||||
Goal 16: to promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels. | Not met | Not met | Not met | Not met | Can contribute | Can contribute | Not met |
Can contribute |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Baum, T.; Cheung, C.; Kong, H.; Kralj, A.; Mooney, S.; Nguyễn Thị Thanh, H.; Ramachandran, S.; Dropulić Ružić, M.; Siow, M.L. Sustainability and the Tourism and Hospitality Workforce: A Thematic Analysis. Sustainability 2016, 8, 809. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8080809
Baum T, Cheung C, Kong H, Kralj A, Mooney S, Nguyễn Thị Thanh H, Ramachandran S, Dropulić Ružić M, Siow ML. Sustainability and the Tourism and Hospitality Workforce: A Thematic Analysis. Sustainability. 2016; 8(8):809. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8080809
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaum, Tom, Catherine Cheung, Haiyan Kong, Anna Kralj, Shelagh Mooney, Hải Nguyễn Thị Thanh, Sridar Ramachandran, Marinela Dropulić Ružić, and May Ling Siow. 2016. "Sustainability and the Tourism and Hospitality Workforce: A Thematic Analysis" Sustainability 8, no. 8: 809. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8080809