What Is the Bioeconomy? A Review of the Literature
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Bibliometric Analysis
2.2. Literature Review
3. Bibliometric Analysis of Scientific Literature on the Bioeconomy
4. Bioeconomy Visions
- (1)
- A bio-technology vision that emphasises the importance of bio-technology research and application and commercialisation of bio-technology in different sectors.
- (2)
- A bio-resource vision that focuses on the role of research, development, and demonstration (RD & D) related to biological raw materials in sectors such as agriculture, marine, forestry, and bioenergy, as well as on the establishment of new value chains. Whereas the bio-technology vision takes a point of departure in the potential applicability of science, the bio-resource vision emphasises the potentials in upgrading and conversion of the biological raw materials.
- (3)
- A bio-ecology vision that highlights the importance of ecological processes that optimise the use of energy and nutrients, promote biodiversity, and avoid monocultures and soil degradation. While the previous two visions are technology-focused and give a central role to RD & D in globalised systems, this vision emphasises the potential for regionally concentrated circular and integrated processes and systems.
4.1. The Bio-Technology Vision
4.2. The Bio-Resource Vision
4.3. The Bio-Ecology Vision
5. Findings and Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- Number of papers per year
- Total number of citations: we obtained the citation data in February 2016
- Citations per paper
- Average number of citations of each paper per year since publishing
- Numbers of papers per journal
- Citations of papers per journal
- Numbers of papers per author
- Affiliation of authors based on fraction counts: papers per country and per organisation
- Organisational affiliation of the authors distinguishing between types of organisations: higher education institutions, research institutes, companies, public agencies, international organisations, science agencies, and cluster organisations
- Centrality of organisations measured in number of papers based on fraction counts, and SNA centrality measures, such as degree centrality and betweenness centrality
- Distribution of scientific field based on the categories of the database Web of Science as an indicator for the scientific field and based on fraction counts.
Appendix B
Journal | Number of Papers | Share of Papers | Number of Citations | Share of Citations |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acs Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering | 2 | 0.4% | 9 | 0.10% |
Advances in Agronomy | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Advances in Applied Microbiology | 1 | 0.2% | 19 | 0.21% |
African Journal of Biotechnology | 1 | 0.2% | 45 | 0.49% |
Agricultural Economics | 7 | 1.5% | 16 | 0.17% |
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment | 1 | 0.2% | 26 | 0.28% |
Agrociencia | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Agronomy Journal | 1 | 0.2% | 234 | 2.54% |
Aiche Journal | 1 | 0.2% | 28 | 0.30% |
Analytica Chimica Acta | 1 | 0.2% | 54 | 0.59% |
Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering | 1 | 0.2% | 4 | 0.04% |
Antioxidants & Redox Signaling | 1 | 0.2% | 6 | 0.07% |
Applied and Environmental Microbiology | 2 | 0.4% | 44 | 0.48% |
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology | 1 | 0.2% | 11 | 0.12% |
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology | 8 | 1.8% | 249 | 2.70% |
Applied Radiation and Isotopes | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Applied Soft Computing | 1 | 0.2% | 6 | 0.07% |
Area | 1 | 0.2% | 11 | 0.12% |
Asian Journal of Chemistry | 2 | 0.4% | 1 | 0.01% |
Australian Forestry | 1 | 0.2% | 1 | 0.01% |
Australian Health Review | 1 | 0.2% | 2 | 0.02% |
Biocatalysis and Biotransformation | 1 | 0.2% | 2 | 0.02% |
Biochimie | 1 | 0.2% | 67 | 0.73% |
Biocontrol | 1 | 0.2% | 1 | 0.01% |
Bioenergy Research | 2 | 0.4% | 19 | 0.21% |
Bioethics | 1 | 0.2% | 7 | 0.08% |
Biofuels bioproducts & Biorefining-biofpr | 27 | 6.0% | 244 | 2.65% |
Biomacromolecules | 2 | 0.4% | 34 | 0.37% |
Biomass & Bioenergy | 18 | 4.0% | 251 | 2.73% |
Bioresource Technology | 9 | 2.0% | 361 | 3.92% |
Biosocieties | 3 | 0.7% | 17 | 0.18% |
Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Biotechnology Advances | 5 | 1.1% | 571 | 6.20% |
Biotechnology and Bioengineering | 1 | 0.2% | 351 | 3.81% |
Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews, vol 26 | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Biotechnology for Biofuels | 3 | 0.7% | 151 | 1.64% |
Biotechnology in China II: Chemicals, Energy and Environment | 2 | 0.4% | 12 | 0.13% |
Biotechnology Journal | 2 | 0.4% | 16 | 0.17% |
Body & Society | 2 | 0.4% | 7 | 0.08% |
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | 1 | 0.2% | 16 | 0.17% |
Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering | 1 | 0.2% | 5 | 0.05% |
Carbohydrate Polymers | 2 | 0.4% | 8 | 0.09% |
Carbohydrate Research | 1 | 0.2% | 35 | 0.38% |
Catalysis Letters | 1 | 0.2% | 18 | 0.20% |
Catalysis Today | 1 | 0.2% | 52 | 0.56% |
Cellulose | 2 | 0.4% | 5 | 0.05% |
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly | 1 | 0.2% | 5 | 0.05% |
Chemical Communications | 1 | 0.2% | 9 | 0.10% |
Chemical Engineering & Technology | 1 | 0.2% | 7 | 0.08% |
Chemical Engineering Journal | 1 | 0.2% | 7 | 0.08% |
Chemical Engineering Progress | 2 | 0.4% | 7 | 0.08% |
Chemical Society Reviews | 1 | 0.2% | 36 | 0.39% |
Chemistry—A European Journal | 1 | 0.2% | 71 | 0.77% |
Chemsuschem | 2 | 0.4% | 73 | 0.79% |
Chimica Oggi-Chemistry Today | 3 | 0.7% | 0 | 0.00% |
Critical Reviews in Biotechnology | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology | 1 | 0.2% | 4 | 0.04% |
Croatian Medical Journal | 1 | 0.2% | 2 | 0.02% |
Crop Science | 3 | 0.7% | 54 | 0.59% |
Current Microbiology | 1 | 0.2% | 28 | 0.30% |
Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering | 2 | 0.4% | 7 | 0.08% |
Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability | 6 | 1.3% | 54 | 0.59% |
Current Opinion in Solid State & Materials Science | 1 | 0.2% | 2 | 0.02% |
Current Organic Chemistry | 1 | 0.2% | 2 | 0.02% |
Defence Science Journal | 1 | 0.2% | 2 | 0.02% |
Drewno | 2 | 0.4% | 0 | 0.00% |
Ecology and Evolution | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Ecology and Society | 1 | 0.2% | 8 | 0.09% |
Economic Development Quarterly | 1 | 0.2% | 25 | 0.27% |
Educational Philosophy and Theory | 1 | 0.2% | 4 | 0.04% |
Energies | 2 | 0.4% | 10 | 0.11% |
Energy | 1 | 0.2% | 4 | 0.04% |
Energy & Environmental Science | 2 | 0.4% | 167 | 1.81% |
Energy & Fuels | 1 | 0.2% | 59 | 0.64% |
Energy Conversion and Management | 2 | 0.4% | 21 | 0.23% |
Energy Policy | 5 | 1.1% | 50 | 0.54% |
Energy Sources Part A—Recovery Utilization and Environmental Effects | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Engineering in Life Sciences | 3 | 0.7% | 9 | 0.10% |
Environment and Planning A | 1 | 0.2% | 4 | 0.04% |
Environment and Planning C—Government and Policy | 1 | 0.2% | 9 | 0.10% |
Environmental Engineering and Management Journal | 1 | 0.2% | 2 | 0.02% |
Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy | 1 | 0.2% | 13 | 0.14% |
Environmental Science & Technology | 3 | 0.7% | 49 | 0.53% |
Enzyme and Microbial Technology | 1 | 0.2% | 6 | 0.07% |
European Journal of Agronomy | 1 | 0.2% | 16 | 0.17% |
European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology | 2 | 0.4% | 4 | 0.04% |
European Planning studies | 1 | 0.2% | 14 | 0.15% |
European Urban and Regional Studies | 1 | 0.2% | 7 | 0.08% |
Feedstocks for the Future: Renewables for the Production of Chemicals and Materials | 1 | 0.2% | 4 | 0.04% |
Feminist Theory | 1 | 0.2% | 29 | 0.31% |
Fems Yeast Research | 1 | 0.2% | 71 | 0.77% |
Food Security | 1 | 0.2% | 12 | 0.13% |
Forest Products Journal | 1 | 0.2% | 9 | 0.10% |
Forestry Chronicle | 3 | 0.7% | 20 | 0.22% |
Fresenius Environmental Bulletin | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Frontiers in Plant Science | 1 | 0.2% | 11 | 0.12% |
Fuel | 1 | 0.2% | 2 | 0.02% |
Fuel Processing Technology | 1 | 0.2% | 16 | 0.17% |
Functional Plant Biology | 1 | 0.2% | 53 | 0.58% |
Future Trends in Biotechnology | 1 | 0.2% | 13 | 0.14% |
Futures | 1 | 0.2% | 9 | 0.10% |
Genome Medicine | 1 | 0.2% | 13 | 0.14% |
Geoforum | 1 | 0.2% | 7 | 0.08% |
Geopolitics | 1 | 0.2% | 4 | 0.04% |
Global Change Biology Bioenergy | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Green Chemistry | 3 | 0.7% | 1056 | 11.47% |
Health Policy and Planning | 1 | 0.2% | 2 | 0.02% |
Hortscience | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Human Reproduction | 1 | 0.2% | 9 | 0.10% |
Ices Journal of Marine Science | 1 | 0.2% | 4 | 0.04% |
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research | 3 | 0.7% | 36 | 0.39% |
Industrial Crops and Products | 5 | 1.1% | 149 | 1.62% |
Interface Focus | 1 | 0.2% | 12 | 0.13% |
International Affairs | 1 | 0.2% | 7 | 0.08% |
International Food and Agribusiness Management Review | 1 | 0.2% | 5 | 0.05% |
International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics | 1 | 0.2% | 10 | 0.11% |
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment | 10 | 2.2% | 164 | 1.78% |
International Sugar Journal | 10 | 2.2% | 30 | 0.33% |
Invasive Plant Science and Management | 1 | 0.2% | 5 | 0.05% |
J-for-Journal of Science & Technology for Forest Products and Processes | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics | 1 | 0.2% | 10 | 0.11% |
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | 5 | 1.1% | 117 | 1.27% |
Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis | 2 | 0.4% | 9 | 0.10% |
Journal of Applied Polymer Science | 1 | 0.2% | 1 | 0.01% |
Journal of Bacteriology | 2 | 0.4% | 32 | 0.35% |
Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy | 3 | 0.7% | 51 | 0.55% |
Journal of Biotechnology | 7 | 1.5% | 146 | 1.59% |
Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology | 1 | 0.2% | 3 | 0.03% |
Journal of Cleaner Production | 12 | 2.6% | 204 | 2.22% |
Journal of Environmental Health | 1 | 0.2% | 3 | 0.03% |
Journal of Environmental Management | 1 | 0.2% | 13 | 0.14% |
Journal of Ethnopharmacology | 1 | 0.2% | 23 | 0.25% |
Journal of Green Building | 1 | 0.2% | 3 | 0.03% |
Journal of Industrial Ecology | 3 | 0.7% | 60 | 0.65% |
Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology | 1 | 0.2% | 56 | 0.61% |
Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences | 2 | 0.4% | 2 | 0.02% |
Journal of Magnetic Resonance | 1 | 0.2% | 12 | 0.13% |
Journal of Maps | 1 | 0.2% | 6 | 0.07% |
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research | 1 | 0.2% | 3 | 0.03% |
Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology | 1 | 0.2% | 133 | 1.44% |
Journal of Peasant Studies | 1 | 0.2% | 70 | 0.76% |
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A—Chemistry | 1 | 0.2% | 16 | 0.17% |
Journal of Proteomics | 1 | 0.2% | 6 | 0.07% |
Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research | 1 | 0.2% | 209 | 2.27% |
Journal of Surfactants and Detergents | 1 | 0.2% | 14 | 0.15% |
Journal of the American Leather Chemists Association | 3 | 0.7% | 10 | 0.11% |
Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society | 15 | 3.3% | 202 | 2.19% |
Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan | 1 | 0.2% | 16 | 0.17% |
Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society | 1 | 0.2% | 15 | 0.16% |
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture | 1 | 0.2% | 10 | 0.11% |
Jove-Journal of Visualized Experiments | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Landbauforschung | 1 | 0.2% | 2 | 0.02% |
Life Science Journal-Acta Zhengzhou University Overseas Edition | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Macromolecular Bioscience | 1 | 0.2% | 109 | 1.18% |
Medical Journal of Australia | 1 | 0.2% | 2 | 0.02% |
Metabolic Engineering | 2 | 0.4% | 21 | 0.23% |
Microbial Biotechnology | 1 | 0.2% | 18 | 0.20% |
Microbial Cell Factories | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Microbiology—SGM | 1 | 0.2% | 22 | 0.24% |
Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals | 1 | 0.2% | 3 | 0.03% |
Mrs Bulletin | 1 | 0.2% | 5 | 0.05% |
New Biotechnology | 2 | 0.4% | 20 | 0.22% |
New Genetics and Society | 5 | 1.1% | 79 | 0.86% |
New Medit | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
New Phytologist | 3 | 0.7% | 74 | 0.80% |
OMICS—A Journal of Integrative Biology | 1 | 0.2% | 6 | 0.07% |
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry | 1 | 0.2% | 35 | 0.38% |
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B—Biological Sciences | 1 | 0.2% | 1 | 0.01% |
Phytochemistry | 1 | 0.2% | 87 | 0.94% |
Plant Biotechnology Journal | 2 | 0.4% | 22 | 0.24% |
Plant Cell | 1 | 0.2% | 62 | 0.67% |
Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Plant Journal | 1 | 0.2% | 143 | 1.55% |
Plant Science | 1 | 0.2% | 19 | 0.21% |
Plos One | 4 | 0.9% | 28 | 0.30% |
Political Quarterly | 1 | 0.2% | 6 | 0.07% |
Polymers | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Precision Agriculture | 1 | 0.2% | 19 | 0.21% |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | 2 | 0.4% | 80 | 0.87% |
Process Biochemistry | 1 | 0.2% | 67 | 0.73% |
Process safety and Environmental Protection | 1 | 0.2% | 16 | 0.17% |
Progress in Polymer Science | 1 | 0.2% | 344 | 3.74% |
Pulp & Paper—Canada | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Pure and Applied Chemistry | 3 | 0.7% | 3 | 0.03% |
Radiocarbon | 2 | 0.4% | 2 | 0.02% |
Regenerative Medicine | 3 | 0.7% | 48 | 0.52% |
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews | 7 | 1.5% | 76 | 0.83% |
Resources Conservation and Recycling | 2 | 0.4% | 37 | 0.40% |
Risk Analysis | 1 | 0.2% | 8 | 0.09% |
Romanian Biotechnological Letters | 2 | 0.4% | 0 | 0.00% |
RSC Advances | 2 | 0.4% | 44 | 0.48% |
Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research | 8 | 1.8% | 14 | 0.15% |
Science | 1 | 0.2% | 207 | 2.25% |
Science and Public Policy | 2 | 0.4% | 6 | 0.07% |
Science as Culture | 2 | 0.4% | 3 | 0.03% |
Science Technology & Human Values | 4 | 0.9% | 39 | 0.42% |
Small-Scale Forestry | 1 | 0.2% | 7 | 0.08% |
Social Science & Medicine | 5 | 1.1% | 50 | 0.54% |
Sociology of Health & Illness | 2 | 0.4% | 9 | 0.10% |
Southern Journal of Applied Forestry | 1 | 0.2% | 1 | 0.01% |
Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Springerplus | 1 | 0.2% | 6 | 0.07% |
Studies in Informatics and Control | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Sustainability | 4 | 0.9% | 43 | 0.47% |
Sustainability Science | 1 | 0.2% | 8 | 0.09% |
Technological and Economic Development of Economy | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Technology Analysis & Strategic Management | 1 | 0.2% | 1 | 0.01% |
Tijdschrift Voor Economische en Sociale Geografie | 1 | 0.2% | 4 | 0.04% |
Topia-Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Transactions of the Asabe | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers | 1 | 0.2% | 18 | 0.20% |
Transgenic Research | 2 | 0.4% | 37 | 0.40% |
Transnational Environmental Law | 1 | 0.2% | 1 | 0.01% |
Transportation Research Record | 3 | 0.7% | 4 | 0.04% |
Tree Genetics & Genomes | 1 | 0.2% | 3 | 0.03% |
Trends in Biotechnology | 2 | 0.4% | 104 | 1.13% |
Trends in Microbiology | 1 | 0.2% | 12 | 0.13% |
Trends in Plant Science | 1 | 0.2% | 7 | 0.08% |
Tribology & Lubrication Technology | 1 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.00% |
Waste and Biomass Valorization | 1 | 0.2% | 1 | 0.01% |
Water Air and Soil Pollution | 1 | 0.2% | 9 | 0.10% |
Water Research | 2 | 0.4% | 21 | 0.23% |
Appendix C
Web of Science Category | Number of Papers | Share |
---|---|---|
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology | 76.5 | 16.9% |
Energy & Fuels | 40.2 | 8.9% |
Environmental Sciences | 36.8 | 8.1% |
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary | 20.9 | 4.6% |
Engineering, Environmental | 16.9 | 3.7% |
Food Science & Technology | 16.5 | 3.6% |
Engineering, Chemical | 16.1 | 3.6% |
Forestry | 14.8 | 3.3% |
Chemistry, Applied | 14.5 | 3.2% |
Agronomy | 13.8 | 3.1% |
Agricultural Engineering | 12.5 | 2.8% |
Plant Sciences | 12.1 | 2.7% |
Multidisciplinary Sciences | 10.5 | 2.3% |
Social Sciences, Biomedical | 7.8 | 1.7% |
Agriculture, Multidisciplinary | 7.1 | 1.6% |
Microbiology | 6.8 | 1.5% |
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology | 6.7 | 1.5% |
Environmental Studies | 6.4 | 1.4% |
Economics | 5.8 | 1.3% |
Polymer Science | 5.3 | 1.2% |
Social Issues | 5.3 | 1.2% |
Geography | 5.3 | 1.2% |
Materials Science, Paper, & Wood | 5.2 | 1.1% |
Agricultural Economics & Policy | 4.5 | 1.0% |
Chemistry, Organic | 4.0 | 0.9% |
Biochemical Research Methods | 4.0 | 0.9% |
Public, Environmental, & Occupational Health | 4.0 | 0.9% |
Genetics & Heredity | 3.3 | 0.7% |
Biology | 3.0 | 0.7% |
Chemistry, Physical | 2.7 | 0.6% |
Sociology | 2.7 | 0.6% |
History & Philosophy of Science | 2.3 | 0.5% |
Planning & Development | 2.3 | 0.5% |
Materials Science, Textiles | 2.2 | 0.5% |
Chemistry, Analytical | 2.0 | 0.4% |
Cultural Studies | 2.0 | 0.4% |
Geochemistry & Geophysics | 2.0 | 0.4% |
Medicine, General & Internal | 2.0 | 0.4% |
Ecology | 1.8 | 0.4% |
Cell & Tissue Engineering | 1.5 | 0.3% |
Engineering, Biomedical | 1.5 | 0.3% |
Political Science | 1.5 | 0.3% |
Horticulture | 1.3 | 0.3% |
Materials Science, Biomaterials | 1.3 | 0.3% |
Spectroscopy | 1.3 | 0.3% |
Women’s Studies | 1.3 | 0.3% |
Chemistry, Medicinal | 1.3 | 0.3% |
Management | 1.2 | 0.3% |
Public Administration | 1.2 | 0.3% |
Urban Studies | 1.1 | 0.2% |
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary | 1.0 | 0.2% |
Physics, Applied | 1.0 | 0.2% |
Architecture | 1.0 | 0.2% |
Crystallography | 1.0 | 0.2% |
Education & Educational Research | 1.0 | 0.2% |
Engineering, Civil | 1.0 | 0.2% |
Engineering, Mechanical | 1.0 | 0.2% |
Engineering, Multidisciplinary | 1.0 | 0.2% |
Entomology | 1.0 | 0.2% |
Health Care Sciences & Services | 1.0 | 0.2% |
Health Policy & Services | 1.0 | 0.2% |
International Relations | 1.0 | 0.2% |
Nutrition & Dietetics | 1.0 | 0.2% |
Thermodynamics | 1.0 | 0.2% |
Transportation | 1.0 | 0.2% |
Transportation Science & Technology | 1.0 | 0.2% |
Water Resources | 1.0 | 0.2% |
Ethics | 0.8 | 0.2% |
Physics, Condensed Matter | 0.5 | 0.1% |
Anthropology | 0.5 | 0.1% |
Automation & Control Systems | 0.5 | 0.1% |
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence | 0.5 | 0.1% |
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications | 0.5 | 0.1% |
Endocrinology & Metabolism | 0.5 | 0.1% |
Geography, Physical | 0.5 | 0.1% |
Law | 0.5 | 0.1% |
Mechanics | 0.5 | 0.1% |
Obstetrics & Gynaecology | 0.5 | 0.1% |
Operations Research & Management Science | 0.5 | 0.1% |
Physics, Nuclear | 0.5 | 0.1% |
Reproductive Biology | 0.5 | 0.1% |
Soil Science | 0.5 | 0.1% |
Cell Biology | 0.3 | 0.1% |
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear | 0.3 | 0.1% |
Fisheries | 0.3 | 0.1% |
Marine & Freshwater Biology | 0.3 | 0.1% |
Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications | 0.3 | 0.1% |
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences | 0.3 | 0.1% |
Mycology | 0.3 | 0.1% |
Nuclear Science & Technology | 0.3 | 0.1% |
Oceanography | 0.3 | 0.1% |
Physics, Atomic, Molecular, & Chemical | 0.3 | 0.1% |
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine, & Medical Imaging | 0.3 | 0.1% |
Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods | 0.3 | 0.1% |
Engineering, Industrial | 0.3 | 0.1% |
Integrative & Complementary Medicine | 0.3 | 0.1% |
Medical Ethics | 0.3 | 0.1% |
Pharmacology & Pharmacy | 0.3 | 0.1% |
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology | 0.2 | 0.04% |
References
- Lund Declaration. Europe Must Focus on the Grand Challenges of Our Time; Swedish EU Presidency: Lund, Sweden, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Coenen, L.; Hansen, T.; Rekers, J.V. Innovation policy for grand challenges. An economic geography perspective. Geogr. Compass 2015, 9, 483–496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schuitmaker, T.J. Identifying and unravelling persistent problems. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2012, 79, 1021–1031. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Upham, P.; Klitkou, A.; Olsen, D.S. Using transition management concepts for the evaluation of intersecting policy domains (‘grand challenges’): The case of Swedish, Norwegian and UK biofuel policy. Int. J. Foresight Innov. Policy 2016, in press. [Google Scholar]
- Ollikainen, M. Forestry in bioeconomy—Smart green growth for the humankind. Scand. J. For. Res. 2014, 29, 360–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pülzl, H.; Kleinschmit, D.; Arts, B. Bioeconomy—An emerging meta-discourse affecting forest discourses? Scand. J. For. Res. 2014, 29, 386–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Richardson, B. From a fossil-fuel to a biobased economy: The politics of industrial biotechnology. Environ. Plan. C Gov. Policy 2012, 30, 282–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wield, D. Bioeconomy and the global economy: Industrial policies and bio-innovation. Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag. 2013, 25, 1209–1221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McCormick, K.; Kautto, N. The bioeconomy in Europe: An overview. Sustainability 2013, 5, 2589–2608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Levidow, L.; Birch, K.; Papaioannou, T. Divergent paradigms of European agro-food innovation: The knowledge-based bio-economy (KBBE) as an R & D agenda. Sci. Technol. Hum. Values 2013, 38, 94–125. [Google Scholar]
- Borgatti, S.P. Centrality and network flow. Soc. Netw. 2005, 27, 55–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Freeman, L.C. A set of measures of centrality based on betweenness. Sociometry 1977, 40, 35–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Borgatti, S.P.; Everett, M.G.; Freeman, L.C. Ucinet for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis; Analytic Technologies: Lexington, KY, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Borgatti, S.P. NetDraw: Graph Visualization Software; Analytic Technologies: Lexington, KY, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Bozell, J.J.; Petersen, G.R. Technology development for the production of biobased products from biorefinery carbohydrates-the US Department of Energy’s “top 10” revisited. Green Chem. 2010, 12, 539–554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.H.P.; Himmel, M.E.; Mielenz, J.R. Outlook for cellulase improvement: Screening and selection strategies. Biotechnol. Adv. 2006, 24, 452–481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, S.H.; Doherty, T.V.; Linhardt, R.J.; Dordick, J.S. Ionic liquid-mediated selective extraction of lignin from wood leading to enhanced enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009, 102, 1368–1376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bordes, P.; Pollet, E.; Averous, L. Nano-biocomposites: Biodegradable polyester/nanoclay systems. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2009, 34, 125–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Graham, R.L.; Nelson, R.; Sheehan, J.; Perlack, R.D.; Wright, L.L. Current and potential US corn stover supplies. Agron. J. 2007, 99, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dusselier, M.; van Wouwe, P.; Dewaele, A.; Makshina, E.; Sels, B.F. Lactic acid as a platform chemical in the biobased economy: The role of chemocatalysis. Energy Environ. Sci. 2013, 6, 1415–1442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, C.Z.; Wang, Q.; Zhao, Z.K. Acid in ionic liquid: An efficient system for hydrolysis of lignocellulose. Green Chem. 2008, 10, 177–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Horn, S.J.; Vaaje-Kolstad, G.; Westereng, B.; Eijsink, V.G.H. Novel enzymes for the degradation of cellulose. Biotechnol. Biofuels 2012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- FitzPatrick, M.; Champagne, P.; Cunningham, M.F.; Whitney, R.A. A biorefinery processing perspective: Treatment of lignocellulosic materials for the production of value-added products. Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101, 8915–8922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Carvalheiro, F.; Duarte, L.C.; Girio, F.M. Hemicellulose biorefineries: A review on biomass pretreatments. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 2008, 67, 849–864. [Google Scholar]
- Burrell, Q.L. The Bradford distribution and the Gini index. Scientometrics 1991, 21, 181–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vaaje-Kolstad, G.; Westereng, B.; Horn, S.J.; Liu, Z.L.; Zhai, H.; Sorlie, M.; Eijsink, V.G.H. An oxidative enzyme boosting the enzymatic conversion of recalcitrant polysaccharides. Science 2010, 330, 219–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Staffas, L.; Gustavsson, M.; McCormick, K. Strategies and policies for the bioeconomy and bio-based economy: An analysis of official national approaches. Sustainability 2013, 5, 2751–2769. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pollack, A. White house promotes a bioeconomy. N. Y. Times, 26 April 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Hilgartner, S. Making the bioeconomy measurable: Politics of an emerging anticipatory machinery. BioSocieties 2007, 2, 382–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morrison, M.; Cornips, L. Exploring the role of dedicated online biotechnology news providers in the innovation economy. Sci. Technol. Hum. Values 2012, 37, 262–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hansen, J. The Danish biofuel debate: Coupling scientific and politico-economic claims. Sci. Cult. 2014, 23, 73–97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bush, V. Science: The Endless Frontier; United States Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, USA, 1945.
- Hansen, T.; Winther, L. Innovation, regional development and relations between high- and low-tech industries. Eur. Urban Reg. Stud. 2011, 18, 321–339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zilberman, D.; Kim, E.; Kirschner, S.; Kaplan, S.; Reeves, J. Technology and the future bioeconomy. Agric. Econ. 2013, 44, 95–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wield, D.; Hanlin, R.; Mittra, J.; Smith, J. Twenty-first century bioeconomy: Global challenges of biological knowledge for health and agriculture. Sci. Public Policy 2013, 40, 17–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boehlje, M.; Bröring, S. The increasing multifunctionality of agricultural raw materials: Three dilemmas for innovation and adoption. Int. Food Agribus. Manag. Rev. 2011, 14, 1–16. [Google Scholar]
- Kearnes, M. Performing synthetic worlds: Situating the bioeconomy. Sci. Public Policy 2013, 40, 453–465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aguilar, A.; Magnien, E.; Thomas, D. Thirty years of European biotechnology programmes: From biomolecular engineering to the bioeconomy. New Biotechnol. 2013, 30, 410–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cooke, P. Growth Cultures: The Global Bioeconomy and Its Bioregions; Routledge: Abingdon, UK, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Cooke, P. The economic geography of knowledge flow hierarchies among internationally networked medical bioclusters: A scientometric analysis. Tijdschr. Voor Econ. Soc. Geogr. 2009, 100, 332–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Birch, K. The knowledge—Space dynamic in the UK bioeconomy. Area 2009, 41, 273–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cooke, P. Global bioregional networks: A new economic geography of bioscientific knowledge. Eur. Plan. Stud. 2006, 14, 1265–1285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hogarth, S.; Salter, B. Regenerative medicine in Europe: Global competition and innovation governance. Regen. Med. 2010, 5, 971–985. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rosemann, A. Standardization as situation-specific achievement: Regulatory diversity and the production of value in intercontinental collaborations in stem cell medicine. Soc. Sci. Med. 2014, 122, 72–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Birch, K. Knowledge, place, and power: Geographies of value in the bioeconomy. New Genet. Soc. 2012, 31, 183–201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salter, B. State strategies and the geopolitics of the global knowledge economy: China, India and the case of regenerative medicine. Geopolitics 2009, 14, 47–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Waldby, C. Biobanking in Singapore: Post-developmental state, experimental population. New Genet. Soc. 2009, 28, 253–265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salter, B.; Cooper, M.; Dickins, A.; Cardo, V. Stem cell science in India: Emerging economies and the politics of globalization. Regen. Med. 2007, 2, 75–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Salter, B.; Cooper, M.; Doickins, A. China and the global stem cell bioeconomy: An emerging political strategy? Regen. Med. 2006, 1, 671–683. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hsieh, C.R.; Lofgren, H. Biopharmaceutical innovation and industrial developments in South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan. Aust. Health Rev. 2009, 33, 245–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, H.D.; Gottweis, H. Stem cell treatments in China: Rethinking the patient role in the global bio-economy. Bioethics 2013, 27, 194–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Duchesne, L.C.; Wetzel, S. The bioeconomy and the forestry sector: Changing markets and new opportunities. For. Chron. 2003, 79, 860–864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pfau, S.F.; Hagens, J.E.; Dankbaar, B.; Smits, A.J.M. Visions of sustainability in bioeconomy research. Sustainability 2014, 6, 1222–1249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ponte, S. From fishery to fork: Food safety and sustainability in the ‘virtual’ knowledge-based bio-economy (KBBE). Sci. Cult. 2009, 18, 483–495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- European Commission. Innovating for Sustainable Growth: A Bioeconomy for Europe; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Keegan, D.; Kretschmer, B.; Elbersen, B.; Panoutsou, C. Cascading use: A systematic approach to biomass beyond the energy sector. Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefin. 2013, 7, 193–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mathews, J.A. From the petroeconomy to the bioeconomy: Integrating bioenergy production with agricultural demands. Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefin. 2009, 3, 613–632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kleinschmit, D.; Lindstad, B.H.; Thorsen, B.J.; Toppinen, A.; Roos, A.; Baardsen, S. Shades of green: A social scientific view on bioeconomy in the forest sector. Scand. J. For. Res. 2014, 29, 402–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Low, S.A.; Isserman, A.M. Ethanol and the local economy: Industry trends, location factors, economic impacts, and risks. Econ. Dev. Q. 2009, 23, 71–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Horlings, L.G.; Marsden, T.K. Exploring the ‘new rural paradigm’ in Europe: Eco-economic strategies as a counterforce to the global competitiveness agenda. Eur. Urban Reg. Stud. 2014, 21, 4–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Albert, S. Transition to a bio-economy: A community development strategy discussion. J. Rural Community Dev. 2007, 2, 64–83. [Google Scholar]
- Waldby, C.; Cooper, M. From reproductive work to regenerative labour. The female body and stem cell industries. Fem. Theory 2010, 11, 3–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martin, P.; Brown, N.; Turner, A. Capitalizing hope: The commercial development of umbilical cord blood stem cell banking. New Genet. Soc. 2008, 27, 127–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brown, N.; Machin, L.; McLeod, D. Immunitary bioeconomy: The economisation of life in the international cord blood market. Soc. Sci. Med. 2011, 72, 1115–1122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brown, N. Contradictions of value: Between use and exchange in cord blood bioeconomy. Sociol. Health Illn. 2013, 35, 97–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Waldby, C. Oocyte markets: Women’s reproductive work in embryonic stem cell research. New Genet. Soc. 2008, 27, 19–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gupta, J.A. Reproductive biocrossings: Indian egg donors and surrogates in the globalized fertility market. Int. J. Fem. Approaches Bioeth. 2012, 5, 25–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haimes, E. Juggling on a rollercoaster? Gains, loss and uncertainties in ivf patients’ accounts of volunteering for a UK egg sharing for research scheme. Soc. Sci. Med. 2013, 86, 45–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kent, J. The fetal tissue economy: From the abortion clinic to the stem cell laboratory. Soc. Sci. Med. 2008, 67, 1747–1756. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fannin, M. The hoarding economy of endometrial stem cell storage. Body Soc. 2013, 19, 32–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoeyer, K. Tradable body parts? How bone and recycled prosthetic devices acquire a price without forming a ‘market’. Biosocieties 2009, 4, 239–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mumtaz, Z.; Bowen, S.; Mumtaz, R. Meanings of blood, bleeding and blood donations in Pakistan: Implications for national vs. global safe blood supply policies. Health Policy Plan. 2012, 27, 147–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schwarz, M.T. Emplacement and contamination: Mediation of Navajo identity through excorporated blood. Body Soc. 2009, 15, 145–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bahadur, G.; Morrison, M. Patenting human pluripotent cells: Balancing commercial, academic and ethical interests. Hum. Reprod. 2010, 25, 14–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Davies, G. Patterning the geographies of organ transplantation: Corporeality, generosity and justice. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr. 2006, 31, 257–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Marsden, T. Towards a real sustainable agri-food security and food policy: Beyond the ecological fallacies? Political Q. 2012, 83, 139–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siegmeier, T.; Möller, D. Mapping research at the intersection of organic farming and bioenergy—A scientometric review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013, 25, 197–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Albrecht, S.; Gottschick, M.; Schorling, M.; Stint, S. Bio-economy at a crossroads. Way forward to sustainable production and consumption or industrialization of biomass? GAIA Ecol. Perspect. Sci. Soc. 2012, 21, 33–37. [Google Scholar]
- Morgan, K. Smart specialisation: Opportunities and challenges for regional innovation policy. Reg. Stud. 2015, 49, 480–482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cooke, P. To construct regional advantage from innovation systems first build policy platforms. Eur. Plan. Stud. 2007, 15, 179–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Most Cited Papers | Papers with Most Citations per Year | ||
---|---|---|---|
Reference | Number of Citations | Reference | Average Number of Citations per Year |
[15] | 760 | [15] | 127 |
[16] | 509 | [16] | 51 |
[17] | 351 | [17] | 50 |
[18] | 344 | [18] | 49 |
[19] | 234 | [20] | 37 |
[21] | 230 | [22] | 36 |
[23] | 211 | [23] | 35 |
[24] | 209 | [25] | 35 |
Journal | Number of Papers | Share of Papers | Number of Citations | Share of all Citations |
---|---|---|---|---|
Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr | 27 | 6.0% | 244 | 2.7% |
Biomass & Bioenergy | 18 | 4.0% | 251 | 2.7% |
Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society | 15 | 3.3% | 202 | 2.2% |
Journal of Cleaner Production | 12 | 2.6% | 204 | 2.2% |
International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment | 10 | 2.2% | 164 | 1.8% |
International Sugar Journal | 10 | 2.2% | 30 | 0.3% |
Bioresource Technology | 9 | 2.0% | 361 | 3.9% |
Applied Microbiology and Bio-Technology | 8 | 1.8% | 249 | 2.7% |
Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research | 8 | 1.8% | 14 | 0.2% |
Sum | 117 | 25.8% | 1719 | 18.7% |
Author | Number of Articles |
---|---|
Sanders, J.P.M. | 8 |
Zhang, Y.H.P. | 6 |
Birch, K. | 5 |
Montoneri, E. | 5 |
Patel, M.K. | 5 |
Country | Number of Papers |
---|---|
United States | 116 |
Netherlands | 45 |
United Kingdom | 43 |
Germany | 27 |
Canada | 22 |
Belgium | 21 |
Italy | 20 |
People’s Republic of China | 19 |
Australia | 18 |
Sweden | 14 |
Type of Organisation | Number of Papers | Share |
---|---|---|
Higher education institution | 327.3 | 72.9% |
Research institute | 57.6 | 12.8% |
Company | 26.6 | 5.9% |
Public agency | 25.0 | 5.6% |
International organisation | 6.3 | 1.4% |
Science agency | 4.0 | 0.9% |
Cluster organisation | 2.3 | 0.5% |
Organisation | Number of Papers | Degree Centrality | Betweenness Centrality |
---|---|---|---|
Wageningen University & Research Centre | 19.2 | 8.200 | 9471.480 |
Iowa State University | 17.6 | 1.861 | 1529.762 |
U.S. Department of Agriculture | 15.4 | 3.242 | 11,896.121 |
Ghent University | 12.0 | 3.003 | 9493.600 |
Utrecht University | 7.2 | 2.000 | 1145.533 |
University of York | 5.8 | 1.833 | 933.000 |
Lund University | 5.8 | 0.833 | 235.000 |
Michigan State University | 5.5 | 0.867 | 0.000 |
University of Florida | 5.3 | 0.333 | 0.000 |
Cardiff University | 4.8 | 0.833 | 1782.586 |
The Bio-Technology Vision | The Bio-Resource Vision | The Bio-Ecology Vision | |
---|---|---|---|
Aims & objectives | Economic growth & job creation | Economic growth & sustainability | Sustainability, biodiversity, conservation of ecosystems, avoiding soil degradation |
Value creation | Application of biotechnology, commercialisation of research & technology | Conversion and upgrading of bio-resources (process oriented) | Development of integrated production systems and high-quality products with territorial identity |
Drivers & mediators of innovation | R & D, patents, TTOs, Research councils and funders (Science push, linear model) | Interdisciplinary, optimisation of land use, include degraded land in the production of biofuels, use and availability of bio-resources, waste management, engineering, science & market (Interactive & networked production mode) | Identification of favourable organic agro-ecological practices, ethics, risk, transdisciplinary sustainability, ecological interactions, re-use & recycling of waste, land use, (Circular and self-sustained production mode) |
Spatial focus | Global clusters/Central regions | Rural/Peripheral regions | Rural/Peripheral regions |
© 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Bugge, M.M.; Hansen, T.; Klitkou, A. What Is the Bioeconomy? A Review of the Literature. Sustainability 2016, 8, 691. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8070691
Bugge MM, Hansen T, Klitkou A. What Is the Bioeconomy? A Review of the Literature. Sustainability. 2016; 8(7):691. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8070691
Chicago/Turabian StyleBugge, Markus M., Teis Hansen, and Antje Klitkou. 2016. "What Is the Bioeconomy? A Review of the Literature" Sustainability 8, no. 7: 691. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8070691