Have Market-oriented Reforms Decoupled China’s CO2 Emissions from Total Electricity Generation? An Empirical Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Data
2.1. Tapio Decoupling Index
2.2. Laspeyres Decomposition
2.3. Data Selection
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Outlier Analysis
4.2. Trend Analysis
4.3. Decomposition Result Analysis
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 |
CE | 779.5 | 829.4 | 922 | 1004.2 | 1021.2 | 1019.7 | 1076.2 | 1140 | 1220 | 1395.9 |
TE | 838.3 | 928.1 | 1007.7 | 1079.4 | 1134.5 | 1166.2 | 1239.3 | 1355.6 | 1480.8 | 1654.0 |
EF | 683.9 | 745.9 | 804.3 | 877.7 | 924.1 | 944.1 | 1020.5 | 1114.2 | 1183.4 | 1338.1 |
CF | 138.0 | 148.7 | 162.9 | 178.9 | 192.4 | 209.9 | 223.4 | 237.5 | 253.0 | 265.6 |
Year | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 |
CE | 1667.1 | 1876.3 | 2090.5 | 2389.6 | 2608.2 | 2694.5 | 2858.7 | 3064.4 | 3476.3 | 3534 |
TE | 1910.6 | 2203.3 | 2500.3 | 2865.7 | 3281.6 | 3466.9 | 3714.7 | 4207.2 | 4713 | 4987.6 |
EF | 1580.4 | 1795.6 | 2047.3 | 2369.6 | 2722.9 | 2790.1 | 2982.8 | 3331.9 | 3833.7 | 3892.8 |
CF | 289.8 | 329.5 | 391.4 | 483.8 | 556.1 | 602.9 | 651.1 | 709.7 | 768.3 | 819.7 |
Year | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 |
D(CE, TE) | 0.5974 | 1.3009 | 1.2543 | 0.3316 | −0.0525 | 0.884 | 0.6317 | 0.7598 | 1.2327 |
D(CE, EF) | 0.7057 | 1.426 | 0.9771 | 0.3205 | −0.0678 | 0.6843 | 0.646 | 1.1292 | 1.1029 |
D(EF, CF) | 1.168 | 0.8201 | 0.9339 | 0.6972 | 0.2387 | 1.2541 | 1.4531 | 0.9542 | 2.6376 |
D(CF, TE) | 0.7249 | 1.1124 | 1.3746 | 1.4838 | 3.2463 | 1.0300 | 0.6729 | 0.7051 | 0.4237 |
Year | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
D(CE, TE) | 0.819 | 0.8471 | 0.9788 | 0.6305 | 0.5859 | 0.8527 | 0.5427 | 1.1179 | 0.2849 |
D(CE, EF) | 0.9214 | 0.8142 | 0.909 | 0.6135 | 1.3417 | 0.8823 | 0.6147 | 0.8926 | 1.0765 |
D(EF, CF) | 0.9938 | 0.7463 | 0.6664 | 0.9985 | 0.2931 | 0.8635 | 1.3008 | 1.8216 | 0.2307 |
D(CF, TE) | 0.8944 | 1.394 | 1.6158 | 1.0292 | 1.4899 | 1.1192 | 0.6787 | 0.6876 | 1.1471 |
Year | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 |
ED(CE, EF) | 0.6497 | −0.4907 | −0.7639 | −0.4036 | 1.0592 | −0.0439 | 0.4001 | −0.0256 |
ED(EF, CF) | −0.3487 | 0.1689 | −0.2181 | −0.1109 | 0.5282 | 0.1129 | −0.3058 | 1.0614 |
ED(CF, TE) | 0.4025 | 0.2752 | 0.0592 | 0.1304 | −0.651 | −0.3213 | 0.0338 | −0.563 |
Year | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 |
ED(CE, EF) | −0.1056 | 0.1006 | −0.3205 | 0.5726 | −0.3385 | −0.256 | 0.2965 | 0.1619 |
ED(EF, CF) | −0.2446 | −0.1037 | 0.3391 | −0.8883 | 0.8356 | 0.2985 | 0.2682 | −1.4481 |
ED(CF, TE) | 0.3783 | 0.1348 | −0.3669 | 0.2711 | −0.2303 | −0.3525 | 0.0106 | 0.453 |
Year | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 |
Category | II | VIII | VIII | II | III | I | II | II | VIII |
Year | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
Category | I | I | I | II | II | I | II | I | II |
Year | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
D(CE, TE) | 0.575 | 0.543 | 0.51 | 0.477 | 0.444 | 0.411 | 0.378 | 0.345 | 0.312 | 0.279 |
Year | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | 2027 | 2028 | 2029 | 2030 | 2031 |
D(CE, TE) | 0.246 | 0.214 | 0.181 | 0.148 | 0.115 | 0.082 | 0.049 | 0.016 | −0.017 | −0.05 |
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Shang, W.; Pei, G.; Walsh, C.; Meng, M.; Meng, X. Have Market-oriented Reforms Decoupled China’s CO2 Emissions from Total Electricity Generation? An Empirical Analysis. Sustainability 2016, 8, 468. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8050468
Shang W, Pei G, Walsh C, Meng M, Meng X. Have Market-oriented Reforms Decoupled China’s CO2 Emissions from Total Electricity Generation? An Empirical Analysis. Sustainability. 2016; 8(5):468. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8050468
Chicago/Turabian StyleShang, Wei, Guifen Pei, Conor Walsh, Ming Meng, and Xiangsong Meng. 2016. "Have Market-oriented Reforms Decoupled China’s CO2 Emissions from Total Electricity Generation? An Empirical Analysis" Sustainability 8, no. 5: 468. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8050468