Understanding Attitudes and Pro-Environmental Behaviors in a Chilean Community
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Pro-Environmental Attitudes Studies in Latin American Countries
1.2. Attitudinal Factors Influencing Environmental Behaviors
1.3. Socio-Demographic Factors Influencing Environmental Behavior
1.4. Overview
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Materials
Environmental Behavior Subscales | Mean | SD | |
---|---|---|---|
Power Conservation (α = 0.67) (b) | |||
(a) (c) | PC1. In winter, I keep the heat at such a temperature that I can wear light clothing inside my house. | 3.82 | 1.35 |
(a) (c) | PC2. In winter, I leave the windows of my house open for long periods of time to air the house. | 2.55 | 1.40 |
PC3. In winter, I turn off the heat in my house at night. | 4.54 | 0.96 | |
PC4. In winter, when I leave my house for more than 30 min, I turn off the heat. | 4.53 | 0.94 | |
PC5. I make the most use out of natural light. | 4.66 | 0.67 | |
PC6. I turn off any lights I’m not using. | 4.50 | 0.82 | |
(a) | PC7. I unplug any electrical appliances I’m not using. | 3.55 | 1.43 |
Ecologically Aware Consumer Behavior (α = 0.68) | |||
EAC1. I buy biodegradable detergents to wash laundry. | 3.31 | 1.58 | |
EAC2. I buy organic products. | 2.97 | 1.42 | |
EAC3. I buy rechargeable batteries. | 3.16 | 1.54 | |
EAC4. I buy energy-efficient light bulbs. | 4.14 | 1.23 | |
EAC5. I buy products in reusable or returnable containers. | 3.92 | 1.22 | |
Biodiversity Protection (α = 0.56) (d) | |||
(a) | BP1. After spending a day outdoors, I leave the site as clean as it was when I got there. | 4.70 | 0.66 |
BP2. I visit national parks and/or nature reserves. | 2.90 | 1.40 | |
BP3. I take my pet to the veterinarian. | 3.66 | 1.62 | |
(c) | BP4. I collect plants, seeds and organic matter when I visit natural areas. | 3.79 | 1.53 |
Water Conservation (α = 0.63) (b) | |||
WC1. I try to repair leaky faucets quickly. | 4.42 | 0.94 | |
(a) (c) | WC2. I leave the water running in the shower until it reaches the proper temperature. | 2.51 | 1.47 |
WC3. I try to turn off the faucet when I brush my teeth. | 4.16 | 1.18 | |
WC4. I wait until I have a full load of laundry before putting it in the washing machine. | 4.36 | 1.01 | |
WC5. I try to take short showers (less than 5 min). | 3.58 | 1.40 | |
Rational Automobile Use (α = 0.46) (d) | |||
RAU1. To travel short distances (less than 10 blocks), I prefer to walk or use a bike. | 3.97 | 1.37 | |
(a) | RAU2. I share a car. | 3.35 | 1.57 |
RAU3. I drive in such a way to minimize the amount of gas I consume. | 4.08 | 1.17 | |
RAU4. I refrain from driving a car on days of high pollution levels. | 3.25 | 1.56 | |
(a) (c) | RAU5. I honk the horn when I drive. | 3.60 | 1.29 |
Ecological Waste Management (α = 0.88) (b) | |||
(a) | EWM1. When I go shopping, I use cloth instead of plastic bags. | 2.55 | 1.54 |
(a) | EWM2. I reuse plastic bags (from the supermarket). | 4.24 | 1.19 |
EWM3. I sort leftover food to make compost. | 1.58 | 1.32 | |
EWM4. I sort papers and cardboard for recycling. | 2.17 | 1.69 | |
EWM5. I sort soda cans for recycling. | 1.97 | 1.60 | |
EWM6. I sort glass containers for recycling. | 2.26 | 1.75 | |
EWM7. I sort batteries for recycling. | 1.83 | 1.51 | |
EWM8. I sort electrical/electronic appliances for recycling. | 1.94 | 1.59 |
Predictor Variables | Mean | SD | B | β | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biospheric Values (α = 0.79) | 0.22 | 0.30 *** | |||
PV1. A person who believes that everyone must look after the environment. | 4.43 | 0.92 | 1.00 | 0.77 *** | |
PV2. A person who respects the environment and believes that we should live in harmony with other living beings. | 4.52 | 0.78 | 0.94 | 0.86 *** | |
Altruistic Values (α = 0.70) | 0.04 n.s. | 0.06 n.s. | |||
PV3. A person who believes it is important to help others around them. | 4.50 | 0.77 | 1.00 | 0.88 *** | |
PV4. A person who believes in the fair treatment of all people, including persons who are unknown to them. | 4.39 | 0.91 | 0.84 | 0.62 *** | |
Egoistic Values (α = 0.70) | −0.18 | −0.26 *** | |||
PV5. A person who makes decisions and likes to be a leader. | 3.28 | 1.35 | 1.00 | 0.55 *** | |
PV6. A person who believes it is important to have a lot of money. | 2.55 | 1.31 | 1.23 | 0.70 *** | |
PV7. A person who believes it is important to have influence over people and their actions. | 2.84 | 1.39 | 1.41 | 0.76 *** | |
Ecological Vision (α = 0.64) (b) | 0.31 | 0.57 *** | |||
NEP1. In recent times, the human population has grown at a faster rate than the planet can support. | 4.25 | 1.09 | 1.00 | 0.47 *** | |
NEP2. The earth has limited resources and space (e.g., like a space ship). | 4.13 | 1.23 | 0.64 | 0.27 *** | |
(a) | NEP3. Human beings have the right to modify the environment as fits their needs. | 3.13 | 1.52 | -- | -- |
NEP4. Plants and animals have the same right to life as human beings. | 4.31 | 1.08 | 1.13 | 0.54 *** | |
(a) | NEP5. Nature is sufficiently strong to support the impacts produced as a result of modern life. | 2.63 | 1.45 | -- | -- |
NEP6. The balance of nature is very fragile and easily disrupted. | 4.26 | 1.05 | 1.24 | 0.60 *** | |
(a) | NEP7. Most environmental problems can be solved through the application of more and better technology. | 3.59 | 1.39 | -- | -- |
(a) | NEP8. Human beings will learn enough about how nature works to be able to control it. | 3.12 | 1.43 | -- | -- |
(a) | NEP9. Environmental degradation is not as bad as people normally say it is. | 1.96 | 1.31 | -- | -- |
NEP10. If things continue on the current path, we will soon experience a major natural disaster. | 4.14 | 1.20 | 1.29 | 0.56 *** | |
Awareness of Consequences (α = 0.81) (b) | 0.97 | 0.80 *** | |||
AC1. Protecting the environment benefits everyone. | 4.85 | 0.48 | 1.25 | 0.75 *** | |
AC2. Protecting the environment will help to improve the quality of life for everyone. | 4.83 | 0.48 | 1.38 | 0.83 *** | |
AC3. Protecting the environment will create a better world for me and my family. | 4.82 | 0.49 | 1.29 | 0.85 *** | |
AC4. Degradation of the environment directly affects my health (e.g., air pollution). | 4.74 | 0.65 | 1.00 | 0.51 *** | |
(a) | AC5. Environmental degradation caused in my neighborhood will often affect people in other parts of the world. | 4.17 | 1.20 | -- | -- |
(a) | AC6. In the next 10 years, thousands of animal and plant species will go extinct. | 4.32 | 1.06 | -- | -- |
Ascription of Responsibility (α = 0.60) (b) | 0.51 | 0.85 *** | |||
AR1. Every person is responsible for protecting the environment. | 4.75 | 0.68 | 1.00 | 0.57 *** | |
AR2. The government bears the most responsibility for protecting the environment. | 4.25 | 1.25 | 0.22 | 0.07 * | |
AR3. Corporations bear the most responsibility for reducing environmental degradation. | 4.66 | 0.84 | 0.45 | 0.21 *** | |
AR4. My household is responsible for reducing environmental degradation. | 4.50 | 0.91 | 1.04 | 0.45 *** | |
AR5. All households are responsible for reducing environmental degradation. | 4.67 | 0.72 | 0.96 | 0.53 *** | |
(a) | AR6. I am unwilling to cooperate to reduce environmental degradation if others do not do same. | 1.88 | 1.39 | -- | -- |
Personal Norms (α = 0.70) | 0.90 | 0.48 *** | |||
PN1. I have a moral obligation to protect the environment. | 4.56 | 0.84 | 2.16 | 0.62 *** | |
PN2. Environmental problems cannot be ignored. | 4.81 | 0.53 | 1.65 | 0.75 *** | |
PN3. I think it is important that people protect the environment. | 4.86 | 0.43 | 1.40 | 0.77 *** | |
PN4. The government should require greater environmental protections. | 4.81 | 0.57 | 0.91 | 0.38 *** | |
PN5. Corporations should reduce their impact in degrading the environment. | 4.85 | 0.53 | 1.00 | 0.45 *** |
2.3. Procedure and Participants
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Internal Consistency Analysis
3.2. Descriptive Results
Socio-demographic Variable | Environmental Behavior Subscales | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EBSPC | EBSEAC | EBSWC | EBSEWM | |||||
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 4.53 | (0.65) | 3.49 | (0.93) | 4.13 | (0.78) | 1.91 | (1.17) |
Female | 4.58 | (0.57) | 3.52 | (0.92) | 4.12 | (0.80) | 2.01 | (1.27) |
Socio-Economic Status (SES) | ||||||||
High | 4.51 b,c | (0.61) | 3.57 a | (0.92) | 4.07 a | (0.77) | 2.12 a | (1.34) |
Middle-High | 4.66 a | (0.48) | 3.58 a | (0.92) | 4.24 b | (0.82) | 2.05 a | (1.26) |
Middle | 4.59 a,b | (0.58) | 3.53 a | (0.92) | 4.14 a,b | (0.84) | 1.93 a,b | (1.19) |
Middle-Low | 4.48 c | (0.71) | 3.33 b | (0.90) | 4.04 a | (0.74) | 1.78 b | (1.10) |
Age group | ||||||||
18–29 | 4.52 a | (0.60) | 3.39 a | (0.87) | 3.93 a | (0.75) | 1.84 a,b | (1.11) |
30–44 | 4.52 a | (0.64) | 3.53 a,b | (0.93) | 4.07 a,b | (0.79) | 1.81 a | (1.16) |
45–59 | 4.57 a,b | (0.56) | 3.58 b | (0.92) | 4.17 b,c | (0.80) | 2.06 b,c | (1.31) |
60+ | 4.67 b | (0.59) | 3.54 a,b | (0.95) | 4.37 c | (0.79) | 2.27 c | (1.31) |
3.3. Structural Equation Model
4. Discussions
Environmental Behavior Subscales
5. Limitations of the Study
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References and Notes
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Share and Cite
Bronfman, N.C.; Cisternas, P.C.; López-Vázquez, E.; Maza, C.D.l.; Oyanedel, J.C. Understanding Attitudes and Pro-Environmental Behaviors in a Chilean Community. Sustainability 2015, 7, 14133-14152. https://doi.org/10.3390/su71014133
Bronfman NC, Cisternas PC, López-Vázquez E, Maza CDl, Oyanedel JC. Understanding Attitudes and Pro-Environmental Behaviors in a Chilean Community. Sustainability. 2015; 7(10):14133-14152. https://doi.org/10.3390/su71014133
Chicago/Turabian StyleBronfman, Nicolás C., Pamela C. Cisternas, Esperanza López-Vázquez, Cristóbal De la Maza, and Juan Carlos Oyanedel. 2015. "Understanding Attitudes and Pro-Environmental Behaviors in a Chilean Community" Sustainability 7, no. 10: 14133-14152. https://doi.org/10.3390/su71014133