Next Article in Journal
A Novel Approach for the Removal of Lead(II) Ion from Wastewater Using Mucilaginous Leaves of Diceriocaryum eriocarpum Plant
Previous Article in Journal
Optimal Hybrid Renewable Power System for an Emerging Island of South Korea: The Case of Yeongjong Island
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Sustainability
Volume 7
Issue 10
10.3390/su71014002
sustainability-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Design and Implementation of Emergy-Based Sustainability Decision Assessment System for Protected Grape Cultivation

by
Jianying Feng
1,
Jing Wang
1,
Xiaoshuan Zhang
1,
Fengtao Zhao
1,
Radoslava Kanianska
2 and
Dong Tian
1,*
1
College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, 209# No.17 Qinghuadonglu, Haidian district, Beijing 100083, China
2
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University in Banská Bystrica, Tajovského 40, Banská Bystrica 974 01, Slovakia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2015, 7(10), 14002-14025; https://doi.org/10.3390/su71014002
Submission received: 14 August 2015 / Revised: 30 September 2015 / Accepted: 30 September 2015 / Published: 19 October 2015
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The characteristic “high input and output” in protected production has caused some environmental and ecological issues. Hence, emergy-based sustainability assessments are necessary and valuable. However, traditional emergy analysis is time consuming, tedious, and inefficient. Such disadvantages can be addressed by the integration of emergy analysis with information technology. This paper reports the development of the emergy-based sustainability decision assessment system (ESDAS) for protected grape cultivation systems. This system was established by first analyzing the business process, users, and requirements through survey, and the findings of which were used to design the system’s function, architecture, database, model base, and knowledge base with a combination of emergy methods. The results showed that ESDAS passed the system test and achieved the real-time calculation of emergy data and the automatization of emergy analysis. Therefore, this research is a beneficial attempt to apply information technology in improving the efficiency of sustainability assessments. The results also revealed that the protected grape cultivation system is characterized by a heavy dependence on purchased and non-renewable resource emergy, lower emergy yield ratio, higher emergy investment rate and environmental loading ratio, and lower emergy sustainability index. Some suggestions were made to improve the sustainability of the protected grape system.

1. Introduction

Grape is a highly important fruit crop worldwide with approximately 77.18 million tons of production [1]. Compared with traditional open-field grape cultivation, protected grape cultivation is a progressive cultivation pattern that exhibits advantages in improving grape quality, adjusting agricultural structure, prolonging supply duration, and increasing vine growers’ income [2]. Protected grape planting involves the regulation of micro-climate within greenhouses and the corresponding production management; this production mode has become a development trend in viticulture. According to the statistics of the Chinese Agricultural Research System [3], the total area for Chinese grape protected cultivation has exceeded 130,000 hectares and amounted to 20% of the total area of viticulture, which is the largest globally. In China, grape protected cultivation employs different sub-patterns, such as early-maturing cultivation, delayed cultivation, and rain-shelter cultivation. Each pattern is distinctive in terms of greenhouse structure, grape management, and environmental control, which may be suitable in different production regions.
Driven by the high economic benefits of protected grape cultivation, many farmers have been involved in this venture; however, these attempts lacked overall planning and suffered from a series of sustainable development problems [4]. Protected grape cultivation is significantly characterized by “high input and output” in cost, energy, labor, and other production elements; in particular, this method uses more materials and energy in the process of greenhouse construction and environmental control [5,6]. Some obvious or potential environmental and ecological problems have arisen from the protected agricultural system, such as greenhouse gas emission, excessive energy consumption, and fertility decline. Lei and Shi [7] and Wang [8] stated that the ecological greenhouse soil environment in protected cultivation is altered; the soil often experiences high temperatures, high humidity, high evaporation, and lack of rain. These conditions result in some soil problems, including soil salinization, acidification, and increased incidence of soil-borne disease. These issues challenge the harmony between economic development and ecology, as well as the sustainability of the cultivation system. By contrast, some authors reported that protected farming systems are necessary to improve the system’s sustainability [9,10]. These observations reveal that no consensus has yet been achieved regarding the sustainability of the protected cultivation system. Therefore, with constantly emerging environmental issues and stronger consciousness on sustainable development, the efficiency of material and energy use must be evaluated, and the sustainability of protected grape cultivation must be assessed from the integrated perspective of the economy, ecology, and environment.
Many theories and methods on sustainable development are currently available to assess and predict sustainable development tendencies, such as emergy analysis [11], life-cycle analysis [12,13,14,15], material flow and emergy analyses [16,17,18]. Among these methods, emergy evaluation is a powerful tool that has been widely used in the assessment of sustainable development [19,20,21,22]. Emergy is defined as the amount of one kind of available energy previously used directly and indirectly to produce a product, resource, or service [11]. Emergy is usually measured and represented as solar emjoules (sej), and emergy analysis refers to the measurement of energy flows, material flow, and capital flow in an eco-economic system, as well as the mitigation of environmental problems arising in the course of viticulture. In fact, by definition, emergy analysis relies on the conversion of all the process inputs into solar energy which is performed by means of conversion factors called solar transformities, namely the solar energy necessary to obtain one unit of another type of energy [23]. Therefore, emergy analysis has become an effective and powerful evaluation method for agricultural ecological–economic systems after about 30 years of development. This method is also widely applied in many fruit and crop production systems, including red orange production [16]; “Four-in-One” peach production system [18]; production systems of four kinds of southern Chinese fruits (banana, papaya, guava, and wampee) [24]; banana cropping systems in Guadeloupe [25]; one coffee farm [26]; three wetland fish farming systems [27]; and an Italian sustainable agricultural system [28].
The use of information systems (IS), artificial intelligence systems (AIS), and decision support systems (DSS) has become a trend in recent years [29]. These systems integrate data and mathematical models that exhibit flexibility, adaptability, memory, decision-making capability, and the ability to depute “real-world” data to abstract and formal entries [30]. These systems overcome massive and tedious manual operation and offer greater analysis, operationalization and simplification of the whole assessment process. Hence, they are widely used in production management, business intelligence, and other areas to assist humans in making decisions, such as in aquatic production [31], cucumber production [32], and greenhouse seedling production [33]. The applications of information technology in assessment processes can acquire and transport real-time data on the object of evaluation and significantly increase the timeliness and accuracy of the results.
A complete emergy analysis and sustainability evaluation involves five main steps as follows: acquire the raw data, draw the emergy diagram of the production system, construct emergy analysis tables, establish emergy evaluation indices, and conduct the assessment and analyze the results [34,35]. This kind of analysis deals with massive data, including raw data, emergy data, and various transformity data; thus, the traditional method requires a considerable amount of manual labor to conduct data collection, storage, processing and calculation. In this case, the process is time consuming and inefficient, as well as tedious, difficult, and highly error prone. Evidently, traditional emergy analysis is not an intelligent method to conduct emergy and sustainability evaluation and prediction. Hence, exploiting information technology to design and develop an emergy-based sustainability assessment system is highly valuable. This system is projected to reduce manual calculation work and improve the operating efficiency of emergy analysis. Furthermore, by intelligently analyzing the sustainability assessment results, the system can help producers and other stakeholders in making decisions, such as in decreasing the emergy input amount, optimizing the emergy input structure, improving the production system sustainability, and adjusting the industry layout.
Accordingly, this paper aims to design and implement an emergy-based sustainability decision assessment system (ESDAS) for protected grape cultivation, which would allow the automatization of emergy analysis and finally improve the efficiency of sustainability evaluation for the eco-economic system. In this regard, the current study surveyed the production process of protected grape cultivation and identified the corresponding emergy consumption and output. It utilized database, network, and open-source component technologies and adopted LAMP architecture to develop a B/S system for data management, emergy calculation, sustainability evaluation, and decision-making regarding sustainable development for protected grape production.

2. System Analysis

2.1. Survey Procedure

A survey was conducted to understand the production process and emergy inputs/outputs of protected grape cultivation, as well as the system requirements. Information was acquired through the following methods:
  • Literature analysis and document collection: This included the collection of logs and records of the protected grape cultivation process, as well as literature on emergy-based sustainable assessment, to understand the production process and basic methods.
  • Field survey: In this method, the main production processes of protected grape cultivation were investigated, including pest control, soil management, irrigation and water management, fertilizer application, and flower and fruit management. The observations were conducted in the sampled 18 vineyards of Hebei and Liaoning provinces.
  • Interview: This process aimed to obtain the users’ requirements for the ESDAS. The interviews were carried out in the sampled 18 vineyards, and 16 vineyard owners and five experts in protected grape cultivation were selected as the interviewees and were investigated through face-to-face interviews by research staff; they were asked about the specific details of the production process in protected grape cultivation, including the related inputs and outputs, the major difficulties and problems encountered in production, as well as their requirements for the ESDAS.

2.2. Protected Grape Production System Analysis

2.2.1. Production Process Analysis

Through survey, we discovered the components of a typical production process of protected grape cultivation (Figure 1). The production process can be divided into two stages. The first stage refers to the one-time production stage, which involves the construction of a protected vineyard and the seeding. This stage employs a one-time, fixed-asset investment and should be shared according to the lifetime of the grape vineyard. The second stage refers to the annual production, which requires different management techniques and agricultural operations at different grape growth stages. These two stages bring an abundance of material, capital, and energy flows to the system.
Sustainability 07 14002 g001 1024
Figure 1. Production process of protected grape cultivation.
Figure 1. Production process of protected grape cultivation.
Sustainability 07 14002 g001

2.2.2. Emergy Diagram Analysis

An emergy diagram is used to clearly show the emergy inputs and outputs of an economic ecosystem. According to the analysis of the protected grape cultivation process, an emergy diagram of the production system was constructed and shown in Figure 2. Four kinds of emergy resource inputs were noted in the production process (other emergy inputs were negligible and cannot be considered in the research), which include the following:
  • renewable natural resources, which refer to the sun, wind, and rain;
  • non-renewable natural resources, which mainly involve the topsoil loss;
  • purchased non-renewable resources, which include chemical fertilizers, fuel, pesticides, electricity, growth regulators, among others; and
  • purchased renewable resources, which comprise seedlings, irrigation water, organic fertilizer, labor, among others.
The system outputs include the grape products, leaves, and branches. Considering economic validity, the emergy output in this study specifically refers to the grape products.
Sustainability 07 14002 g002 1024
Figure 2. Emergy diagram of the protected grape production system. Note: 1. The solid line shows the energy flow route, whereas the dotted line shows the currency circulation route; 2. The several emergy input items that account for excessively low ratios in the protected grape cultivation system were omitted.
Figure 2. Emergy diagram of the protected grape production system. Note: 1. The solid line shows the energy flow route, whereas the dotted line shows the currency circulation route; 2. The several emergy input items that account for excessively low ratios in the protected grape cultivation system were omitted.
Sustainability 07 14002 g002

2.3. User-Type Analysis

The main users of ESDAS are the researchers on the sustainability development of a related field. Other kinds of users are the system administrator whose role is crucial in every information system and protected grape growers. Accordingly, we divided the users into groups and describe their main roles in Table 1.
Table
Table 1. ESDAS user types.
Table 1. ESDAS user types.
User TypeRole Description
System administratorsIn charge of system management and maintenance; with the highest authority.
Professional usersProfessional researchers of emergy analysis and sustainable development; mainly conduct emergy analysis and sustainable evaluation using ESDAS; utilize the evaluation results according to the decision-making function of the system, such as comparing the results from different vineyards and predicting the development trend in protected grape cultivation in different areas nationwide.
Grape growersUpload the data and information on protected grape production; can view the evaluation results of his vineyard

2.4. ESDAS Requirement Analysis

The analysis of the user requirements for ESDAS was based on the survey and system analysis; the results are summarized as follows. ESDAS should be a system that:
  • enables multiple and massive production, careful data acquisition, storage, processing, display, and stewardship. In this regard, the professional users are convenient for querying.
  • promotes the automatization and computerization of the emergy analysis procedure. Simultaneously, it should provide intelligent analysis, reduce considerable manual calculation, and address the propensity for error of traditional emergy analysis.
  • allows the researchers of protected grape sustainability to regularly obtain information on the current situation of the system and make some decisions based on the data for future development.

2.5. ESDAS Decision Process Analysis

The most fundamental aim of ESDAS is the automatization of the entire process of emergy evaluation analysis. Through computerized analysis, the ESDAS system would conduct all steps that were traditionally carried out by manual computation. Figure 3 illustrates the decision process of ESDAS.
The entire ESDAS system involves several basic processes, which comprise the user login, data management, emergy evaluation and decision analysis, system management, and result display.
User login: Three kinds of users can log into the system. One is the system administrator who carries out the user management, system extension management, and other system managements. The grape grower can also log in and upload production data, whereas the third user is the professional user, who has the authority to employ data management, the emergy evaluation and decision analysis functions.
Sustainability 07 14002 g003 1024
Figure 3. System decision process analysis.
Figure 3. System decision process analysis.
Sustainability 07 14002 g003
Data acquisition: An online survey system was integrated into ESDAS; the grape growers will log in the system and regularly fill out the basic data in accordance with the requirements, including vineyard information (geographical position, scale, and area), grape grower information (name, age, educational level, economic situation, specialization degree of grape growing, etc.), production information (planted varieties, cultivation pattern, etc.), emergy input information (specific input of natural and purchased resources), and emergy output data, which are used for emergy and decision analyses. The transformity information is also determined through this process.
Data warehousing and management: The acquired data are stored in a relational database after a series of treatments, such as data collation and data cleansing (format conversion, format correction, and so on). The system administrators have the highest authority in data management, but their usual functions only involve querying, revising, and deleting data. Meanwhile, a grape grower can only query, revise, and delete the data he/she uploaded, whereas the professional users can query, revise, delete, process, analyze, and display data.
Emergy analysis and sustainability assessment: The five key steps of emergy analysis were intelligently realized in the ESDAS. The critical aspect of emergy evaluation is the determination of transformity and emergy data. By data acquisition and processing, the emergy data and transformity information were obtained, and the emergy analysis table is subsequently generated automatically. From the output of the process, the user can choose related emergy indicators, which the system will instantly use for calculations that include those needed for sustainability evaluation.
Decision support: On the basis of the results of emergy and sustainability evaluation, the system will run the decision support process and provide some decision suggestions related to sustainable development; it may involve comparisons between a number of emergy analyses and sustainability assessment results at a large scale, indicate the differences between various evaluation objects, and supply certain solutions to improve the sustainability of the evaluated vineyard.
Result display: The graphical display of the results is intuitive and aids the users to understand the analysis results for sustainable development and the decision-making processes.

3. System Design

3.1. System Function Design

According to the user requirement and process analysis, the ESDAS must be armed with various functions as follows: data acquisition, data entry, data storage, emergy calculation, emergy analysis and sustainability assessment, decision support for sustainable development, results display (visualization), system management, and others. These functions can be divided into four categories: data management, emergy analysis and sustainability assessment, decision support for sustainable development, and system management functions. The descriptions of the four functions are displayed in Figure 4.
Sustainability 07 14002 g004 1024
Figure 4. Main functions of ESDAS.
Figure 4. Main functions of ESDAS.
Sustainability 07 14002 g004

3.2. System Architecture Design

System architecture was designed in accordance with the system function and process. The ESDAS architecture was divided into three tiers, which are illustrated in Figure 5.
Sustainability 07 14002 g005 1024
Figure 5. System architecture design.
Figure 5. System architecture design.
Sustainability 07 14002 g005
To realize the main functions of the system, ESDAS comprises four subsystems as follows:
System management subsystem: The fundamental functions incorporate user management, application and management module, and system extension management. User management controls and restricts user privileges in the system. The application and management module can be modified for specific components, such as the opening and closing, the placement settings, and the access levels.
Data management subsystem: This subsystem’s main purpose is to manage various types of data that involve user information, article page, system data during operations, and others. Among these data, vineyard information and the raw emergy-related data are the most important. Raw emergy-related data comprise the transformity information, emergy input and output data, and other entries. The data management subsystem must handle three essential roles, namely, data acquisition and entry, data storage, and data export. Furthermore, the data from information broadcast, which involve viticultural knowledge and emergy professional knowledge, are managed in this subsystem.
Emergy analysis and sustainability assessment subsystem: This subsystem corresponds to the emergy analysis circuit. The related subsystem is composed of four functional modules, particularly, transformity determination, selected emergy indicators, emergy evaluation, and sustainability assessment. Transformity possesses time and space properties; hence, the researcher should initially determine the values of transformity of the specific protected vineyard. The emergy indicator should be selected and the index should be established in accordance with the research aim and the characteristics of the target assessment production system. Using the raw emergy data of the entire protected grape production process which obtained from the data management subsystem, ESDAS will complete the calculation steps in basic emergy analysis, which is the core module of this subsystem. At the end of the emergy analysis, the assessment of sustainability is conducted, and the results will indicate the environmental loading and ability for emergy sustainable development of the system.
Decision support for sustainable development subsystem: This subsystem summarizes the development of the current situation and makes some recommendations on the future development direction. According to the results of emergy analysis and sustainability assessment, ESDAS is capable of accomplishing contrastive analysis on the emergy and sustainability assessments for different vineyards or different production areas. Furthermore, for a specific vineyard, the system will provide the suggested solutions for sustainability improvement, which are based on comparisons with standard parameter values of test points that would explain the sustainability evaluation and production decisions.

3.3. Database Design

Database design involves system and business database designs. The system database stores the data and information necessary for system operation. By contrast, the business database is used to store knowledge and assessment results by which the emergy information system operates. Figure 6 illustrates the business database model.
Sustainability 07 14002 g006 1024
Figure 6. Business database model.
Figure 6. Business database model.
Sustainability 07 14002 g006
To improve the efficiency of the database and reliability of the data and maximally reduce data redundancy, the architecture of the database system was designed to consist of four layers, from the bottom to the top, respectively, as follows: basic data layer, production data layer, evaluation layer, and decision support layer. The transfer of data from the first layer to the top layer is called data abstraction.

3.4. Model Base Design

The model base design is the simulation of emergy analysis and the sustainability assessment process.

3.4.1. Model Basic Data Processing

The raw emergy-related data comprise natural and purchased resources. The emergy calculation involved in purchased resources is relatively straightforward, which corresponds to the purchased material data multiplied by the corresponding transformities. However, the emergy of natural resources is more complicated and must undergo many conversions and treatments to the data directly uploaded by the grape growers.
The main renewable natural resources include sunlight, rain (chemical and geopotential), and wind (kinetic). The non-renewable natural resources mainly refer to the soil with its chemical energy is provided in the form of nutrients to plants. The models used to calculate the natural resource emergy are as follows [4,18]:
Sunlight = Grape cultivation area (m2) × Average solar radiation per unit area (in crop growth period; Mj/m2/a) × Solar absorption coefficient (0.6 for protected cultivation and 1 for open-field cultivation according to a previous study [18]);
Rain (chemical) = Grape cultivation area (m2) × Average rainfall (in crop growth period; m/a) × Water density (103 kg/m3) × Gibbs free energy of rain (4.94 J/g);
Rain (geopotential) = Grape cultivation area (m2) × Average elevation (m) × Average rainfall (m/a) × Water density (103 kg/m3) × gravitational acceleration (9.8 m/s2);
Wind = Grape area (m2) × Thickness of the atmosphere (m) × Air density (103 kg/m3) × Wind speed2 (m/s)/2.
For the other emergy items, the calculation model is as follows:
Solar emergy = Raw data × Transformity.

3.4.2. Transformity

Transformity is an extremely important and basic concept in emergy theory. It is the amount of emergy per unit of a type of energy or material. By analogy, solar transformity refers to the amount of solar emergy needed to produce one unit of a product or service, directly or indirectly. The unit for solar transformity is sej/J or sej/g. The transformity values are mostly obtained from literature and are relative to the 15.83 × 1024 sei/year baseline [26,36]. Brief descriptions of the transformities related to this study and the sources are listed in Table 2.
Table
Table 2. Transformity list in the model base of ESDAS.
Table 2. Transformity list in the model base of ESDAS.
ItemRaw UnitTransformity (sej/unit)Source
SunlightJ1.00[37]
Rain, geopotentialJ8888[38]
Rain, chemicalJ15423[38]
Wind, kineticJ623[38]
Topsoil losskg62,500[37]
N fertilizerkg4.62 × 1012[37]
P fertilizerkg1.78 × 1013[37]
K fertilizerkg2.96 × 1012[37]
Pesticidekg1.62 × 1012[37]
Steelkg4.13 × 1012[18]
Cementkg1.97 × 1012[18]
Plastic filmkg6.60 × 104[39]
ElectricityJ1.59 × 105[37]
Organic fertilizerkg2.70 × 109[37]
Human labor$1.98 × 1011[37]
Seedings$1.98 × 1011[40]

3.4.3. Emergy Indicators of Sustainability Assessment

Emergy indicators can apparently reflect the structure, function, and efficiency of the economic ecosystem of protected grape production. They are the essential foundations for system sustainability assessment and decision-making for development. Figure 7 describes the emergy input and output for an economic ecosystem system. It can be found that the system consumes natural and purchased resource emergy and produces the output emergy.
Sustainability 07 14002 g007 1024
Figure 7. Emergy input and output of ecological–economic system [37]. Note: EmR: natural renewable resources input, EmN: natural non-renewable resources input; EmF1: purchased non-renewable input; EmR1: purchased renewable input; and EmY: emergy output.
Figure 7. Emergy input and output of ecological–economic system [37]. Note: EmR: natural renewable resources input, EmN: natural non-renewable resources input; EmF1: purchased non-renewable input; EmR1: purchased renewable input; and EmY: emergy output.
Sustainability 07 14002 g007
Emergy indicators differ according to the target system. Considering the chief characteristics of these input resources in protected grape cultivation, several emergy-based indices were chosen to evaluate the sustainability of the protected grape production system [19,20,26,27,41,42]. These indicators aim to evaluate two aspects of sustainability for an eco-economic system, particularly, the economic benefits and the environmental effects. These emergy indicators are as follows:
(1) Emergy yield ratio (EYR): EYR is the ratio of output emergy and purchased emergy; it shows the production efficiency of the system.
EYR = EmY/(EmF1 + EmR1)
(2) Emergy investment rate (EIR): EIR is the ratio of the purchased emergy and natural emergy, which indicates the level of economic development and the environmental loads of the production system. Generally, a higher ratio results in a higher economic development level.
EIR = (EmF1 + EmR1)/(EmR + EmN)
(3) Environmental loading ratio (ELR): ELR is the ratio of non-renewable emergy and renewable emergy, which indicates the relationship between the non-renewable and the natural resources. It assesses the environmental effects and the resource utilization efficiency of the production system.
ELR = (EmN +EmF1)/(EmR + EmR1)
(4) Emergy sustainability Index (ESI): EYR is the ratio of output emergy and environmental loading ratio. It is an indicator of system sustainability that aggregates the measure of yield and environmental loading. It is used to evaluate the possibility for sustainable development of the system. It indicates whether a process suitably contributes to the user with a low environmental pressure.
ESI = EYR/ELR

3.5. Knowledge Base Design

The knowledge base is responsible for storing the knowledge and standards acquired from the literature; it is also used to assess sustainability and provide decision support. Some knowledge bases are embedded into the ESDAS.
EYR: This indicator employs the concept of “ratio of output and input” particularly, a higher EYR represents higher production efficiency. It is a measure of the capability of a process to exploit and make available the local renewable and non-renewable resources by investing in purchased outside resources. A higher EYR denotes that the system can produce more output emergy when the same quantity of purchased emergy is consumed. By contrast, a lower EYR indicates that the system expends excessive emergy and does not have sufficient competitiveness.
EIR: A high EIR denotes a high economic development level, whereas a low EIR indicates a weak economic level and strong dependence on the environment such that the economic inputs outside of the system are insufficient to improve the output of the system.
ELR: This indicator represents the level of economic development and the environmental loads generated by human-dominated non-renewable flows. Thus, the ELR reflects the environmental pressure of the system; a high ELR indicates a strong environmental pressure in the system and a reduction of the potential for further exploitation and utilization of natural resources.
ESI: The system with a high ESI value usually has higher sustainability. ESI reveals two aspects of sustainability, particularly, economic development and ecological sustainability. A system is sustainable when its EYR is high and its ELR is low. It is generally considered that, at ESI < 1, the system is driven by high consumption; at 1 < ESI < 10, the system is vibrant and exhibits the potential for sustainable development; at ESI > 10, the system is economically underdeveloped [37].
The knowledge base also includes some rules and regulations considered during the decision-making process for sustainability improvements.

4. System Implementation and Testing

4.1. System Development Environment

4.1.1. Hardware Environment

The hardware environment of the system involves a desktop development platform, a mobile platform, and a server. Three departments cooperate to complete the development of the system. A diagram of the hardware environment is shown in Figure 8.
Sustainability 07 14002 g008 1024
Figure 8. Hardware environment.
Figure 8. Hardware environment.
Sustainability 07 14002 g008

4.1.2. Software Environment

This system is a web-based B/S sustainability decision assessment system, which runs through the Internet. Consequently, the users can access the system through any commercial browser on the Internet and which does not require the installment of a particular software [43]. Many frameworks are available for developing a web-based system. These frameworks include LAMP, NET, and JAVA. Among these options, LAMP exhibits simplicity, low cost, and implementation flexibility. Therefore, the LAMP framework was chosen as the foundational platform upon which ESDAS was developed. Other software adopted to complete the development tasks is shown in Table 3.
Table
Table 3. Main software of system.
Table 3. Main software of system.
Settings SoftwareSet Value
Server informationLAMP-Server 3.2.0-34-generic-pae #53-Ubuntu SMP i686
Database Version5.5.29-0ubuntu0.12.04.2
Database connection proofreadingutf8_general_ci
PHP version5.3.10-1ubuntu3.5
Web serverApache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu)
Web server to PHP versionapache2handler
Joomla! versionJoomla! 2.5.6 Stable [Ember] 19-June-2012 14:00 GMT

4.2. System Implementation and Main Interface Display

According to the functional requirements, the system can be divided into four subsystems: data management, emergy analysis and sustainability assessment, decision support, and system management subsystems.
  • Data management subsystem interface (Figure 9)
  • Emergy analysis and sustainability assessment subsystem interface (Figure 10 and Figure 11)
  • Decision support subsystem interface (Figure 12)
  • System management subsystem interface (Figure 13)
Sustainability 07 14002 g009 1024
Figure 9. Database management interface.
Figure 9. Database management interface.
Sustainability 07 14002 g009
Sustainability 07 14002 g010 1024
Figure 10. Transformity interface.
Figure 10. Transformity interface.
Sustainability 07 14002 g010
Sustainability 07 14002 g011 1024
Figure 11. Emergy input and emergy assessment results.
Figure 11. Emergy input and emergy assessment results.
Sustainability 07 14002 g011
Sustainability 07 14002 g012 1024
Figure 12. Plotalot graph editing interface.
Figure 12. Plotalot graph editing interface.
Sustainability 07 14002 g012
Sustainability 07 14002 g013 1024
Figure 13. User management interface.
Figure 13. User management interface.
Sustainability 07 14002 g013

4.3. System Test

An excellent system test and correction process can increase system quality, lower system risks, and increase development efficiency.

4.3.1. Technical Test

Technical tests involve function tests, performance tests, usability tests, compatibility tests, and safety tests. The function test aims to determine the shortcomings and deficiencies in the implementation of system functions. With manual testing and testing tools, the function test is divided into link testing, form testing, cookie testing, and database testing. By adopting different test cases for the test system, we obtained results that indicate the normal operation of each functional mode. Overall, the technical test results show that ESDAS achieved the design objective of the main functions and that it is feasible for practical use. Furthermore, the system was revealed to be well compatible with the standard browsers and possesses a relatively complete security mechanism, which can safeguard the data. In general, the system is in line with the needs of practical application.
However, the ESDAS also exhibits some insufficiencies. The most prominent disadvantage is its small capacity, which can only presently accommodate around 50 people in simultaneous online operation. This aspect is mainly constrained by the server configuration and can be solved by replacing the server.

4.3.2. Business Test

Testing Procedure and Results

The business test was conducted in 2013 in China. With the help of the CARS-30, 420 protected grape growers in the main producing areas of grape protected were selected as the sample users and were invited to apply ESDAS and help test the system. Finally, 266 producers participated in the activity, who logged in the system, uploaded their production data through the online survey system which was integrated into ESDAS, and served as test users of the system. After acquisition, the raw data was stored into the database, and subjected to statistical analysis and emergy-based sustainability evaluation according to the given parameters automatically. The process of assessment was nearly instantaneous; with the change of the data uploaded by the growers, the assessment results were changed accordingly, including revealing the dynamic results of the emergy analysis, sustainability assessment, and decision support. The business test results showed that the system can effectively complete the basic process of the traditional emergy analysis in place of manual work in the data calculation.

Testing Results Analysis

The emergy analysis and sustainability assessment subsystem allowed making the evaluation. Table 4 displays the basic emergy accounting table and the emergy-indicator-based sustainability assessment. The results show that the protected grape cultivation in China in 2013 consumed an average of 5.32 × 1016 sej·ha−1·a−1 solar emergy, and the consumption quantities of the different kinds of emergy were significantly different. The parameters involved, which included the ELR, EYR, EIR, ESI, were chosen in various combinations according to users’ different requirements in the model base. The sustainability assessment results in Table 4 indicate that the sustainability index of the protected grape cultivation system was 0.23.
Table
Table 4. Emergy accounting and sustainability assessments for protected grape cultivation.
Table 4. Emergy accounting and sustainability assessments for protected grape cultivation.
ItemResult
Emergy ItemRenewable Resources Input(R)8.48 × 1014 sej/ha/a
Non-renewable resources Input(N)1.68 × 1014 sej/ha/a
Purchased Renewable Input(R1)9.06 × 1015 sej/ha/a
Purchased Non-renewable Input(F1)4.31 × 1016 sej/ha/a
Total emergy input5.32 × 1016 sej/ha/a
Emergy IndicatorEYR1.02
EIR51.33
ELR4.37
ESI0.23
In terms of the decision support function for vineyard sustainable development, ESDAS analyzed the emergy structures and conducted a comparative analysis of the average levels of protected grape cultivation with other production systems.
Figure 14 and Figure 15 indicate the emergy structures of the sampled vineyards. The data show that the protected grape production system has a strong dependence on purchased non-renewable resource emergy, which accounts for 81.05% of the total emergy consumption. Figure 15 reveals that the production system of protected grape cultivation is highly reliant on the purchased emergy resources and non-renewable resources. Hence, we concluded that in greenhouse grape production systems, although natural resources are necessary conditions for production, modern fruit production generally relies weakly on the natural resources and strongly depends on purchased resources. This finding shows that the modern fruit production system has strong characteristics of human participation in the economic ecosystem.
Sustainability 07 14002 g014 1024
Figure 14. Emergy structure of the vineyards.
Figure 14. Emergy structure of the vineyards.
Sustainability 07 14002 g014
Sustainability 07 14002 g015 1024
Figure 15. Emergy structures of the vineyards.
Figure 15. Emergy structures of the vineyards.
Sustainability 07 14002 g015
For further decision-making for the improvement of the sustainability assessment, the main emergy indicators of the protected grape system were comparatively analyzed with other fruit production systems, the results of which are shown in Table 5. Through this process, the users obtained a preliminary forecast and made basic decisions based on the current level of sustainability, environmental pressures, resource use efficiency, and economic benefit. In order to make the results comparable, we try best to choose the similar production systems, such as they are all fruit production systems, and the majority are Chinese fruit production systems, and so on. However, it is noteworthy that the comparison with other crops is potentially risky due to the difference in crops, geographical factors, management and other factors, which is imperfect and needs to be improved in the future.
Table
Table 5. Comparison of the emergy indicators for fruit cultivation systems.
Table 5. Comparison of the emergy indicators for fruit cultivation systems.
Emergy Indicatorprotected grapeprotected peachgrapefruitapplebananaOrange
EYR1.020.721.342.691.041.5
EIR51.33-2.933.4--
ELR4.370.482.564.8310.0143
ESI0.231.50.52-0.10.03
Notes: the quoted data of fruit production systems were referenced as follows: protected peach [18], grapefruit [44], apple [40], banana [24] and Orange [16].
The EYR of the protected grape system shows a low level among those of the other fruit systems. This finding shows that the productivity of the protected grape system is lower than those of the majority of the other systems listed (all are open-field production) but higher than that of the protected peach system. The EYR of protected production is lower than that of the open-field cultivation, which shows that the production efficiency of the protected system is relatively low. This result is mainly ascribed to the lower utilization of natural resources and excessive reliance on the purchased resources in the protected production system. The EIR greatly varied among the fruit systems; it is the highest in protected grape cultivation, which suggests the highest economic development level of the production system. However, the excessive input of external economic resources may lead to high environmental pressure. The ELR of the protected grape system is lower than those of apples, bananas, and oranges and higher than those of the protected peach and grapefruit. Compared with open-field cultivation, the protected grape cultivation system mainly relies on purchased non-renewable resource emergy, which results in greater ecological stress. Simultaneously, the protected system involves a sizeable amount of renewable resources, such as labor and organic fertilizer, and reduces the usage of the non-renewable resources, such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides, thereby decreasing the pressure on the environment. Regarding the ESI, the value of 0.23 of the protected grape system is significantly lower than those of the protected peach and the open-field grapefruit systems, but higher than those of the banana and orange production systems. Aside from the ESI of the greenhouse peach, the ESIs of other fruit systems are all less than 1, which indicates that the corresponding fruit production systems are high-consumption-driven systems. For the protected system, the EYR is lower and the ELR is higher than those of the open-field system; hence, the sustainability of the protected grape system is less than that of the open-field system. In conclusion, the protected grape production system consumes excessive non-renewable resources and relies heavily on purchased emergy, resulting in a lower EYR and higher EIR and ELR, which consequently reduces sustainability.
To solve these problems, the growers are suggested to employ some measures to improve the sustainability of the protected grape system from the knowledge base. They may focus on the reduction of purchased emergy and increase the feedback efficiency of internal resources, such as through exploring new production modes, including organic production [16] and the integrated production system (integrated planting, breeding and aquaculture systems) [18]. Overall, ESDAS can satisfy the business requirements and achieve the effective automatization and computerization of emergy analysis and sustainability evaluation.

5. Conclusions

In accordance with the investigation on the theory of emergy analysis and the protected grape production process, this study developed an emergy-based information system (ESDAS) for emergy analysis and sustainability assessment with open-source components. It pioneered emergy analysis by means of the integration with information technology and solved the shortcomings of the large number of calculations necessary for traditional emergy assessment. For professional users, ESDAS is helpful for the highly efficient assessment of the sustainability of the protected grape cultivation system. Grape growers can use ESDAS as a production management system and store records of interrelated information regarding the protected grape production process into the database. The system test results showed that ESDAS can effectively achieve data management, emergy analysis and sustainability assessment, and decision support for sustainability improvement, as shown in the technical and business tests.
ESDAS was applied to assess the emergy-based sustainability of protected grape cultivation in China, which also served as the testing process of the system. The application results showed that the current grape protected production system consumes excessive non-renewable and purchased emergy resources and is heavily dependent on the outside inputs. Such a kind of emergy consumption structure results in lower EYR, higher EIR, higher ELR, and lower sustainability than many other fruit production systems, indicating that the protected cultivation system results in relatively lower productivity, a higher economic development level, serious pressure on the environment, and weak potential for sustainable development compared with open-field production. Therefore, grape growers must apply some measures to plantations, including the full use of internal resources, mitigation of the environmental load, and promotion of the sustainable development of the protected grape cultivation system. The integrated production pattern is a potential development trend in the future.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 41501585 and the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-30). Lu Shize and Wen Qian contributed to the system development.

Author Contributions

Jianying Feng contributed to literature review, system analysis and conclusion (paragraphs in the Section 1, Section 2.4, Section 2.5 and Section 5). Jing Wang contributed to system analysis (paragraphs in the Section 2.1, Section 2.2 and Section 2.3). Xiaoshuan Zhang contributed to system design (paragraphs in the Section 3.1 and Section 3.2). Fengtao Zhao contributed to system implementation (paragraphs in the Section 4.1 and Section 4.2). Radoslava Kanianska contributed to English polish and literature review (paragraphs in the Section 1). Dong Tian contributed to system design and test (paragraphs in the Section 3.3, Section 3.4, Section 3.5 and Section 4.3).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. FAO. Available online: http://faostat3.fao.org/download/Q/QC/E (accessed on 24 September 2015).
  2. Wang, H.; Wang, X.; Wang, B.; He, J.; Liu, W.; Liu, F. The present status and development strategy for grape protected cultivation in China. Sino Overseas Grapevine Wine 2009, 9, 61–65. [Google Scholar]
  3. CARS-30, Chinese Agricultural Research System-Grape Industry. Available online: http://119.253.58.231 (accessed on 13 October 2015).
  4. Feng, J.Y.; Lu, S.Z.; Fu, Z.T.; Tian, D. Emergy Analysis of Protected Grape Production System in China. Adv. Mater. Res. 2013, 726–731, 3938–3842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Burhan, O.; Cemal, F. Energy and cost analysis for greenhouse and open-field grape production. Energy 2007, 32, 1500–1504. [Google Scholar]
  6. Murat, O.; Koctürk, S. Energy and cost analysis of sultana grape growing: A case study of Manisa, west Turkey. Afr. J. Agric. Res. 2009, 4, 938–943. [Google Scholar]
  7. Lei, P.; Shi, W. Soil and nutrition obstacles and solutions in the South Grape Cultivation in South China. Sci. Technol. Bull. 2009, 25, 611–615. [Google Scholar]
  8. Wang, Y. Soil Barrier Factors and Treatment Technologies of Continuous Cropping Cultivation in Greenhouse; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University: Fuzhou, China, 2009. [Google Scholar]
  9. Rodrigues, G.S.; Rodrigues, I.A.; Buschinelli, C.C.D.A.; Barros, I.D. Integrated farm sustainability assessment for the environmental management of rural activities. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 2010, 30, 229–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Passel, S.V.; Meul, M. Multilevel and multi-user sustainability assessment of farming systems. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 2013, 32, 170–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Odum, H.T. Environmental accounting. In Emergy and Environmental Decision Making; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 1996. [Google Scholar]
  12. Guinée, J. Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment Operational Guide to the ISO Standards. 2002. Available online: http://www.isa.utl.pt/der/ASAmb/DocumentosAulas/Recipe/Handbook%20on%20Life%20Cycle%20Assessment.pdf (accessed on 28 September 2015).
  13. Boer, J.D.; Boer, E.D.; Jager, J. LCA-IWM: A decision support tool for sustainability assessment of waste management systems. Waste Manag. 2007, 27, 1032–1045. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. De Luca, A.I.; Falcone, G.; Stillitano, T.; Strano, A.; Gulisano, G. Sustainability assessment of quality-oriented citrus growing systems in Mediterranean area. Calitatea 2014, 15, 103–108. [Google Scholar]
  15. Falcone, G.; Strano, A.; Stillitano, T.; de Luca, A.I.; Iofrida, N.; Gulisano, G. Integrated sustainability appraisal of wine-growing management systems through LCA and LCC methodologies. Chem. Eng. Trans. 2015, 44, 223–228. [Google Scholar]
  16. La Rosa, A.D.; Siracusa, G.; Cavallaro, R. Emergy evaluation of Sicilian red orange production. A comparison between organic and conventional farming. J. Clean. Prod. 2008, 16, 1907–1914. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Singh, R.K.; Murty, H.R.; Gupta, S.K.; Dikshit, A.K. An overview of sustainability assessment methodologies. Ecol. Indic. 2012, 15, 281–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Wei, X.M.; Chen, B.; Qu, Y.H.; Lin, C.; Chen, G.Q. Emergy analysis for ‘Four in One’ peach production system in Beijing. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 2009, 14, 946–958. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Agostinho, F.; Ambrósio, L.A.; Ortega, E. Assessment of a large watershed in Brazil using Emergy Evaluation and Geographical Information System. Ecol. Model. 2010, 221, 1209–1220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Wu, X.; Wu, F.; Tong, X.; Jiang, B. Emergy-based sustainability assessment of an integrated production system of cattle, biogas, and greenhouse vegetables: Insight into the comprehensive utilization of wastes on a large-scale farm in Northwest China. Ecol. Eng. 2013, 61, 335–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Chen, S.; Chen, B. Sustainability and future alternatives of biogas-linked agrosystem (BLAS) in China: An emergy synthesis. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2012, 16, 3948–3959. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Ciotola, R.J.; Lansing, S.; Martin, J.F. Emergy Analysis of Biogas Production and Electricity Generation from Small-Scale Agricultural Digesters. Ecol. Eng. 2011, 37, 1681–1691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Vassallo, P.; Beiso, I.; Bastianoni, S.; Fabiano, M. Dynamic emergy evaluation of a fish farm rearing process. J. Environ. Manag. 2009, 90, 2699–2708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Lu, H.F.; Kang, W.L.; Campbell, D.E.; Ren, H.; Tan, Y.W.; Feng, R.X. Emergy and Economic Evaluations of Four Fruit Production Systems on Reclaimed Wetlands Surrounding the Pearl River Estuary, China. Ecol. Eng. 2009, 35, 1743–1757. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Barros, I.D.; Blazy, J.M.; Rodrigues, G.S.; Tournebize, R.; Cinna, J.P. Emergy evaluation and economic performance of banana cropping systems in Guadeloupe (French West Indies). Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2009, 129, 437–449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Giannetti, B.F.; Ogura, Y.; Bonilla, S.H.; Almeida, C.M.V.B. Emergy assessment of a coffee farm in Brazilian Cerrado considering in a broad form the environmental services, negative externalities and fair price. Agric. Syst. 2011, 104, 679–688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Zhang, L.X.; Ulgiati, S.; Yang, Z.F.; Chen, B. Emergy evaluation and economic analysis of three wetland fish farming systems in Nansi Lake area, China. J. Environ. Manag. 2010, 92, 683–694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  28. Ghisellini, P.; Zucaro, A.; Viglia, S.; Ulgiati, S. Monitoring and evaluating the sustainability of Italian agricultural system—An emergy decomposition analysis. Ecol. Model. 2014, 271, 132–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Zhang, X.; Fu, Z.; Cai, W.; Tian, D.; Zhang, J. Applying evolutionary prototyping model in developing FIDSS: An intelligent decision support system for fish disease/health management. Expert Syst. Appl. 2009, 36, 3901–3913. [Google Scholar]
  30. Ngai, E.W.T.; Peng, S.; Alexander, P.; Moon Karen, K.L. Decision support and intelligent systems in the textile and apparel supply chain: An academic review of research articles. Expert Syst. Appl. 2014, 41, 81–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Zhang, X.; Hu, T.; Revell, B.; Fu, Z. A forecasting support system for aquatic products price in China. Expert Syst. Appl. 2005, 28, 119–126. [Google Scholar]
  32. Li, M.; Qian, J.P.; Yang, X.T.; Sun, C.H.; Ji, Z.T. A PDA-based record-keeping and decision-support system for traceability in cucumber production. Comput. Electron. Agric. 2010, 70, 69–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Gupta, M.K.; Samuel, D.; Sirohi, N. Decision support system for greenhouse seedling production. Comput. Electron. Agric. 2010, 73, 133–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Campbell, D.E.; Brandt-Williams, S.L.; Meisch, M.E.A. Environmental Accounting Using Emergy: Evaluation of the State of West Virginia; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Narragansett, RI, USA, 2005.
  35. Zhang, G.; Long, W. A key review on emergy analysis and assessment of biomass resources for a sustainable future. Energ. Policy 2010, 38, 2948–2955. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Odum, H.T. Emergy Evaluation of Salmon Pen Culture. Available online: http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/30458/034.pdf?sequence=1 (accessed on 13 October 2015).
  37. Lan, S.F.; Qin, P.; Lu, H.F. Emergy Analysis for Eco-Economic System; Chemical Industry Press: Beijing, China, 2002. [Google Scholar]
  38. Luo, S. Agroecology; China Agriculture Press: Beijing, China, 2001. [Google Scholar]
  39. Dong, X.; Gao, W.; Sui, P.; Yan, M. Energy analysis on typical peasants household system in the ecotone between agriculture and pasture in north China. J. Arid Land Resour. Environ. 2006, 20, 78–82. [Google Scholar]
  40. Wang, H.; Wu, F.; Li, R. Energy anaiysis of apple fruit industry ecosystem in the Loess Piateau. J. Northwest Agric Forest Univ. (Nat. Sci. Ed.) 2008, 36, 64–70. [Google Scholar]
  41. Arbault, D. Hybrid Lifecycle-Emergy Evaluation: Methodological Developments and Application to Potable Water Production; INSA: Toulouse, France, 2014. [Google Scholar]
  42. Yang, J.; Chen, B. Emergy analysis of a biogas-linked agricultural system in rural China—A case study in Gongcheng Yao Autonomous County. Appl. Energy 2014, 118, 173–182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Li, N.; Wang, R.M.; Zhang, J.; Fu, Z.T.; Zhang, X.S. Developing a knowledge-based early warning system for fish disease/health via water quality management. Expert Syst. Appl. 2009, 36, 6500–6511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Wang, K.; Lu, H.; Tan, Y.; Xu, S. Emergy, economic and soil based-evaluation of four lingnan fruit production systems. Ecol. Environ. Sci. 2009, 18, 2230–2236. [Google Scholar]

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Feng, J.; Wang, J.; Zhang, X.; Zhao, F.; Kanianska, R.; Tian, D. Design and Implementation of Emergy-Based Sustainability Decision Assessment System for Protected Grape Cultivation. Sustainability 2015, 7, 14002-14025. https://doi.org/10.3390/su71014002

AMA Style

Feng J, Wang J, Zhang X, Zhao F, Kanianska R, Tian D. Design and Implementation of Emergy-Based Sustainability Decision Assessment System for Protected Grape Cultivation. Sustainability. 2015; 7(10):14002-14025. https://doi.org/10.3390/su71014002

Chicago/Turabian Style

Feng, Jianying, Jing Wang, Xiaoshuan Zhang, Fengtao Zhao, Radoslava Kanianska, and Dong Tian. 2015. "Design and Implementation of Emergy-Based Sustainability Decision Assessment System for Protected Grape Cultivation" Sustainability 7, no. 10: 14002-14025. https://doi.org/10.3390/su71014002

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop