Determinants of Farmers’ Willingness to Pay and Its Level for Ecological Compensation of Poyang Lake Wetland, China: A Household-Level Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Data and Methods
3.1. Area and Data
Type | Region | Ratio | Area |
---|---|---|---|
I | Duchang, Yugan, Poyang | >20% | Large |
II | Xinjian, Jinxian, Yongxiu, Xingzi, Hukou, Dongxiang | 10%–20% | Medium |
III | Nanchang, Lushan, Dean, Gongqingcheng | <10% | Small |
Stage | Sampling Unit | Number | Method |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Town | 26 | Stratified sampling |
2 | Village | 1 | Probability proportionate to size sampling (PPS) |
3 | Household | 12 | Simple random sampling (SRS) |
3.2. Research Methods
3.2.1. Contingent Valuation Method
3.2.2. Heckman’s Two-Step Model
Variable | Unit | Description | Related Supporting Documents |
---|---|---|---|
Gender (X1) | Male = 1, Female = 0 | These variables evaluate the possible impacts on farmers’ WTP and their payment levels, using individual and household-level information. | [29,30,49] |
Number of family members (X2) | Persons | [29,30,50] | |
Annual household income (X3) | Yuan (¥) | [29,30,50] | |
Source of income (X4) | Cultivation = 1, Otherwise = 0 | [30] | |
Residential location (X5) | Region I or II = 1, Region III = 0 | [29] | |
Emphasis on improvement of wetland resources (X6) | Yes = 1, No = 0 | This variable evaluates the impacts of the farmers’ concern and knowledge about environmental issues pertaining to wetlands on WTP and their payment levels. | [49,50] |
Arable land area (X7) | Acres | These variables examine whether the cultivation area and contracted water area impact farmers’ WTP and their payment levels. | [29,30] |
Contracted water area (X8) | Acres | [29,30] |
4. Empirical Study
4.1. WTP and Payment Levels
WTP | Number | Sample Size | Proportion |
---|---|---|---|
Yes | 1 | 136 | 46.58% |
No | 0 | 156 | 53.42% |
4.2. Results of the Regressions
Variable | C | SE | Z | P > |Z| |
---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | −2.245 *** | 0.575 | −3.900 | 0.000 |
X1 | 0.651 | 0.433 | 1.510 | 0.132 |
X2 | −0.056 | 0.080 | −0.690 | 0.488 |
X3 | 1.63 × 10−7 | 2.00 × 10−6 | 0.08 | 0.935 |
X4 | 1.256 *** | 0.274 | 4.580 | 0.000 |
X5 | −1.051 ** | 0.315 | −3.330 | 0.001 |
X6 | 2.415 *** | 0.313 | 7.730 | 0.000 |
X7 | 0.349 ** | 0.104 | 3.360 | 0.001 |
X8 | 0.152 * | 0.092 | 1.650 | 0.098 |
Variable | C | SE | Z | P > |Z| |
---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | −60.250 | 89.297 | −0.670 | 0.500 |
X3 | 0.004 *** | 0.001 | 4.330 | 0.000 |
X5 | 271.517 *** | 90.725 | 2.990 | 0.003 |
X7 | 28.609 *** | 4.049 | 7.060 | 0.000 |
X8 | 30.946 *** | 3.277 | 9.440 | 0.000 |
λ | 155.600 ** | 77.718 | 2.000 | 0.045 |
4.3. Factors Affecting WTP
4.4. Factors Affecting Payment Levels
5. Conclusions and Implications
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kong, F.; Xiong, K.; Zhang, N. Determinants of Farmers’ Willingness to Pay and Its Level for Ecological Compensation of Poyang Lake Wetland, China: A Household-Level Survey. Sustainability 2014, 6, 6714-6728. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6106714
Kong F, Xiong K, Zhang N. Determinants of Farmers’ Willingness to Pay and Its Level for Ecological Compensation of Poyang Lake Wetland, China: A Household-Level Survey. Sustainability. 2014; 6(10):6714-6728. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6106714
Chicago/Turabian StyleKong, Fanbin, Kai Xiong, and Ning Zhang. 2014. "Determinants of Farmers’ Willingness to Pay and Its Level for Ecological Compensation of Poyang Lake Wetland, China: A Household-Level Survey" Sustainability 6, no. 10: 6714-6728. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6106714