Review Articles on Ecological Resettlements: Insights, Gaps, and Pathways
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Literature Searching and Screening Strategy
2.2. Literature Screening and Shorting
2.3. Data Extraction and Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Synthesis of the Review’s Literature
3.2. Review and Research Gaps on the Topic
4. Discussion
4.1. Discourses of Past Reviews Synthesis on Conservation-Led Displacement
4.2. Regional and Country-Specific Reviews
4.3. Limitation, Scope, and Future Pathways
5. Conclusions and Ways Forward
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Focused Broad Themes | Highlights/Essences | Reviews |
---|---|---|
The anthropocentric notion and social equity |
| [24,25,27,30,43] |
Parks–people relationships |
| [25,27,30,33,43] |
Political ecology and biodiversity conservation |
| [32,46,56] |
Connect nature with people |
| [31,37,57] |
Country-specific case studies on conservation-led resettlement (CR) |
| [30,35,37,55,57,58,59] |
Major Themes | Key Thematic Reviews and Research Gaps |
---|---|
The Anthropocentric Notion and Social Equity | Focus on integrating social justice (distribution, recognition, participation) with conservation efforts. Need for engaging with environmental justice policies to balance conservation and human welfare. Research gap on the socio-economic impact of conservation-induced displacement and the role of policy advocacy. |
Parks–People Relationships | Impact of conservation areas on local communities’ livelihoods, tenure rights, and cultural heritage. Need for anthropological and political economic considerations to ensure conservation does not harm local communities. Gap in understanding the conflict between PAs and people, especially regarding Forest Rights. |
Political Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation | Potential for human–nature coexistence through political dialogue and conservation policies that avoid displacement. Need for the integration of social welfare and conservation goals to prevent the marginalization of communities. Research gap in assessing the socio-economic and cultural impacts of conservation projects, especially on marginalized groups. |
Connecting Nature with People | Exploration of eviction from PAs and the broader ecosystem impacts. Call for a systematic study on the effects of conservation displacement beyond PAs. Need for more research on the socio-ecological consequences of forced relocation, especially for forest dwellers. |
Country-Specific Case Studies on Conservation-Led Resettlement (CR) | Critique of displacing communities without considering their rights, culture, and social impact. Need to respect the cultural and tenure rights of forest dwellers to harmonize conservation and human welfare. Research gap on the long-term ecological, social, and economic impacts of CR, with a focus on post-relocation assessments. |
Research on Human Rights and Development Projects | Exploring the ethical dilemmas between conservation (species and ecosystem protection) and human rights violations. Need for research on how mega-development projects intersect with conservation goals, particularly in terms of displacement. Gap in examining the consequences of forced relocation on local communities’ rights and welfare. |
Conservation and Climate Change | Importance of understanding the political economy of climate change-driven resettlements and retreats. Call for research on the balance between conservation efforts and climate change impacts, especially on marine ecosystems. Need for studies focusing on how climate-driven displacement intersects with conservation-induced resettlement. |
Conservation-Led Displacement as a Mega-Development Issue | Need for a clearer understanding of the relationship between conservation displacement and large-scale development projects. Exploration of the complexities of conservation refugees created by the exclusionary policies of PAs. Gap in research in addressing how to mitigate the negative social impacts of displacement linked to mega-development projects. |
Political Decision Making in Conservation | Emphasis on the role of political ecology in integrating human welfare and nature conservation. Need for further exploration of how political decisions can facilitate both conservation goals and community well-being. Research gap in understanding how decision-making processes can integrate ecological, social, and cultural dimensions. |
Impacts on Marginalized Communities | Addressing the impoverishment and disempowerment of marginalized communities due to conservation or development projects. Need for research on how conservation projects affect women’s rights, especially in the context of the SDGs. Gap in research on the long-term consequences of conservation-induced displacement for marginalized communities, particularly women. |
Ecological Impacts of Forced Relocation | The need to assess the long-term ecological impacts of resettlement and relocation on wildlife habitats. Research gap in evaluating the ecological costs and benefits of relocation, especially in terms of species conservation. Importance of post-relocation ecological assessments to understand the real impacts on ecosystems. |
Integration of Biologists and Social Scientists | Need for collaboration between biologists and social scientists to bridge the gap in understanding the socio-ecological impacts of ER. Gap in the literature in addressing the combined impact of social changes on ecosystems due to forced relocations. Research gap in ensuring that both social scientists and biologists incorporate each other’s findings in conservation policy development. |
Long-Term Assessment of Relocation Processes | Importance of conducting comprehensive pre-, during-, and post-relocation assessments to evaluate the success of ecological resettlements. Need for more research on the long-term effects of conservation displacement on both ecosystems and human communities. Research gap in understanding the cumulative effects of forced relocation on local and global biodiversity. |
Eco-Tourism as a Mitigation Strategy | Promoting eco-tourism and equitable benefit-sharing as a strategy to mitigate the negative impacts of CR. Need for research on how nature-based tourism can be used to support displaced communities. Gap in assessing the effectiveness of eco-tourism in providing sustainable livelihoods for local communities affected by displacement. |
Impact of Conservation on Social Systems | Need for research on the relationship between conservation projects and the socio-economic inequalities created by displacement. Exploration of how displacement affects local communities’ access to resources and decision-making power. Gap in the literature regarding the effectiveness of compensation schemes and property rights in mitigating social and ecological consequences of forced resettlements. |
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Pandey, H.P.; Maraseni, T.N.; Apan, A.; Zhang, H. Review Articles on Ecological Resettlements: Insights, Gaps, and Pathways. Sustainability 2025, 17, 4094. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17094094
Pandey HP, Maraseni TN, Apan A, Zhang H. Review Articles on Ecological Resettlements: Insights, Gaps, and Pathways. Sustainability. 2025; 17(9):4094. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17094094
Chicago/Turabian StylePandey, Hari Prasad, Tek Narayan Maraseni, Armando Apan, and Han Zhang. 2025. "Review Articles on Ecological Resettlements: Insights, Gaps, and Pathways" Sustainability 17, no. 9: 4094. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17094094
APA StylePandey, H. P., Maraseni, T. N., Apan, A., & Zhang, H. (2025). Review Articles on Ecological Resettlements: Insights, Gaps, and Pathways. Sustainability, 17(9), 4094. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17094094