How Does the Government Policy Mix Influence the Used Battery Recycling in a New Energy Vehicle Closed-Loop Supply Chain?
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. CLSC of NEVs’ Used Batteries
2.2. Pricing of NEV Batteries Recycling Supply Chain
2.3. The Impacts of Government Policies in Supply Chain
3. Model Description
3.1. Basic Assumptions and Parameter Description
3.2. Problem Formulation
3.3. Solving the Models in Three Different Decision-Making Scenarios
3.3.1. Decentralized Decision-Making Without the Policy Mix
3.3.2. Decentralized Decision-Making Under the Policy Mix
3.3.3. Centralized Decision-Making Under the Policy Mix
3.3.4. Solution Results and Analysis
3.4. Coordination Mechanism of the Three Partners
4. Numerical Analysis
4.1. Profit and Recycling Price Analysis
4.2. Analysis of Coordination Mechanism
5. Discussion and Implications
5.1. Discussion
5.2. Implications
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Notations | Description |
---|---|
Parameters | |
Sensitivity of consumers to the batteries’ capacity | |
Batteries’ capacity | |
Sensitivity of consumers to the sale price | |
Production costs of new products | |
Production costs of reproductions | |
Total recycled quantity | |
Base recovery amount | |
Battery tax | |
Recycling dismantling subsidy | |
Sensitivity of consumers to the recycling price | |
Level of government reward and punishment | |
Target recovery amount | |
Initial market size | |
Decision variables | |
Wholesale price under scenario j | |
Transfer payment price | |
Sale price | |
Retailer recycling price under scenario j | |
Third-party recycler recycling price under scenario j | |
Functions | |
Market demand | |
Profit of different entity i under scenario j | |
Demand of different entity i under scenario j | |
Superscripts | |
Supply chain member, i = [M, R, T], where i = M represents the manufacturer and i = R represents the retailer, where i = M represents the third-party recycler. | |
j = [C, T, Y], where j = C represents decentralized decision-making without government intervention and j = T represents decentralized decision-making under the policy mix, where j = Y represents centralized decision-making under the policy mix. |
Variables | Model-C | Model-T | Model-Y |
---|---|---|---|
- | |||
N | - | ||
- | |||
- | |||
- | |||
30 | 100 | 20 | 55 | 15 | 20 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 8 | 800 |
Variables | Model | Model | Model |
---|---|---|---|
P | 156.3 | 157.5 | 125 |
122.5 | 125 | - | |
8.5 | 11.8 | 16.3 | |
13.8 | 18.6 | 34.6 | |
19 | 20.5 | - | |
105 | 137.5 | - | |
52.5 | 68.8 | - | |
157.5 | 206.3 | 366.7 | |
45,562.5 | 42,250 | - | |
3307.5 | 4291.9 | - | |
48,870 | 46,641.9 | - | |
22,781.3 | 21,125 | - | |
1102.5 | 1890.6 | - | |
23,883.8 | 23,015.6 | - | |
275.6 | 472.7 | - | |
73,029.4 | 70,130.2 | 93,303.3 |
Variables | Contract Ⅰ | Contract Ⅱ | Contract Ⅲ | Decentralized | Centralized |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
125 | 125 | 125 | 157.5 | 125 | |
18.4 | 13.8 | 20.7 | 125 | ||
16.3 | 16.3 | 16.3 | 11.8 | 16.3 | |
34.6 | 34.6 | 34.6 | 18.6 | 34.6 | |
28.58 | 28.58 | 26 | 20.5 | ||
366.7 | 366.7 | 366.7 | 206.3 | 366.7 | |
55,874.1 | 64,424.1 | 64,928.3 | 46,641.9 | ||
36,152.8 | 27,702.8 | 27,366.7 | 23,015.6 | ||
1176.4 | 1176.4 | 1008.3 | 472.7 | ||
93,303.3 | 93,303.3 | 93,303.3 | 70,130.2 | 93,303.3 |
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Chen, Y.; Lyu, J.; Li, L. How Does the Government Policy Mix Influence the Used Battery Recycling in a New Energy Vehicle Closed-Loop Supply Chain? Sustainability 2025, 17, 3324. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083324
Chen Y, Lyu J, Li L. How Does the Government Policy Mix Influence the Used Battery Recycling in a New Energy Vehicle Closed-Loop Supply Chain? Sustainability. 2025; 17(8):3324. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083324
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Yan, Jing Lyu, and Long Li. 2025. "How Does the Government Policy Mix Influence the Used Battery Recycling in a New Energy Vehicle Closed-Loop Supply Chain?" Sustainability 17, no. 8: 3324. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083324
APA StyleChen, Y., Lyu, J., & Li, L. (2025). How Does the Government Policy Mix Influence the Used Battery Recycling in a New Energy Vehicle Closed-Loop Supply Chain? Sustainability, 17(8), 3324. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083324