Application of Remote Sensing for the Evaluation of the Forest Ecosystem Functions and Tourism Services
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. Legal Basis and Functions of Forest Ecosystems
2.2. Remote Sensing Technologies for Forest Analyses
2.3. Tourism in the Forest Areas in Poland
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Source Data and Methodology
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- Fragments of the Numerical Forest Map (ver. 3.10.4) with selected thematic layers as map products of GIS program [50];
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- Orthophotos generated from the publicly available Geoportal.gov.pl service [56].
3.2. Study Area
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. The Use of Remote Sensing to Evaluate the Degradation of Ecological Systems in Poland
4.2. Synergy of Ecosystem and Tourism Services on the Example of the “Stay Overnight in the Forest” Program
4.3. Tourists’ Interest in the “Stay Overnight in the Forest” Program
5. Conclusions
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- Remote sensing is a very good source of information for assessing changes in forest ecosystems; nowadays, both orthophotos and satellite images are more readily available than back in the early 20th century. This is due to the widespread availability of geoservers on the Internet and the posting there of data from a great many aerial and satellite sensors. The main advantage of digital orthophotos in forestry is the determination of the boundaries of forest complexes and stands.
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- Remote sensing and photogrammetry should continue to be used in many departments of forestry management, such as the protection of forest ecosystems, forest use and management, forest inventory, and hunting.
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- The “Stay Overnight in the Forest” program concerns dispersed camping in the forest areas and is a contemporary example of building good relations and trust between the State Forests and the society as part of the promotion of the social role of the forest, especially the tourist and leisure function of forests in Poland.
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- The level of interest of forest users in the “Stay Overnight in the Forest” program in forest districts according to the division into Regional Directorates of State Forests (RDSF) in the suburb of cities of various sizes, including large agglomerations with over 100,000 inhabitants and outside their neighborhood (e.g., the areas of Promotional Forest Complexes)), are also considered a key factor in this regard.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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The Type of Remote Sensing Material Used | Source | Examples |
---|---|---|
The orthophoto map | The geoportal—polish open service with satellite images, orthophotos or topographic data | |
The Forest Numerical Map (i.e., Digital Forest Map Ver. 3.10.4) | (a) With forestry and infrastructure layer, including tourist linear objects and nature conservation objects combined with orthophoto map | |
(b) With a forestry and infrastructure layer combined with an economic forest map | ||
The aerial photo | The National Forest Archive resources | |
The interactive maps (i.e., forest thematic maps; predefined raster backgrounds, e.g., topographic maps or aerial/satellite orthophoto maps, as well as maps from external WMS services) | The Forest Data Bank (BDL) and mobile application of the Forest Data Bank (mBDL ver. 1.19.3) for smartphones, iPads and iPhones |
Group of Factors | Origin of the Factors | The Main Factor in the Emergence of Threats in the Forest Ecosystem | Effects of Damage to Forest Ecosystems |
---|---|---|---|
Biotic threats | Formed as a result of living organisms | pathogenic/parasitic fungi | attacking tree seeds and seedlings in forest nurseries, attacking forest crops and tree stands growing onformer agricultural land |
excessive density of deer and rodents | eating of fresh tree shoots, damage to trunks and trampling of forest crops and young forests | ||
excess of harmful insects feeding both on the surface of trees and in their crowns, as well as under the bark | gradations of harmful insects driving trees to sickness and even death | ||
Abiotic threats | Formed as a result of the influence of inanimate factors | hurricanes, snowfall, snow, frost, drought, floods | effects depending on the type and severity of the phenomenon; those of a disaster nature (with a catastrophic dimension) often cover large areas of forest areas, requiring the long-term involvement of foresters in eliminating damage and rebuilding the forest |
Anthropogenic threats | Formed as a result of human activity | air pollution and water contamination due to the emission of harmful dust and gases into the atmosphere by industry and transportation space | anthropogenic stress (so-called distress) causes ecosystem instability, generally reduces species diversity, and inhibits or reverses the development of forest succession, reduce the productivity and growth of forest stands by up to 30%. Increasing the weakening of the tree stand |
fires * | fire starting, including failure by tourists to follow the basic rules of using fire in the forest and its immediate vicinity, intentional arson, leaving flammable garbage (e.g., glass bottles, etc.) | ||
destruction of soil cover | intentional destruction of litter and undergrowth, e.g., by digging up shrubs or moss, etc. loosen the soil cover with quads | ||
garbage | formation of illegal garbage dumps, incorrect (wrong) behavior of tourists related to throwing away garbage while staying and resting in the forest | ||
tourist and recreational use of the forest | incorrect (wrong) behavior of tourists and residents of suburbs of cities staying within the range of forest areas |
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Kozłowska-Adamczak, M.; Jezierska-Thöle, A.; Essing-Jelonkiewicz, P. Application of Remote Sensing for the Evaluation of the Forest Ecosystem Functions and Tourism Services. Sustainability 2025, 17, 2060. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052060
Kozłowska-Adamczak M, Jezierska-Thöle A, Essing-Jelonkiewicz P. Application of Remote Sensing for the Evaluation of the Forest Ecosystem Functions and Tourism Services. Sustainability. 2025; 17(5):2060. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052060
Chicago/Turabian StyleKozłowska-Adamczak, Monika, Aleksandra Jezierska-Thöle, and Patrycja Essing-Jelonkiewicz. 2025. "Application of Remote Sensing for the Evaluation of the Forest Ecosystem Functions and Tourism Services" Sustainability 17, no. 5: 2060. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052060
APA StyleKozłowska-Adamczak, M., Jezierska-Thöle, A., & Essing-Jelonkiewicz, P. (2025). Application of Remote Sensing for the Evaluation of the Forest Ecosystem Functions and Tourism Services. Sustainability, 17(5), 2060. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052060