Optimal Economic Dispatch of Hydrogen Storage-Based Integrated Energy System with Electricity and Heat
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Modeling of an Integrated Electro-Thermal Hydrogen Energy System Considering Hydrogen Energy Storage
2.1. Modeling of Electrical Heat Coupling Systems
- (1)
- Gas turbine
- (2)
- Waste heat boiler
- (3)
- Gas boiler
- (4)
- Methane reactor
- (5)
- Thermal storage tank
- (6)
- Battery
- (7)
- Gas storage tank
2.2. Modeling of Hydrogen Energy Systems
- (1)
- Modeling of electric hydrogen production
- (2)
- Modeling hydrogen energy storage
- (3)
- Modeling of hydrogen fuel cells
3. Economic Dispatching Model of Electrothermal Hydrogen Integrated Energy System Under Carbon Trading Mechanism
3.1. Tiered Carbon Trading Scheme
3.2. Objective Function
- (1)
- The operation and maintenance cost of each device in the system f1
- (2)
- The purchase cost of the system f2
- (3)
- System of wind, light penalty cost f3
- (4)
- The carbon trading costs of the system are shown in Equation (19) above.
3.3. Constraint Condition
- (1)
- Wind–power constraint
- (2)
- Electric hydrogen production constraints
- (3)
- Hydrogen fuel cell confinement
- (4)
- Methane reactor confinement
- (5)
- Energy storage constraint Energy storage constraint
- (6)
- CHP constraint
- (7)
- Gas boiler confinement
- (8)
- Power balance constraint of the power grid
- (9)
- Power balance constraint of heat supply network
- (10)
- Hydrogen power balance constraints
- (11)
- Power balance constraint of the gas network
3.4. Model Linearization Processing and Solving
- (1)
- Gas turbine linearization process
- (2)
- The actual carbon emission model linearization process
4. Case Study
4.1. System Data
4.2. Case 1: Benefit Analysis of Carbon Trading Mechanism
4.2.1. Scenario Configuration and Analysis of Case 1
4.2.2. Parameter Sensitivity Analysis of Cascade Carbon Trading Mechanism
4.3. Case 2: Benefit Analysis of Hydrogen Technology and Cogeneration System
4.3.1. Scenario Configuration and Analysis of Case 2
4.3.2. Analysis of Scenery Absorption Ability
4.3.3. Analysis of System Power Scheduling Results in Different Scenarios
4.4. Case 3: Benefit Analysis of P2G Coupling Elements
4.4.1. Scheduling Results of Each Scenario of Case 3
4.4.2. Analysis of System Power Scheduling Results in Each Scenario
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AST | Air storage tank | HEES | hydrogen energy storage system |
EL | Electrolyzer | IES | Integrated energy system |
HST | hydrogen storage tank | DN | Distribution Network |
HFC | hydrogen fuel cell | TL | Thermal load |
FC | Fuel cells | HL | Hydrogen load |
WT | Wind turbine | DEL | Demand electric load |
PV | Photovoltaic | WP | Water Pump |
HE | Heat exchangers | P2G | Power-to-Gas |
MR | Methane reactor | PP | Power Purchase |
GT | Gas turbine | ES | Energy Storage |
WHB | Waste heat boiler | DCH | Discharge |
GB | Gas boiler | TES | Thermal Energy Storage |
TST | Thermal storage tank | EXO | Exothermic |
BT | Battery tank | EB | Electric boiler |
CHP | Combined heat and power | HESS | Hydrogen energy storage system |
MES | Multi-energy system | GST | Gas storage tank |
Variables | |||
Hydrogen energy input to FC at time t | The upper and lower limits of GB ramping | ||
Total power obtained by FC from HST and EL | The input and output limits for FC hydrogen | ||
Hydrogen energy input to MR at time t | Upper and lower FC climbing limits | ||
Input storage power at time t | Upper and lower limits of the FC electrothermal ratio | ||
Input gas storage power at time t | Upper and lower limits of hydrogen energy input to MR | ||
The heat of P2G reaction at time t | GB Upper and lower limits of the climb | ||
Input power of heat storage during the t period | , | Power generation and waste heat power of GT at time t | |
Input power of hydrogen storage at time t | , | GT power generation and heating efficiency | |
Electric power generated by FC | Heat input and heat output | ||
Thermal power generated by FC | , | Natural gas power, thermal power output at time t | |
Power input from FC bus | Upper and lower limits of natural gas power input to GB | ||
Thermal power output from the thermal bus | , | Hydrogen-to-methane conversion efficiency at MR | |
Total power obtained from electric hydrogen production | , | BT charging and discharging efficiency. | |
Electrical power supplied to the EL from the DC bus | , | BT charging power and discharging power at time t | |
Electrical power received by EL from the DC busbar | , | Charging and discharging efficiency of TST | |
Thermal power output from the thermal bus | , | TST total heat storage and release power at time t | |
The total output power of GT at time t | The upper and lower limits of the electrical energy input to EL | ||
EL during time t | EL Upper and lower limits of the climb | ||
EL power used for heat production | , | Charging and discharging efficiency of AST | |
CO2 consumed in the methanation process at time t | , | AST charging and discharging power at time t | |
Calculation factor for CO2 | The upper limit of wind and optical output power | ||
Gas consumption of GT at time t | Hydrogen energy input to MR at time t | ||
Thermal energy stored by TST at time t | Is a binary variable, indicating the charging and discharging states of the energy storage device in the t period | ||
The heat generated by GB at time t | Upper and lower limits of the capacity of the energy storage device | ||
Gas consumption of GB at time t | Carbon credits traded in IES | ||
Heat storage status of the heat storage equipment at time t | Actual carbon emissions of IES | ||
Maximum storage capacity of TST | IES carbon credit allowances | ||
Electric power is stored by an electrical energy storage device in time t | The t period is directly used for the power consumed by FC power generation | ||
GB heating efficiency | The gas power stored by the gas storage device in the t period | ||
WHB efficiency | Predicted value of wind and optical power | ||
ES state of the electrical energy storage device at time t | Unit power operation and maintenance cost of WT and PV | ||
Maximum storage capacity of BT | Unit power operation and maintenance cost of EL and FC | ||
EL’s work efficiency | HST, BT, TST, AST charging/discharging operation and maintenance cost per unit power | ||
Unit abandoned wind, abandoned light penalty cost | Unit power operation and maintenance cost of GT, WHB, GB, and MR | ||
Efficiency of FC converter | Charging and discharging power of the energy storage device (HST, TES, ES, AST) | ||
Heat transfer efficiency of FC | The amount of electricity and natural gas purchased during the t period | ||
AST’s gas storage status at the time of t | WT, PV working power | ||
Maximum gas storage capacity of AST | EL, FC working power | ||
Heat transfer efficiency of FC | HST charging/discharging power in t period | ||
The total operating cost of the system | BT charge/discharge power in t period | ||
Scheduling cycle | TST charge/discharge power in t period | ||
PV and WT system operation and maintenance costs | AST charge/discharge power in time t | ||
Hydrogen energy system operation and maintenance costs | Working power of GT, WHB, GB, and MR | ||
Energy storage system operation and maintenance costs | Power obtained by FC from HST in time slot t | ||
Operation and maintenance costs of CHP-related devices | The maximum power of the energy storage device is charged and discharged at one time | ||
Efficiency of FC | The capacity of the energy storage device in time t | ||
Efficiency of FC consumption of H2 | Gas power input to GB for time t | ||
Carbon trading base price | The cost of cascade carbon trading | ||
Unit carbon price growth rate | The maximum power purchased from the upper power grid | ||
Carbon emission range | The power input to EL at time t | ||
The low calorific value of H2 | TL at the time t | ||
t time to the higher power grid purchase unit price | The unit price of gas from gas shopping |
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Equipment | Capacity/kW | Efficiency | Climbing Constraint | O and m Cost Factor Element/(kw·h) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wind turbine | - | - | - | 0.018 |
Photovoltaic | - | - | - | 0.008 |
Electrolyser | 500 | 87% | 20% | 0.016 |
Fuel cell | 250 | 95% | 20% | 0.0128 |
Electric boiler | 800 | 80% | 20% | 0.011 |
Gas boiler | 800 | 95% | 20% | 0.025 |
Combined heat and power | 600 | 92% | 20% | 0.04 |
Methane reactor | 250 | 60% | 20% | 0.016 |
Equipment | Capacity/kW | Capacity Lower Bound | Upper Capacity Constraint | Climbing Constraint | O and m Cost Factor Element/(kw·h) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hydrogen storage tan | 200 | 10% | 90% | 20% | 0.016 |
Thermal storage tan | 500 | 10% | 90% | 20% | 0.016 |
Air storage tank | 150 | 10% | 90% | 20% | 0.016 |
Battery | 450 | 10% | 90% | 20% | 0.018 |
Period Type | Time Frame | Electricity Price/ [CNY(kW·h)−1] |
---|---|---|
Valley interval | 01:00—07:00, 23:00—24:00 | 0.38 |
Meantime segment | 08:00—11:00, 15:00—18:00 | 0.68 |
Peak hour | 12:00—14:00, 19:00—22:00 | 1.20 |
Power Consumption Type | Gas-Consuming Type | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
a1 | b1 | c1 | a2 | b2 | c2 |
36 | −0.38 | 0.0034 | 3 | −0.004 | 0.001 |
Parameter | Numerical Value |
---|---|
Carbon trading base price | 250 CNY/t |
Length of the carbon trading band | 2 t |
Carbon trading growth rate | 0.25 |
Cost/CNY | Scenario 1 | Scenario 2 | Scenario 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Total cost | 14,757.94 | 12,065.80 | 11,456.83 |
Operation and maintenance cost | 1087.13 | 1048.20 | 1104.50 |
Power purchase cost | 1646.50 | 2254.21 | 2514.25 |
Gas purchase cost | 6170.48 | 6024.92 | 5525.2 |
Abandonment cost | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Carbon trading cost | 5853.83 | 2738.47 | 2312.88 |
Cost/CNY | Scenario 4 | Scenario 5 | Scenario 6 |
---|---|---|---|
Total cost | 20,230.94 | 16,521.44 | 15,627.83 |
Operation and maintenance cost | 1073.05 | 1023.76 | 1104.50 |
Power purchase cost | 4258.47 | 3941.51 | 3514.25 |
Gas purchase cost | 5594.44 | 5701.57 | 5696.20 |
Abandonment cost | 54.55 | 17.55 | 0 |
Carbon trading cost | 9250.43 | 5837.06 | 5312.88 |
Cost/CNY | Scenario 7 | Scenario 8 | Scenario 9 |
---|---|---|---|
Total cost | 20,230.94 | 19,712.61 | 15,627.83 |
Operation and maintenance cost | 1073.05 | 1098.28 | 1104.50 |
Power purchase cost | 4258.47 | 4704.97 | 3514.25 |
Gas purchase cost | 5594.44 | 5391.30 | 5696.20 |
Abandonment cost | 54.56 | 0 | 0 |
Carbon trading cost | 9250.43 | 8518.06 | 5312.88 |
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Zhu, Y.; Niu, S.; Dai, G.; Li, Y.; Wang, L.; Jia, R. Optimal Economic Dispatch of Hydrogen Storage-Based Integrated Energy System with Electricity and Heat. Sustainability 2025, 17, 1974. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17051974
Zhu Y, Niu S, Dai G, Li Y, Wang L, Jia R. Optimal Economic Dispatch of Hydrogen Storage-Based Integrated Energy System with Electricity and Heat. Sustainability. 2025; 17(5):1974. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17051974
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhu, Yu, Siyu Niu, Guang Dai, Yifan Li, Linnan Wang, and Rong Jia. 2025. "Optimal Economic Dispatch of Hydrogen Storage-Based Integrated Energy System with Electricity and Heat" Sustainability 17, no. 5: 1974. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17051974
APA StyleZhu, Y., Niu, S., Dai, G., Li, Y., Wang, L., & Jia, R. (2025). Optimal Economic Dispatch of Hydrogen Storage-Based Integrated Energy System with Electricity and Heat. Sustainability, 17(5), 1974. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17051974