The Relationship Between Riparian Soil Nutrients and Water Quality in Inlet Sections of Lakes: A Case Study of the Kherlen River
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection and Determination
2.3. The Water Quality Index (WQI)
2.4. Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis
- Global Moran’s I is an index used to measure the degree of aggregation or dispersion of geographical elements within the entire study area. When I-G > 0, it indicates that the elements are positively correlated. When I-G < 0, it suggests a negative correlation between the elements. When I-G = 0, it indicates that the elements are not correlated in the spatial region, meaning they are randomly distributed across the space. The calculation formula is as follows:
- Local Moran’s I can further identify the local aggregation or dispersion characteristics of spatial elements and solve the problem of local spatial heterogeneity ignored by the Global Moran index, so as to more accurately determine the aggregation area of element distribution. When Il > 0, it shows that there is a positive spatial autocorrelation between the elements and the adjacent elements, that is, local spatial agglomeration. When Il < 0, it shows a negative spatial autocorrelation, that is, local spatial dispersion. The calculation formula is as follows:
2.5. Gray Relation Analysis
2.6. Data Processing
3. Results
3.1. Characterization and Spatial Distribution of Water Quality Factors in Lake Inlet Reaches
3.2. Spatial Characteristics of the WQI in the Inlet Reach
3.3. Response of Riparian Soil Nutrients to Inlet Reaches of Lake
3.4. Soil Nutrient Content and Spatial Analysis in Riparian Zones
4. Discussion
4.1. Main Environmental Variables Affecting the Spatial Distribution of Water Quality in the Inlet Section of the Lake
4.2. Main Environmental Variables Affecting the Spatial Distribution of Soil Nutrients
4.3. Analysis of the Relationship Between the WQI in Lake Inlet Sections and Soil Nutrients in the Riparian Zone
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Weight | 100 | 90 | 80 | 70 | 60 | 50 | 40 | 30 | 20 | 10 | 0 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TP | 1 | <0.01 | <0.02 | <0.05 | <0.1 | <0.15 | <0.2 | <0.25 | <0.3 | <0.35 | ≤0.4 | >0.4 |
TN | 3 | <0.1 | <0.2 | <0.35 | <0.5 | <0.75 | <1 | <1.25 | <1.5 | <1.75 | ≤2 | >2 |
CODMn | 3 | <1 | <2 | <3 | <4 | <6 | <8 | <10 | <12 | <14 | ≤15 | >15 |
CODCr | 3 | <15 | <16 | <18 | <19 | <20 | <25 | <30 | <35 | <37 | ≤40 | >40 |
NH3-N | 3 | <0.01 | <0.05 | <0.1 | <0.2 | <0.3 | <0.4 | <0.5 | <0.75 | <1 | ≤1.25 | >1.2 |
Water Quality Factors | Mean ± Standard Deviation | Measured Value Range |
---|---|---|
WT/°C | 24.97 ± 1.12 | 23.10~26.40 |
pH | 7.98 ± 0.22 | 7.69~8.33 |
TDS/mg·L−1 | 202.05 ± 62.49 | 167.05~364.00 |
SAL/‰ | 0.16 ± 0.05 | 0.13~0.30 |
ORP/mv | −69.78 ± −27.38 | −133.60~−34.80 |
CODMn/mg·L−1 | 22.42 ± 15.09 | 6.99~60.74 |
TP/mg·L−1 | 0.69 ± 0.54 | 0.13~1.74 |
TN/mg·L−1 | 2.04 ± 0.83 | 0.87~3.82 |
DTP/mg·L−1 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.08~0.12 |
DTN/mg·L−1 | 1.13 ± 0.34 | 0.74~1.71 |
CODcr/mg·L−1 | 80.3 ± 31.24 | 22.00~136.00 |
NO3/mg·L−1 | 0.30 ± 0.10 | 0.13~0.47 |
F-/mg·L−1 | 0.74 ± 0.20 | 0.55~1.24 |
NH3-N/mg·L−1 | 0.15 ± 0.11 | 0.03~0.32 |
NIT/mg·L−1 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.08~0.09 |
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Zhao, Y.; Sun, B.; Shi, X.; Tao, Y.; Wang, Z.; Wang, S.; Ye, B. The Relationship Between Riparian Soil Nutrients and Water Quality in Inlet Sections of Lakes: A Case Study of the Kherlen River. Sustainability 2025, 17, 1367. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041367
Zhao Y, Sun B, Shi X, Tao Y, Wang Z, Wang S, Ye B. The Relationship Between Riparian Soil Nutrients and Water Quality in Inlet Sections of Lakes: A Case Study of the Kherlen River. Sustainability. 2025; 17(4):1367. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041367
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Yunliang, Biao Sun, Xiaohong Shi, Yulong Tao, Zenglong Wang, Shihuan Wang, and Bowen Ye. 2025. "The Relationship Between Riparian Soil Nutrients and Water Quality in Inlet Sections of Lakes: A Case Study of the Kherlen River" Sustainability 17, no. 4: 1367. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041367
APA StyleZhao, Y., Sun, B., Shi, X., Tao, Y., Wang, Z., Wang, S., & Ye, B. (2025). The Relationship Between Riparian Soil Nutrients and Water Quality in Inlet Sections of Lakes: A Case Study of the Kherlen River. Sustainability, 17(4), 1367. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041367