How Land-Use Planning Deeply Affects the Spatial Distribution of Composite Soundscapes

Urban noise pollution poses a significant obstacle to sustainable development by compromising public health and well-being. Within this context, the soundscape emerges as a critical component in creating healthier and more livable cities. To further investigate the relationship between urban land-use planning characteristics and soundscape distribution, this study examines the spatial distribution of urban soundscapes and urban spatial functions. It explores the influence of urban land-use types on both the acoustic environment and soundscape perception and evaluation, aiming to better understand the influencing factors and dynamics of composite soundscapes in urban environments. The results show that (a) acoustic environment characteristics and soundscape perception evaluations are influenced by urban land-use function, exhibit a spatial aggregation effect, and are affected by the surrounding environment. (b) The key acoustic indices affecting the perception and evaluation of urban soundscapes are the equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level (L_Aeq), the background sound level (L₉₀), the difference between C-weighted and A-weighted levels (L_C–L_A), and loudness. People perceive quiet environments more positively and report strong discomfort in noisy environments. (c) Urban land-use planning significantly impacts the urban soundscape, with significant differences observed in both the acoustic environment and soundscape perception evaluations across different land-use types. This study deepens the understanding of the acoustic environment and demonstrates that soundscape-oriented land-use planning can function as an effective tool for fostering inclusive, healthy, and socially sustainable communities.