A Systems Thinking Approach to Address Social Acceptance Challenges in Australia’s Renewable Energy Transition

Abstract

The transition to renewable energy (RE) is crucial in addressing global environmental challenges, yet most initiatives have traditionally emphasised technological innovation and cost efficiency, often neglecting their potential to generate social value. Social value creation encompasses positive impacts, including job creation, community development, and social equity, which are essential for long-term success and acceptance. A lack of acceptance by local communities is a significant barrier to increasing the RE targets in Australia. This study investigates the importance of integrating social acceptance for RE transition projects in Australia, using responses from a sample of 15 expert interviews. Through a comprehensive literature review, this study initially identifies key gaps in current RE initiatives, highlighting the underrepresentation of social outcomes. To complement these insights, fifteen semi-structured interviews were conducted using purposive sampling and stakeholders provided a deeper understanding of how social factors influence project outcomes. The findings were synthesised into Causal Loop Diagrams (CLDs), which mapped strategies for effective energy integration across socio-political, community, and market domains, and CLDs were subsequently validated through focus group discussions. Findings highlighted that “lack of awareness within the industry” and “lack of standardised government policies around RET” as significant barriers. The findings suggest that a holistic approach, addressing social, environmental, and economic dimensions, is necessary to enhance the social acceptance of RE transition projects. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the social acceptance of RE by providing a systems thinking framework for stakeholders including policymakers. The study further recommends future research on policy frameworks and stakeholder engagement strategies to support this transition.

1. Introduction

The global transition to renewable energy (RE) has emerged as a critical pathway to addressing the intertwined challenges of climate change, resource depletion, and energy security [1]. By reducing reliance on fossil fuels, RE projects promise a low-carbon future while contributing to economic and environmental resilience [2]. Among RE sources, solar energy, wind power, and hydropower stand out for their potential to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. A renewable energy transition (RET) project refers to an initiative focused on shifting from conventional fossil fuel energy sources to cleaner, renewable alternatives such as solar, wind, hydro, or geothermal power [3,4]. However, as energy transition progress and economies of scale take effect, RE generation, particularly from wind and geothermal sources, is increasingly dominated by large-scale operations [5].

Large-scale RET projects have encountered various technical, financial, environmental and social challenges [6,7,8]. While advancements in technology, policy support, and targeted financial incentives have progressively mitigated many technical, environmental and economic barriers [9], the literature reveals a lack of focus on social aspects. Nevertheless, social acceptance, by contrast, continues to present a significant yet underexplored challenge. Even in regions with robust governmental backing for renewables, the lack of grassroots endorsement can delay or derail projects [10,11]. The energy transition is not merely a technical shift, it is deeply embedded in community values, perceptions of fairness, and local socio-political dynamics. A sustainable RET, therefore, demands more than cost-efficiency and grid upgrades; it requires inclusive processes that address stakeholder equity and participation.

Globally, social resistance often arises from perceived injustices, where communities feel the benefits of RET projects favour developers or distant beneficiaries over local populations [12]. Delays in project rollout are frequently linked to insufficient community engagement, misinformation, and mistrust in both government and corporate actors [13,14]. Concerns over environmental degradation, visual and acoustic disruption, and impacts on wildlife further complicate acceptance [15]. Political polarisation and allegiance to traditional energy sectors such as coal and liquefied natural gas also reinforce skepticism in some communities [16]. Despite generally high public support for RE at a conceptual level [17,18], resistance intensifies during the construction phase, particularly regarding project siting, compensation, and the disruption of rural lifestyles [19,20]. These challenges underscore that energy transition is not only a technical and economic shift but also a social–political one requiring inclusive and transparent processes. Building on this international context, the Australian case offers particularly relevant example. Despite strong policy commitments to achieve net-zero CO₂ emissions by 2050, Australian RE projects face persistent community opposition related to land use, indigenous land rights, and the socioeconomic impacts of transitioning away from fossil fuel industries [21,22,23,24].

Considering the academic gap, in Australia, most RE studies primarily focused on techno-economic aspects [25]. For instance, a case study was conducted on the economics of renewable hydrogen production using wind and solar energy in Queensland [26]. In addition, a critical review was conducted on recent progress and techno-economic analysis of liquid organic hydrogen carriers for Australian RE [27]. Furthermore, Ref. [28] conducted a review of energy storage policy and regulatory options for Australia. Another study examined the factors influencing the intention to invest in a community owned RE initiative in Queensland, Australia [22]. In addition, several reviews have been done on RE in Australia [9,29,30]. While techno-economic aspects of RE projects in Australia have been extensively studied, social acceptance remains underexplored. Previous research has primarily focused on cost efficiency, energy storage, and policy mechanisms, with limited attention to how communities perceive and engage with large-scale RE projects [26,27,29,30]. This paper addresses this gap by examining strategies to accelerate social acceptance in the Australian context, using systems thinking and stakeholder perspectives to identify enablers and barriers. This paper addresses this literature gap and industry need by exploring strategies for accelerating the social acceptance of larger scale RE projects.

This study aims to provide valuable insights into overcoming objections to large RET projects by examining the barriers to social acceptance and proposing strategies to integrate social, economic, and environmental goals into large-scale RE projects. Through a qualitative investigation involving a literature review and stakeholder interviews, the study identifies key challenges and enablers for enhancing social acceptance, with a particular focus on political, market, and community acceptance. The findings aim to provide actionable insights for policymakers, developers, and researchers seeking to advance socially inclusive RE transitions. The structure of the paper is as follows: Section 2 reviews the relevant literature, covering topics such as RE Transition, Barriers to RE Transition, and the specific relevance of this study to Australia. Section 3 outlines the research questions, details the development of the questionnaire, and describes the analysis methods. Section 4 presents the results of the analysis. Section 5 compares and discusses the findings. Finally, Section 6 concludes the paper with key takeaways and recommendations for future research.

2. Literature Review

To develop a focused and relevant literature review, the content was divided into key topics based on their direct alignment with the central research questions. These themes are interconnected and built upon one another. Understanding the barriers to RE transition provides foundational insight into the structural, economic, and policy-related obstacles that slow down progress. This leads to the issues of social acceptance, which is increasingly recognised as a critical determinant of project viability. A systems thinking approach is then introduced to conceptualise how these factors interact dynamically. Each of these themes directly informs the development of the interview protocol by framing experts’ insights to explore the real-world implications of such challenges.

2.1. Barriers to RE Transition

Energy consumption is crucial in powering daily life and supporting various industries, including manufacturing, transportation, and technology. It drives industrial processes, facilitates communication, and underpins the use of technology in most organisations. Managing energy efficiently is crucial for reducing costs and promoting environmental sustainability. As industries face pressures to lower their carbon footprint, the transition to RE and sustainable practices becomes increasingly significant. This shift is essential for both economic stability and ecological health [31]. Over the last 50 years, the extraction of natural resources related to energy use has more than tripled. For instance, the extraction of oil, gas, and coal has surged from 6 billion tonnes to 15 billion tonnes, while biomass harvests have risen from 9 billion tonnes to 24 billion [32]. As concerns about climate change, energy security, and the exhaustion of fossil fuels escalate, the global energy landscape is increasingly transitioning toward RE [3]. RE projects, such as wind, solar, and hydropower, are being implemented in many countries to reduce reliance on non-renewable resources and lower carbon emissions. The move from fossil fuel-based energy sources to RE sources is termed the RET [33]. These projects are essential in the fight against global warming and for creating a more sustainable energy future.

RE projects have been largely driven by technological innovation and the need to reduce costs [10]. The focus has been on developing efficient ways to generate energy from renewable sources such as wind, solar, and water. While these goals are important, studies indicate that many of these projects fail to address the social needs of the communities in which they are built [34]. In Australia, projects often overlook opportunities to help reduce local unemployment or improve public services [35]. For example, some companies will hire FIFO (fly-in/fly-out) workers rather than train a local employee base or favour national brands over local vendors. Furthermore, some RE projects have faced criticism for not adequately addressing the social needs of local communities [36,37,38]. For example, wind farm developments have a large visual footprint affecting the amenity of living in a rural area. The placement of the turbines has generated opposition due to perceived insufficient community engagement and related concerns over procedural fairness [39]. Recent research has increasingly emphasised the role of participatory governance and social trust in RET [40]. Studies highlight that transparent communication, early engagement, and equitable benefit-sharing remain central to achieving public acceptance and policy legitimacy [41,42]. Emerging work on energy system resilience also stresses that regulatory clarity and grid stability are vital for maintaining social confidence in energy transitions [43,44]. Furthermore, Indigenous inclusion in energy planning is gaining attention as a key component of just and sustainable transition pathways [45].

In Australia, RE projects encounter social barriers that impede their development. Community opposition often arises from concerns about land use, visual amenity, and potential decline in property values [46]. For example, the “Not in My Backyard” (NIMBY) phenomenon reflects support for RE in principle but paradoxically resists local installations [22]. Indigenous land rights present additional challenges, as projects may conflict with cultural and legal considerations [25]. Since the establishment of native title in 1993, projects must consult with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, considering the cultural significance of landscape changes throughout the project’s design and execution. Another example is the world’s largest solar farm, which is slated for development in a remote part of northern Australia, which is expected to create local employment opportunities [24]. Despite its scale, limited insight into public opinion about the project raises concerns about its potential acceptance by local communities [24]. Therefore, to achieve the ambitious target of net-zero CO₂ emissions by 2050, Australia must substantially expand its RE capacity, requiring meaningful engagement with community-based resistance as a critical priority. The resistance from various local stakeholders involved in RE projects aligns with the study’s focus on social acceptance as a pivotal factor in RE transitions. In addition, some rural communities in Australia depend upon traditional energy sectors (oil, gas, and coal). The prospect of coal-fired power plants closing or oil and gas restrictions leading to fears of job losses fuels opposition. The narrative surrounding transferable skills and employment opportunities during the construction and operation phases has not been effectively communicated to those who feel financially vulnerable due to the shift in the energy sector.

In addition, grid integration challenges also reflect the attitudes and institutional readiness of electricity network operators. Studies have shown that in several countries, including Australia, grid operators often express caution toward the rapid connection of new renewable installations due to concerns about system stability, intermittency, and inadequate regulatory frameworks [15,44]. These institutional and regulatory deficiencies can delay or restrict grid access for renewable projects, creating a bottleneck in the transition process [47]. Importantly, such grid-level constraints also shape social acceptance [22]. Despite Australia’s commitment to reaching Paris 2015 targets, implementing RE technologies into its energy mixes is a complex, multidimensional, and deeply layered process. Such a sociotechnical transition requires consideration of several overlapping components. For example, transitioning from one energy base to a RE base requires altering current technological and regulatory regimes, making time-consuming and cost-consuming infrastructural investments, introducing supportive energy policies, and raising awareness within society [48].

Table 1. Barriers to RET.

#	Barriers	Sources	#	Barriers	Sources
1	High Initial Capital Costs	[31,49,50]	10	Unfavorable Tax Policies	[51,52,53]
2	Lack of Financing Options	[31,54]	11	Public Resistance	[49]
3	Subsidies for Fossil Fuels	[31,55]	12	Cultural Preferences for Traditional Energy	[56]
4	Market Uncertainty	[47,57]	13	Lack of Institutional Support	[31,58]
5	Energy Storage Limitations	[59,60]	14	Limited Collaboration	[61]
6	Grid Infrastructure Issues	[58]	15	Energy Security Concerns	[54]
7	Lack of Advanced Technologies	[19,60,62]	16	International Trade and Tariffs	[63]
8	Lack of Strong Policy Frameworks	[64]	17	Land Availability and Environmental Impact	[31,65]
9	Complex approval processes	[51,58]

presents barriers to RET identified by recent studies.

Table 1 illustrates that the transition to RE faces several barriers across economic, technological, social, and policy areas, as noted by the relevant authors. High initial costs and limited financing options make RE projects challenging to start, while subsidies for fossil fuels reduce their competitiveness. Technologically, the lack of advanced energy storage and outdated grid infrastructure hinders the effective use of renewable sources. Weak policy frameworks, complex regulatory processes, and unfavourable tax systems further slow progress. Socially, public resistance and lack of awareness create obstacles, while institutional barriers and geopolitical concerns complicate the global shift to RE. Addressing these challenges requires collective efforts from governments, industries, and communities. However, while RE projects focus mainly on environmental benefits and cost savings, there is growing recognition that these projects should also deliver social benefits.

2.2. Social Acceptance for RE Projects

Social acceptance was classified into three dimensions, namely socio-political acceptance, community acceptance and market acceptance by Ref. [66]. Thereafter, many researchers have used this classification widely [58,67,68]. Each domain is supported by detailed sub-issues and challenges identified in this study. According to [66], Socio-political acceptance emphasises the importance of standardised government policies, consistent decision-making, and sufficient incentives to guide RE adoption. Community acceptance highlights resistance stemming from lack of awareness, trust, and engagement, alongside challenges in land acquisition and local council support [67]. Market acceptance addresses the practical barriers, including workforce skill shortages, supply chain issues, investment requirements, and insufficient industry collaboration [69]. The framework visually connects these domains, showing how their interplay impacts RE projects’ overall acceptance and success. It suggests that addressing these barriers collectively is essential to creating a cohesive and sustainable transition strategy [66].

In Australia, the integration of social acceptance is increasingly recognised as essential for the success of RET projects [24]. While this study focuses on the Australian context, insights from international experiences help illustrate how similar approaches might be adapted locally. RE projects around the world have successfully integrated strategies to increase social acceptance for RET projects. For instance, in some rural areas, solar power projects have created jobs and improved access to education and healthcare by providing reliable electricity [70,71]. In addition to that, wind farm projects in Europe have included local residents in decision-making processes, ensuring that communities benefit from the economic opportunities generated by the project [72]. These examples highlight the potential for RE projects to contribute to both social and environmental goals.

However, Refs. [73,74] argued that other RE projects have missed opportunities to provide social benefits. Researchers argue that while these projects are environmentally beneficial, they often fail to engage with local communities or contribute to social development [75,76]. For instance, wind farms may provide clean energy but do not always offer jobs or community programs that benefit nearby residents [77]. This situation highlights a lack of attention to how RE projects can enhance social well-being in addition to their environmental benefits. Stakeholders, including governments, local communities, and investors, play a key role in ensuring that social benefits are created through RE projects [78]. Government policies can encourage or even require RE projects to contribute to social goals, while local communities can provide valuable input on how these projects can meet their needs. Research shows that when stakeholders collaborate effectively, RE projects are more likely to deliver social needs alongside environmental and economic benefits.

These barriers in RET are closely linked to social acceptance, as they reflect the extent to which communities, stakeholders, and policymakers perceive and support renewable projects. Social acceptance is shaped by public perception, trust in government and industry, and the distribution of benefits and burdens [66]. Resistance often arises when communities feel excluded from decision-making, when economic or environmental concerns are not adequately addressed, or when misinformation distorts understanding of RE’s role [79]. Effective policy frameworks, inclusive planning processes, and transparent communication can enhance social acceptance by addressing concerns, ensuring fair benefit-sharing, and fostering trust in the transition to renewables.

2.3. Systems Thinking View for RE Projects in Achieving Social Acceptance

System thinking involves understanding the interconnectedness and complexity of systems which can significantly affect the social acceptance of RE projects. The application of system thinking can be used to examine complex issues by considering the interconnections, feedback loops, and dynamics within a system rather than isolating individual components [80]. Systems thinking is a holistic approach that focuses on understanding the relationships and interactions between different components within a system, rather than analysing individual parts in isolation [80,81]. Previous research in the RE sector has applied a systems thinking approach to examine complex issues [82,83]. By recognising the diverse inputs and outputs within a system, systems thinking promotes inclusive stakeholder engagement. This ensures that the voices of local communities, policymakers, businesses, and environmental groups are heard and considered, fostering a sense of ownership and acceptance [45,84]. Hence, this approach was used to examine the socio-political, community and market. community strategy factors influencing public acceptance for RET. As discussed under Methodology (Section 3), CLDs were developed to map out the complex interdependencies between public perceptions, policy frameworks, economic incentives, and community engagement strategies [85]. This approach helped visualise reinforcing and balancing feedback loops (Refer Section 3) that influence public attitudes toward RE projects. By analysing these dynamics, the study proposed strategic interventions to mitigate resistance, improve stakeholder collaboration, and foster long-term acceptance. The findings highlight how a systemic perspective can guide policymakers and developers in designing more inclusive and adaptive strategies for energy transition.

3. Materials and Methods

This study employed a qualitative research approach to explore the emerging need for social acceptance for RE transition projects. Qualitative research is particularly useful for understanding opinions, behaviors, and relationships associated with complex topics [86]. This approach enables the study to examine how RE projects can address social barriers in an integrative manner, drawing on the insights and experiences of industry experts and stakeholders. Given the relatively underexplored nature of social acceptance in RE projects in Australia, semi-structured interviews were selected as the primary data collection method. Semi-structured interviews provide a flexible framework for exploring key themes, enabling in-depth discussions and follow-up questions, and ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the topic [86]. This flexibility was crucial, as participants had varying levels of knowledge and experience in addressing social barriers and creating social value in RE projects.

Participants for this study were selected using purposive sampling based on predefined inclusion criteria to ensure relevant professional expertise. Participants were required to have a minimum of three years of experience in the RE sector and to hold a management, senior advisory, or equivalent professional position. A total of fifteen Experts were selected, representing a diverse range of stakeholders including project managers, policymakers, community leaders, and RE consultants. This heterogeneity ensured exploring multiple dimensions of RET in Australia, including policy, technological, organisational, and social factors. Questions encouraged participants to reflect on challenges, enablers, and drivers influencing RE adoption; barriers to new technology implementation; levels of awareness within the industrial sector and the adequacy of incentives and regulatory support. Interviews also examined strategies to accelerate social acceptance and stakeholder engagement. The open-ended format allowed participants to elaborate on their experiences, while follow-up questions were used to examine emerging themes and clarify contextual details. Each interview lasted between 64 and 82 min and was conducted either online or in person, depending on the participant’s availability and preference. In qualitative research, sample size adequacy is typically assessed based on the principle of saturation, the point at which no new themes or insights emerge from additional interviews. In this study, saturation was reached by the 13th interview, with the final two interviews confirming existing patterns rather than adding new themes. This aligns with established methodological guidance, which suggests that between 12 and 20 interviews are generally adequate for achieving saturation in focused qualitative studies [86].

The interviews focused on identifying the barriers and enablers to incorporate social acceptance for RE projects, with additional exploration of potential strategies for overcoming these barriers. The interviews were recorded and transcribed for analysis. The NVivo 14 software, to identify key themes and patterns in the participants’ responses. A hybrid coding approach was employed combining findings from literature with codes that emerged from the data. This process allowed the study to systematically explore the current gaps, potential enablers, and strategies for enhancing social acceptance in RE projects.

Table 2. Profile of Experts.

Interviewee Code	Designation	Type of Organisation	Experience
E01—Expert 01	Management Committee Member	Energy Consultant	10
E02—Expert 02	Communication & Engagement Advisor Towards Net Zero Mission	Research (Government Agency)	03
E03—Expert 03	Climate Champion and committee member for various	Climate Change Network	04
E04—Expert 04	Energy modelling manager	Energy Consultant	05
E05—Expert 05	Community Organiser for RE advocacy groups	Federation of independent local groups	05
E06—Expert 06	Energy transition manager	Energy Supplier	07
E07—Expert 07	Infrastructure and Energy Transition—Senior Commercial Advisor	Financial Planner	10
E08—Expert 08	Director—Energy Transition	Business Management Consultant	10
E09—Expert 09	Process Engineering Consultant—Energy Transition	Consultant	07
E10—Expert 10	Principal—Energy consultant company	Energy Consultant	20
E11—Expert 11	Chief operation officer	Energy Consultant	03
E12—Expert 12	Senior Advisor, Energy Transition	Management Consulting	20
E13—Expert 13	Business Unit Manager—RE	Testing, inspection, and certification	05
E14—Expert 14	Legal Consultant—Energy Transition	Green Energy Supplier	06
E15—Expert 15	Renewables Coordinator	Federation of independent local groups	10

presents the profile of experts.

Researchers have utilised CLDs to analyse factors influencing program effectiveness and to identify potential outcomes of policy interventions. For example, Ref. [87] employed a qualitative-based causal loop diagram to examine policy design challenges in achieving a sustainable transition pathway. These CLDs were developed using data collected through interviews. According to [21], focus group discussions are a commonly employed qualitative method for gaining detailed insights into social issues and are often used to validate research findings. CLDs are visual tools used to represent feedback relationships between variables in complex systems, illustrating how changes in one factor can amplify or counteract others through reinforcing or balancing loops. Arrows indicate the direction and polarity of relationships between variables positive (+) for direct and negative (−) for inverse effects. Reinforcing loops (R) represent positive feedback cycles where changes in one variable amplify effects in others. In line with this approach, the prepared CLDs were presented to a focus group to validate the relationships among the identified factors. The validation of the CLDs through expert focus groups ensured that the findings reflected practical realities, making the proposed framework both conceptually robust and operationally relevant for policy and industry application. The relationship between the variables and the type of relationship were discussed and debated among the focus group members, ultimately leading to validation. When participants expressed differing opinions, authors facilitated open discussions to ensure that all viewpoints were considered. Efforts were made to reach consensus through dialogue and clarification of concepts and causal links. In cases where full agreement was not possible, differing perspectives were documented and included in the analytical notes. These alternative views were later reviewed compared with the literature review, to identify potential contextual or stakeholder-specific variations, which contributed to strengthening the validity and depth of the final CLDs. Visual Paradigm 17.0 was used to construct the CLDs.

4. Results

4.1. Issues Related to RE Transition

This study’s findings identified some of the challenges that hinder the transition from fossil energy to RE.

Table 3. List of issues related to RET.

#	Issue	LR	E01	E02	E03	E04	E05	E06	E07	E08	E09	E10	E11	E12	E13	E14	E15
I01	Lack of awareness within the industry		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓		✓	✓					✓
I02	Lack of standardised government policies around RE	✓		✓		✓	✓
I03	Uncertainty around government decisions on renewables	✓					✓					✓	✓
I04	The need for high levels of investment and a lack of incentives					✓		✓					✓
I05	Lack of collaborative efforts within the industrial sectors			✓									✓
I06	Lack of education providers with relevant programs	✓								✓			✓
I07	Lengthy approval process for RE projects									✓
I08	Issues around the supply chain in RE projects									✓
I09	Issues around the electricity grid and infrastructure		✓							✓
I10	Lack of support from the local councils in early decision-making				✓
I11	Lack of community acceptance	✓					✓							✓

summarises the issues identified and validated through the semi-structured interviews.

Table 3 highlights lack awareness within the public in RE industry as the most significant issue. While stakeholders increasingly acknowledge the transition’s importance, misinformation and inadequate communication channels persist, creating resistance and misalignment. Social media and targeted community engagement were highlighted as effective tools for raising awareness and fostering acceptance. However, despite increased interest, misinformation about new technologies creates confusion. E05 emphasized, “There’s a lot of misinformation about new technologies, creating confusion,” and shared efforts to combat this, saying, “I’m sharing the benefits of RE on social media how it works and helps communities because explaining it is a crucial part of the puzzle.” Uncertainty in government actions compounds the issue, leading to miscommunication.

Policy inconsistencies and regulatory inefficiencies were also identified as substantial hurdles. Fragmented policies across regions, lack of government incentives, and regulatory delays hinder investments and project development. From a management expert’s standpoint, lengthy approval processes also hinder progress. Developers are required to conduct extensive prospecting and feasibility studies to confirm site suitability, which increases project timelines and costs [E01, E08]. Financial approval alone can take up to two years, significantly delaying progress [E01]. Streamlining approvals and creating dedicated support bodies were suggested to improve efficiency. A lack of standardised government policies poses another barrier. Agreen with that energy consultants also stated that a lack of standardised national policy was also flagged as a critical issue, with concerns that Australia’s target of achieving an 82% reduction in carbon emissions by 2030 is unfeasible under current policy and investment conditions [E04, E09]. While many stakeholders within the industry recognise the urgency of the transition and are prepared to act, a government agency representative noted that progress is hindered by the absence of strong, coherent policy frameworks [E02]. The lack of consistent policies at the national level has emerged as a key factor contributing to investment uncertainty in Australia’s RE sector. Misalignment between government objectives and investment frameworks reduces confidence among potential investors, who often seek clearer direction and long-term commitment from policymakers. The findings underscore the need for unified federal policies to clarify and reduce risks for private investors. In addition, inconsistent regional policies within Australia further complicate the transition [E06]. The presence of multiple regulatory bodies operating in isolation, without adequate communication or coordination, has led to inefficiencies and diminished investor confidence in the sector [E08]. This lack of coordination discourages investment and creates inefficiencies. Additionally, the existence of various uncoordinated incentive schemes often lacking transparency which further complicates the landscape for developers and investors [E04].

Government involvement and incentives were identified as critical for the energy transition. The findings indicate that government leadership is considered essential in initiating RE transitions [E10]. However, the lack of clarity in national vision has been criticised as a major barrier to progress [E05]. In contrast to Australia’s limited support mechanisms, the US has implemented targeted incentives such as Inflation Reduction Act which offers clear hydrogen-specific incentives, with government-funded R&D and grants for qualifying projects [E06]. The findings suggest that government incentives for consultations, planning, and development could reassure stakeholders and accelerate the transition. Additionally, infrastructure and financial constraints, including outdated electricity grids and limited investment capabilities, further complicate the transition. Supply chain vulnerabilities and land acquisition issues, compounded by resistance from local communities, underscore the importance of fostering trust, offering long-term community benefits, and ensuring inclusive decision-making. By addressing these interconnected challenges, stakeholders can create a cohesive and socially accepted path for RE transition.

Furthermore, workforce development emerged as another critical issue, with gaps in skills and practical knowledge creating bottlenecks in project implementation. Existing training programs and education systems were found to be insufficient, necessitating targeted initiatives like apprenticeships and industry-led skill-building programs to support the energy transition. Another significant challenge is the workforce shortage in the RE sector, driven by gaps in education and skills. The study highlights that certain roles within the RE sector, such as sustainable engineers, often lack practical application and remain largely theoretical [E06]. To bridge this gap, it was suggested that training and seminars be used to improve understanding of technologies [E01]. Supporting this, one organisation has invested $1,000,000 to establish a dedicated training centre for winter wind turbine technicians [E03]. The findings highlighted that retaining skilled workers requires creating a culture of commitment to continuous learning. Experts emphasised the role of collaboration, education, and verified communication strategies in addressing these gaps.

Uncertainty in government decisions further complicates the process. E11 criticised the lack of direction, stating, “They don’t know what they’re doing.” E10 echoed this sentiment, adding, “Until the Government initiatives and bring the policies favourable, then I guess that is not achievable.” These uncertainties undermine confidence among stakeholders. E05 emphasised the need for government advocacy, noting, “Governments need to actually make sure that they are sure and let communities know that they are.” High investment costs are another barrier, particularly for upgrading infrastructure. E06 explained, “The existing grid is so old, and it can’t support the many renewables that are added to the grid. They don’t have the money.” Smaller companies struggle to participate due to limited resources. As E11 noted, “The only people who seem able to do stuff are really big companies with deep pockets.” Experts stressed the need for government support to enable informed investment decisions and address financing challenges.

The industry’s siloed nature also hampers progress. E11 described the issue, saying, “The energy industry is incredibly siloed and always has been. Now that encourages minimal crossover.” Experts advocated for collaboration among stakeholders from project inception to foster better outcomes. E02 emphasised, “Engaging them from the start creates solutions that suit better with them better at the end.” Community collaboration was also highlighted as crucial. E12 shared a success story, stating, “Full involvement and empowerment of the community to make some decisions for the project ended up being a huge success because they could really own a lot of those things.” Educational gaps exacerbate workforce shortages. E08 noted the lack of relevant programs, saying, “More on the education side of high schools and TAFEs, they have to make sure that there are enough electricians and people performing and building these plants.” E11 added, “There isn’t a single degree to deal with this. Engineering courses do not even consider discussing this scope.”

Supply chain issues remain a concern, particularly reliance on foreign manufacturing. E08 questioned, “Do we really want to rely on foreign countries for critical energy infrastructure?” COVID-19 disruptions underscored the importance of local manufacturing capabilities. Outdated grid infrastructure poses significant challenges. E01 described the network connection as “the biggest challenge,” citing poor planning as a major issue. Experts recommended extensive research to identify optimal locations for grid expansion and collaboration between the government and private sector to address these deficiencies. Unrealistic targets add pressure to the transition. E03 remarked, “The last power station we built in Victoria was 30 years ago, and it was designed with a life of 35 years. We’ve done nothing since then.” Pilot projects were recommended to test strategies and assess resource adequacy. Community acceptance, or social licensing, emerged as a critical challenge. E03 highlighted resistance, stating, “People are obviously reluctant to change, but their arguments for opposition are often unfounded.” Building trust and engaging genuinely with communities were emphasised as key strategies. E12 noted, “When we’re consistent and explain decisions, we demonstrate that we genuinely care about their interests.” Experts stressed that maintaining trust is as important as obtaining it, with E05 stating, “It’s not about getting the social license; it’s about keeping it.” Land acquisition also presents challenges. E05 shared resistance from landowners, stating, “They’re not coming to our grounds, and we will lock the gates.”

4.2. Strategies for Successful Energy Transition

Table 4. Strategies for a successful energy transition.

Socio-Political	Issue	Community	Issue	Market	Issue
Unified federal policies Incentives and grants Align regional regulations Federal regulatory framework State strategy coordination Transparent government policies Clear policy communication Advocate renewable transitions Investment guarantees Public–private partnerships R&D support initiatives Industry-stakeholder collaboration Regulatory bodies for renewables Streamlined approval processes Permit navigation support Local community liaison	I02 I02 I02 I02 I02 I03 I03 I03 I04 I04 I04 I04 I07 I07 I07 I10	Verified communication channels Social media engagement Educational awareness campaigns Community engagement programs Stakeholder collaboration Workshops and planning Build stakeholder trust Incremental target setting Pilot project trials Infrastructure demand planning Address community concerns Immersion in communities Honest communication Community input integration Long-term community benefits Direct landowner engagement Transparent interactions	I01 I01 I01 I05 I05 I05 I05 I05 I05 I10 I11 I11 I11 I11 I11 I11	Infrastructure grants Financial incentives TAFE training funding Specialized energy degrees Upskill apprenticeships RE training RE degree programs Local manufacturing promotion Supply chain diversification Strategic material reserves Grid infrastructure upgrades Optimal grid research	I04 I04 I06 I06 I06 I06 I06 I08 I08 I08 I09 I09

outlines strategies for a successful energy transition.

The table outlines the strategies associated with RE transitions, along with their corresponding issues. Strategies are divided into three categories, as shown in Table 4.

E01 highlighted the importance of collaboration and engagement: “This journey requires collective effort everyone working together, as the environment belongs to us all. It involves strong collaboration, raising awareness, engaging communities, organisations, and the federal government”. Experts agreed that awareness within the industry is growing but requires further emphasis. Interviewee E02 noted the need to involve communities: “The industry must involve the community in this journey to ensure their readiness.” Interviewee C observed a shift in community interest, stating, “Five or six years ago, transitioning wasn’t a common topic, but now the community is curious and actively asking questions.” Therefore, the strategies emphasise collaborative and actionable approaches, such as public education campaigns to bridge awareness gaps, tailored training programs to address workforce skill shortages, and unified federal policies to reduce regulatory inconsistencies. Additionally, the table highlights the importance of fostering trust and engagement with local communities to overcome resistance, while recommending targeted financial incentives and public–private partnerships to address investment constraints. The inclusion of local manufacturing and diversified supply chains as solutions reflects the need for greater resilience in energy infrastructure. Overall, the strategies offer a roadmap for stakeholders to address barriers systematically and accelerate the RE transition effectively.

To avoid miscommunications around the community, experts stressed the need for transparent, reliable communication channels and certainty in government decisions to build trust and avoid confusion. Education and training providers were identified as key players in addressing this challenge. On the other hand, E03 mentioned that training programs and degree courses are seen as vital strategies to bridge education and skill gaps. Further, TAFEs were identified as key players in addressing these gaps, with E11 suggesting strategies like creating “supercharged electricians” through upskilling initiatives. To address inconsistent regional policy issues, experts recommended harmonising regional plans under a federal framework and considering how state-level strategies impact the broader system. As E08 warned, “A solution in one state could cause a problem in another state.” To address the resistance from landowners, long-term community benefits, such as playgrounds or childcare facilities, were suggested to foster cooperation. E06 advocated for “soft approaches” to build trust and create win-win scenarios for all parties.

4.3. Causal Loop Diagrams (CLDs) for Strategies

As part of the research findings, the initial CLDs were developed by the authors based on insights derived from interview data. These preliminary CLDs were then presented to a focus group for validation of the relationships among the identified variables. The nature and direction of the relationships were critically examined and debated by focus group participants to ensure their accuracy and relevance.

The validation process began with CLDs related to socio-political strategies, followed sequentially by market and community strategy diagrams. Participants were divided into three groups and first provided with a brief orientation on the purpose and structure of CLDs. Subsequently, they were given variable-only versions of the CLDs excluding relationship links and asked to identify and assign positive and negative relationships and loops based on their expertise. After this exercise, the researchers presented the original drafted CLDs to the participants, who then compared their own versions with the initial models. The groups engaged in discussion, highlighted differences, and reached consensus on the most accurate relationships. Through this interactive process, the CLDs were validated collaboratively. The final diagrams were constructed using Visual Paradigm 17.0 software. Considering the CLDs, arrows connecting variables indicate the direction and type of relationship [positive (+) or negative (−)] between them. In addition, feedback loops, including reinforcing loops (R), create a cycle of positive feedback where changes in one variable led to amplified changes in another variable.

4.3.1. Socio-Political Strategies for RE Transition

Figure 1 illustrates the CLD of the Socio-Political dimension, which was developed by the authors, as explained in Section 3.

Considering socio-political strategies, standardised federal regulation is significant to fulfil legal requirements. The upper left part of the CLD shows a reinforcing loop around these regulations. According to expert insights, when federal laws are standardised, the focus of policy implementation naturally shifts towards regional regulations. This shift was discussed and adjusted by focus group participants, particularly regarding the development of large-scale RE projects, such as offshore wind farms and solar farms, which are mostly developed in regional areas. These insights were validated through feedback from focus group members, ensuring the accuracy of the assumption that this shift enhances state-level strategy coordination, ultimately leading to smoother policy implementation. As a result, regulatory bodies for renewables can provide more precise guidance, positively impacting project approval timelines. Additionally, local communities benefit from regulatory clarity, as it improves stakeholder engagement and encourages community support for RE initiatives.

The central section of the CLD highlights the impact of policy adjustments on economic incentives and research. For example, focus group participants noted that when federal policies are standardised, they create more consistent incentive and grant programs, leading to increased investment in research and development [E02]. This insight was further explored in group discussions, where participants emphasised the importance of clear and stable policy frameworks. The CLD further illustrates how improved research efforts foster stronger public–private partnerships but with a significant delay as research findings take time to be translated into practical applications. Similarly, clear policy communication and transparency in government decisions play a crucial role in attracting investment with public–private partnerships. There is another noticeable reinforcing loop between clear policy communication and transparency in government decisions. Additionally, investment guarantees are directly linked to transparency and clarity in regulatory processes, emphasising the need for stable and predictable policy frameworks.

The lower right section of the CLD focuses on the relationships for permitting and approvals. A streamlined approval process significantly benefits incentives and grants, investment guarantees, and permit navigation support. The reinforcing loop shows the positive relationship in both ways with permitting navigation support. Overall, the CLD demonstrates how well-integrated policies, regulatory clarity, and effective community engagement contribute to a self-reinforcing system, accelerating the transition to RE.

4.3.2. Market Strategies for RE Transition

Figure 2 illustrates the CLD of the market strategies dimension, which was developed by the authors, as explained in Section 3.

The CLD for market strategies illustrates their interconnection, including six reinforcing loops that drive the growth of the RE sector. CLD has four noticeable reinforcement loops around RE learning and training. As experts agreed during the focus group discussion, financial incentives positively benefit RE degree programs by encouraging more students to enroll. As RE degree programs expand, the demand for RE training also increases. The growth in training leads to a higher allocation of TAFE training funds, though with a delay, as funding adjustments take time. Additionally, financial incentives directly boost TAFE funding, which further benefits RE training and degrees. Therefore, these interconnected loops are crucial in strengthening the RET by ensuring a well-trained workforce. Expansion in RE degrees and training directly benefits apprenticeship upskilling, providing a steady supply of skilled professionals for the RE sector.

The left section of the CLD demonstrates the role of R&D in shaping market strategies. Infrastructure grants and financial incentives are positively linked and contribute significantly to R&D expansion. Infrastructure grants also support upskilling apprenticeships, ensuring a skilled workforce complements technological advancements. According to the CLD, R&D benefits several key areas, including supply chain diversification, Grid infrastructure upgrades, and strategic material reserves. A reinforcing loop exists between R&D and supply chain diversification, as advancements in research drive the need for diversified supply chains. Expert insights suggest that supply chain diversification often triggers further research efforts, creating another reinforcing loop that links R&D, grid infrastructure upgrades, and supply chain diversification. However, this is represented by a single symbol in the CLD for simplicity.

The lower right section of the CLD highlights the relationship between local manufacturing and promotion. Supply chain diversification and strategic material reserves create a negative relationship with local manufacturing, as reliance on global supply chains can reduce domestic production. However, a reinforcing loop exists between local manufacturing and promotion, as increased promotion leads to greater demand for locally manufactured products, strengthening promotional efforts. Experts emphasise that infrastructure grants are crucial in supporting local manufacturing, further reinforcing the benefits of government investment in the sector. Overall, CLD highlights the importance of financial incentives, education, research, and infrastructure investments in shaping a sustainable and competitive RE market.

4.3.3. Community Strategies for RE Transition

Figure 3 illustrates the CLD of the market strategies dimension, which was developed by the authors, as explained in Section 3.

The CLD shows how identified strategies are interconnected, including reinforcing loops. Considering socio-political strategies, standardised federal regulations play a significant role in fulfilling legal requirements. The upper left part of the CLD shows a reinforcing loop around these regulations. According to expert insights, when federal laws are standardised, the focus naturally shifts towards regional regulations, as most of these large-scale RE projects, such as offshore wind farms and solar farms, are developed in regional areas. This shift enhances state-level strategy coordination, ensuring the smoother implementation of policies. As a result, regulatory bodies for renewables can provide more precise guidance, positively impacting project approval timelines. Additionally, local communities benefit from regulatory clarity, which improves stakeholder engagement and encourages community support for RE initiatives.

The central section of the CLD highlights the impact of policy adjustments on economic incentives and research. For example, when federal policies are standardised, they create more consistent incentives and grant programs, leading to increased investment in research and development. The CLD further illustrates how improved research efforts foster stronger public–private partnerships, but with a significant delay. Similarly, clear policy communication and transparency in government decisions are crucial in attracting investment through public–private partnerships. There is another noticeable reinforcing loop between clear policy communication and transparency in government decisions. Additionally, investment guarantees are directly linked to transparency and clarity in regulatory processes, underscoring the importance of stable and predictable policy frameworks. The lower right section of the CLD focuses on the relationships between permitting and approvals. A streamlined approval process significantly benefits incentives, grants, investment guarantees, and support for navigating permits. The reinforcing loop positively correlates with permitting navigation support in both ways. Overall, CLD demonstrates how well-integrated policies, regulatory clarity, and effective community engagement contribute to a self-reinforcing system, accelerating the transition to RE.

5. Discussion

This study contributes to the literature on RET by advancing understanding of how social acceptance is negotiated in the Australian context. While prior studies have identified common barriers such as NIMBYism, regulatory uncertainty, and high upfront costs [43,50,88], findings from this study reveal the unique salience of Indigenous land rights, regional workforce transitions, and fragmented state–federal governance structures. This underscores that social acceptance in Australia is shaped not only by community perceptions but also by institutional and historical dynamic. In addition, experts participating in this study highlighted that Australia experiences challenges similar to those reported internationally regarding the role of digital platforms in RET [89]. This finding is novel in revealing this fact despite the increasing global consensus on leveraging social media for public education and participatory decision-making [89,90].

Another significant finding from this study is the need to address human resources challenges, as presented in Table 3. In Australia, a skill shortage exists in the current workforce, which aligns with previous research by Ref. [91] for international context. The findings reveal a substantial skill gap within the RE workforce, indicating a need to integrate practical training into sustainability-focused education. This study recommends that educational institutions collaborate closely with industry to develop specialised degree programs and apprenticeship pathways that align with emerging workforce demands in the RE sector. Establishing dedicated training centers and corporate academic partnerships can further bridge existing skill gaps, consistent with the best global practices highlighted by the International RE Agency.

Policy fragmentation and a lack of coordinated government action emerged as critical barriers. The absence of unified federal policies and inconsistent regional regulations, as identified in this study, reflects challenges observed in other decentralised governance systems. The findings align with Ref. [92]’s argument that stable and predictable policy environments are essential to fostering private-sector participation and investment in RE. Furthermore, the lack of financial incentives highlighted by the Experts resonates with [31,93] work, which underscores the role of government-led funding mechanisms, such as grants and subsidies, in de-risking investments and accelerating transitions. Investment challenges remain a central concern for RE projects, particularly for infrastructure upgrades and the deployment of new technologies. This study highlights the significant financial burden on smaller firms and the hesitancy of investors due to policy uncertainties, findings that are consistent with research by Ref. [94]. The call for public–private partnerships to mitigate financial risks aligns with the literature’s emphasis on collaborative approaches to infrastructure development [92]. Such partnerships not only distribute financial responsibilities but also foster innovation and shared accountability.

Another recurrent theme in this study is the importance of community engagement and trust-building. Resistance from local communities, often driven by fears of environmental impact and distrust in developers, underscores the need for a social license as an ongoing commitment rather than a one-time approval. Strategies such as long-term community benefits, participatory decision-making, and transparent communication were highlighted as effective methods for overcoming resistance. These findings align with those of Ref. [19], who argue that socially inclusive practices lead to more sustainable outcomes and increased project acceptance.

According to Ref. [66] the identified strategies were categorised under socio-political, community, and market and interconnected using CLDs. Reinforcing loops reveal where small, well-targeted policy interventions can generate large and cumulative effects over time. For instance, reinforcing loops connecting clear policy communication, transparent government policies, and streamlined project approval process suggest that early investment guarantees in clear and consistent information-sharing mechanisms can build long-term public confidence and reduce resistance to renewable projects. This finding from CLDs addressed one of significant social resistant arose from perceived injustices, where communities feel that the benefits of RET projects favour developers or distant beneficiaries rather than local populations. Similarly, loops linking training programs, workforce readiness, and industry investment demonstrate that education and capacity-building policies can strengthen the overall market ecosystem, accelerating the transition. The recent blackout on the Iberian Peninsula in April 2025 highlights the risks of delayed or poorly coordinated energy transitions [40]. Such events demonstrate that without timely investments in grid stability and renewable integration, system reliability and public confidence can be undermined. This reinforces the need to accelerate Australia’s renewable energy transition through coordinated policy, planning, and stakeholder engagement. The timing of renewable energy and decarbonisation policies in Australia varies significantly across states, creating a staggered policy landscape. New South Wales initiated early action through its Net Zero Plan 2020–2030, followed by Victoria’s Climate Change Act 2017 and subsequent Renewable Energy (Jobs and Investment) Act 2017, which set binding renewable targets. Queensland advanced later with the Energy and Jobs Plan 2022, while South Australia and Tasmania implemented earlier renewable strategies, achieving substantial progress in wind and hydro integration. Western Australia and the Northern Territory have more recent frameworks focusing on hydrogen and grid modernisation. This uneven timing reflects differing political priorities and resource contexts, shaping the pace and pathways of Australia’s energy transition. While this study adopts a qualitative systems-thinking approach, the staggered introduction of renewable energy policies across Australian states offers an excellent opportunity for future empirical analysis. For instance, future research could use difference-in-differences or event-study design to test specific causal relationships identified in the CLDs, such as the effect of policy clarity on approval times or communication initiatives on objection rates.

The community CLD identifies how transparent engagement practices can enhance the social acceptance of RE transitions. One of the key insights from the CLD is the presence of reinforcing loops, where open communication, active listening, and inclusive participation facilitate smoother policy implementation. Research supports these dynamics. For instance, Refs. [20,95] highlighted that one significant barrier to RET is local opposition resulting from inadequate consultation and unclear policies. This aligns with the CLD findings, emphasising that verified communication channels, social media engagement, and direct landowner participation enhance trust and project acceptance. Moreover, the CLD demonstrates that realistic target setting, and pilot projects contribute to public confidence in RE solutions. However, Ref. [68] argue that small-scale pilot projects effectively demonstrate feasibility, address community concerns, and reduce perceived risks. Additionally, immersion in community contexts and the integration of local perspectives throughout project planning and execution reinforce positive perceptions. These actions lay a strong foundation for scaling up larger RE developments.

Market strategies, including financial incentives, infrastructure grants, research and development (R&D), and workforce training, play a crucial role in the expansion of the RE sector. According to Ref. [31], financial incentives and government subsidies are fundamental in accelerating the deployment of RE technologies by reducing investment risks. The CLD highlights that financial incentives contribute to the growth of RE degree programs and TAFE training, which, in turn, enhance workforce skills. This aligns with Refs. [9,73], who emphasise that a skilled workforce is critical in overcoming technical barriers in RET. Furthermore, CLD illustrates how R&D enhances supply chain diversification, grid infrastructure upgrades, and strategic material reserves. Ref. [96] highlighted that R&D investments directly influence the resilience of energy supply chains, particularly in offshore wind and solar energy projects [20]. The reinforcing loops in the CLD demonstrate that investment in R&D enhances technological innovation, drives policy advancements, and fosters economic growth [97]. The CLDs developed in this study present conceptual hypotheses regarding how regulatory clarity, communication transparency, and stakeholder engagement interact to influence renewable energy acceptance. These relationships represent theorised causal mechanisms that can be explored further through empirical research.

This study highlights that RE transitions require a multifaceted approach that encompasses policy reform, workforce development, financial incentives, and community engagement. By aligning with the insights from existing literature, the findings highlight the need for coordinated efforts among stakeholders, clear government direction, and proactive strategies to address social and economic barriers. Although this study included experts from various sectors, the sample may overrepresent industry and policy perspectives compared with community voices. As experts often reflect institutional viewpoints, their insights may differ from those of local residents directly affected by renewable energy projects. While this bias was partly mitigated by selecting participants with community engagement experience, future research should incorporate broader public participation to capture more diverse perspectives on social acceptance. This holistic approach is essential to ensure long-term success and sustainability of RE projects.

6. Conclusions

This study highlights the multifaceted challenges and opportunities associated with RE transition projects, emphasising the emerging need to address social acceptance for these projects. Limited awareness among stakeholders, significant workforce skill gaps, fragmented and inconsistent policy frameworks, high initial investment requirements, and community resistance were identified as key barriers to accelerating the transition to RE sources. These obstacles are further compounded by vulnerabilities in supply chains, outdated infrastructure, and inefficient regulatory processes, all of which can impede the pace and effectiveness of RE adoption. Despite these obstacles, the findings also suggest that coordinated and sustained efforts among governments, industries, and communities can drive meaningful progress. A central theme emerging from the research is the importance of social value creation in RE projects. Engaging communities through transparent communication, trust-building initiatives, and inclusive decision-making processes can help address concerns, reduce resistance, and foster a sense of ownership and support for RE projects. Investing in workforce development is another critical strategy that emerged out of the findings. Addressing skill shortages through targeted training programs, educational partnerships, and upskilling opportunities will ensure that the workforce is equipped to meet the demands of a rapidly evolving energy sector. Such investments not only fill immediate gaps but also contribute to long-term economic resilience and job creation within local communities.

Building on the study’s findings, several recommendations emerge for decision-makers. First, policymakers should prioritise transparent communication and inclusive engagement mechanisms to build long-term community trust, a critical reinforcing loop identified in the CLDs. In addition, coordinated policy frameworks across federal and state levels are needed to address regulatory fragmentation and improve consistency in renewable energy transition pathways. Investment in education and training programs will strengthen workforce readiness and support just transition objectives, ensuring communities benefit directly from new opportunities. Benefit-sharing and participatory planning mechanisms should be embedded early in project development to reduce perceived injustices and enhance local acceptance. Finally, integrating systems thinking into policy design can help identify leverage points where small, targeted interventions yield broader systemic impact. Together, these recommendations translate the study’s conceptual insights into practical actions that can accelerate a fair and sustainable energy transition in Australia.

This study contributes to the growing body of literature on social acceptance by applying a systems thinking approach to reveal dynamic feedback relationships among policy, market, and community factors influencing renewable energy transitions. This approach extends existing frameworks by moving beyond static or single-dimensional analyses, offering a holistic understanding of how social, institutional, and technical variables interact over time. The findings, therefore, provide policymakers and industry leaders with a system-based framework to identify leverage points where targeted interventions such as transparent communication, coordinated policy design, and workforce development can generate reinforcing positive effects on social acceptance. The results also inform the design of inclusive engagement and benefit-sharing strategies that strengthen community trust and ensure a just, sustainable transition. These insights provide a foundation to develop holistic approaches to advancing RE transitions.

However, this study is limited to the Australian context. In addition, while this study utilised CLDs to conceptualise and visualise the dynamic relationship within the social value context of RE projects, it is important to acknowledge a limitation of CLDs. They are primarily qualitative, emphasising the direction of relationships over the size or timing of their impacts. Testing these links quantitatively would require project-level data, such as permit processing times, objection and appeal frequencies, or grid connection delays. Although such data were beyond the scope of this qualitative study. Future research should aim to quantify these feedback loops through empirical methods, such as system dynamics modelling, stakeholder-based surveys, or multi-criteria decision analysis. Such approaches can enhance the robustness of findings and support data-driven policy and investment decisions. Furthermore, there is a need to measure social value in RE projects, particularly in emerging sectors such as offshore wind in Australia, which remains a critical research priority. As social value encompasses both tangible and intangible impacts on communities, quantification is crucial for enhancing stakeholder engagement, securing a social license to operate, and informing equitable energy transitions.