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Article

Relational Resources, Digital Capability, and Value Proposition Innovation: Impact on Entrepreneurial Performance in Chinese Snack Enterprises

by
Haibo Li
1,2,*,
Hong Loong Ang
2,* and
Noor Fzlinda Fabeil
2
1
Faculty of Economics and Management, Huanghe Jiaotong University, Jiaozuo 454950, China
2
Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2025, 17(2), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020671
Submission received: 31 December 2024 / Revised: 14 January 2025 / Accepted: 15 January 2025 / Published: 16 January 2025
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Abstract

:
This paper aims to conduct an empirical study on the influence of relational resources (RR) and digital capability (DC) on entrepreneurial performance (EP), as well as to examine the mediating role of value proposition innovation (VPI). This research seeks to fill the gap in the existing literature regarding the impact of relational resources and digital capability on entrepreneurial performance. Data were collected from 191 respondents from small snack food production enterprises in China. The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method was employed to analyze and measure both direct and indirect effects and to test the hypothesized model. The findings indicate that while relational resources and digital capability do not have a significant positive influence on entrepreneurial performance, they significantly positively influence value proposition innovation, which in turn has a significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance. Therefore, value proposition innovation fully mediates the relationship between relational resources, digital capability, and entrepreneurial performance. This study contributes to resolving the ongoing debate on the influence of relational resources and digital capability on entrepreneurial performance.

1. Introduction

China, home to the world’s largest population and a vast consumer market, has historically upheld the belief that “food is the paramount necessity of the people”. As Chinese residents’ income and consumption levels have risen, their dietary structures and consumption habits have also evolved. There is a growing trend toward purchasing snack foods, with the proportion of expenditure on such items in daily consumption increasing rapidly. This trend has created a highly favorable external environment for the growth of snack food production enterprises. However, the global COVID-19 pandemic has significantly altered consumers’ food preferences, placing greater emphasis on nutritional value. This shift presents substantial challenges to the snack food industry, necessitating innovative approaches to meet evolving consumer demands.
Over the past five years, China has conducted a large amount of research on entrepreneurial performance. These studies focus on the entrepreneurial performance of individuals and enterprises [1]. However, in fact, even in a highly competitive market environment, some small snack production enterprises perform better in terms of entrepreneurial performance due to their advantages in mobilizing relationship resources, innovative digital capabilities, and value proposition innovation. Despite the extensive research on entrepreneurial performance in China, there is a lack of focus on how small snack production enterprises leverage relational resources and digital capability to outperform in a competitive market [1]. Understanding the factors that contribute to the success of these enterprises is crucial for fostering innovation and competitiveness in the food industry, especially in the post-pandemic era where consumer preferences are rapidly evolving.
Researchers primarily investigate the impact of entrepreneurial resources on performance from two perspectives: resource allocation and social capital. Resource constraints represent a pervasive challenge for small, medium, and micro-enterprises during the entrepreneurial process [2]. Chen and Mao (2021) [3] argue that resource bricolage is a critical strategy for entrepreneurial firms to enhance performance. They posit that through resource bricolage, these firms can generate numerous unique and inimitable new resources, thereby strengthening their competitive advantage and improving overall performance. Resource bricolage refers to a decision-making approach that enables enterprises to survive and thrive by leveraging existing or low-cost resources [4]. Meanwhile, Shou et al. (2017) [5] introduced the concept of relational resources, which refers to the capability to establish collaborative relationships with both internal and external stakeholders. By synthesizing prior research on entrepreneurial resources and incorporating practical experience, this study concludes that for small snack food production enterprises in China, relational resources within entrepreneurial resources serve as the core assets that significantly influence entrepreneurial performance. In Chinese society, where interpersonal relationships and emotional connections hold significant value, individuals and organizations demonstrate a greater inclination to collaborate with trustworthy partners, including government entities, research institutions, and other enterprises. Many small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) encounter difficulties in building relationships with potential business partners, which subsequently hinders their ability to negotiate favorable cooperation terms [6].
In the era of the digital economy, data has emerged as a pivotal element driving innovation. The digital transformation initiatives undertaken by enterprises involve integrating data with traditional resources to collaboratively generate value, restructure business models, and leverage network effects. This process is referred to as digital empowerment [7]. Digital empowerment is a critical driver for the high-quality development of the manufacturing sector. Its mechanisms encompass transforming value creation methods, enhancing the efficiency of value creation, expanding the scope of value creation, and improving the capacity to capture value [8]. Additionally, Khin (2018) [9] introduced the concept of digital capability, which denotes an organization’s proficiency in leveraging digital technology to create value. Building on the insights from these scholars, this study posits that digital empowerment is essentially an expression of digital capability. For small snack production enterprises in China, digital capability can significantly influence entrepreneurial performance.
This study aims to investigate the key factors that enable small snack production enterprises to achieve superior entrepreneurial performance, focusing on the role of relational resources, digital capability, and value proposition innovation. This research is motivated by the need to provide actionable insights for small enterprises in the snack food industry, helping them navigate the challenges posed by changing consumer preferences and the competitive market environment. Specifically, this study investigates the mediating role of value proposition innovation in the relationship between relational resources, digital capability, and entrepreneurial performance within small snack food production enterprises in China.

2. Literature Review

2.1. Entrepreneurial Performance

Entrepreneurial performance, which is an expression of the results and value of entrepreneurial activities, is a key theme in entrepreneurship research and a focus of great attention for entrepreneurs, investors, governments, and society [10]. However, due to the complexity and diversity of entrepreneurial activities, there is no uniform standard and consensus on the concept, content, and measurement of entrepreneurial performance, so different researchers have defined and analyzed it from different perspectives and levels.
Zhu (2020) [1] examines the concept of entrepreneurial performance from multiple dimensions, including its definition, measurement methodologies, and influencing factors. Entrepreneurial performance is widely recognized as a critical metric for evaluating the outcomes of entrepreneurial activities, reflecting the growth and efficiency of entrepreneurial enterprises in areas such as market expansion, brand development, management practices, and core technological advancements. Zhu (2020) [1] provides a systematic review of the historical trajectory and theoretical evolution of domestic research on entrepreneurial performance in China, highlighting dynamic trends in research focus areas, current developmental status, and thematic concentration. The study reveals that Chinese scholars frequently employ two categories of indicators—financial and non-financial—to comprehensively assess entrepreneurial performance. Sariwulan et al. (2020) [11] posit that entrepreneurial performance serves as an indicator of the growth process of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), encompassing increases in production capacity, sales volume, and corporate profits. Moreover, Sariwulan et al. (2020) [11] empirically demonstrate the significant positive impact of digital literacy, economic literacy, and entrepreneurial skills on the entrepreneurial performance of SMEs.
In addition, Firmansyah et al. (2023) [12] found that entrepreneurial performance involves multiple aspects, including not only the ability to sustain business operations but also a comprehensive consideration of management, products, markets, and other dimensions. At the same time, Firmansyah et al. (2023) [12] confirmed that digital literacy and digital transformation play important roles in improving entrepreneurial performance. Finally, Iqbal et al. (2023) [13] propose that entrepreneurial performance refers to the outcomes achieved by entrepreneurs in terms of business success, growth, and innovation. Entrepreneurial performance can be measured through various indicators such as financial performance, business growth, innovation, and job creation opportunities.

2.2. Relational Resources

Relational resources pertain to assets obtained by enterprises through the establishment and maintenance of stable, mutually beneficial, and trust-based relationships with external stakeholders (e.g., suppliers, customers, partners, etc.) [14]. In recent years, scholars have extensively examined the relationship between relational resources and business model innovation. Some studies have investigated the influence mechanism from a holistic perspective, positing that relational resources enhance business model innovation by improving corporate absorptive capacity, learning capability, creative potential, and other mediating variables [14]. Other research has explored the differential effects of various types of relational resources, such as supplier, customer, and partner relationships, on business model innovation, revealing that different types of relational resources exert varying degrees of influence and mechanisms [15]. Additionally, some studies have analyzed the impact of relational resources on different dimensions of business model innovation, including components like value proposition, revenue streams, cost structure, as well as dimensions such as content, structure, and governance [5].
Coulthard (2007) [16] elucidates the influence of relationship factors, both internal and external to the firm, on entrepreneurial performance. Establishing trust-based relationships with employees, customers, suppliers, and partners can mitigate transaction costs, enhance information sharing, and foster innovation and opportunity identification. Effective communication channels and methods, whether internal or external, significantly affect decision-making efficiency, coordination, knowledge transfer, and learning capabilities within the firm. It is imperative for firms to remain vigilant and responsive to external environmental changes in order to promptly capture and leverage market shifts, competitive threats, and potential opportunities. Managers’ social relationships, contacts, and networks facilitate entrepreneurial firms in accessing external resources and information, establishing credibility and trust and coordinating transactions with partners [17]. Trust serves as a pivotal component of relational resources, enhancing communication and cooperation among entrepreneurs at both individual and organizational levels, thereby improving entrepreneurial performance [18]. According to Monteiro et al. (2017) [19], relational resources encompass the interactions between firms and external entities. Zardini et al. (2023) [20] posit that social relationships and cooperative abilities among market participants are crucial for co-creation and value capture. Network resources, including customers, suppliers, competitors, and governmental agencies, are inherently relational and difficult to relocate, imitate, or substitute, thus providing a sustainable competitive advantage. Entrepreneurial firms can enhance their performance by leveraging and integrating external resources through relational resources established via entrepreneurial business networks [20].

2.3. Digital Capability

With the rapid advancement and extensive application of information technology, the digital economy has emerged as a pivotal force in today’s global landscape, driving transformative changes and innovations across various sectors. Digital capability, as a cornerstone of the digital economy, not only revolutionizes the methods of acquiring, processing, and disseminating information but also redefines the logic, modes, and value propositions of business activities. In the context of digital products, digital capability can be defined as “the competencies of firms to leverage digital technologies for new product development” [9]. Levallet and Chan (2018) [21] identify two key digital capabilities—robust information management capabilities and adaptable IT infrastructure—yet they do not explicitly link these capabilities to innovation. According to Dynamic Capabilities Theory, digital capability can be regarded as a dynamic capability, characterized by an organization’s capacity to innovate new products and processes and adapt to evolving market conditions [22]. Digital capability complements a firm’s digital orientation; only firms equipped with the necessary skills to manage emerging technologies can effectively adopt and transform them into innovative products. Consequently, digital capability serves as a catalyst for digital innovation, positively impacting firms’ digital innovation efforts and indirectly influencing their entrepreneurial performance.
Digital capability refers to a firm’s proficiency in leveraging digital technologies and data analytics to enhance business processes, customer relationships, and value creation [23]. Digital capabilities significantly contribute to the development of business and marketing networks, thereby having both direct and indirect effects on SME performance [11]. According to Zhe (2021) [24], digital capability encompasses a firm’s ability to integrate information technology resources with other assets, influencing firm performance through its role as a mediator in digital transformation. This capability enables companies to foster customer loyalty, offer distinctive products and services, and adapt swiftly to market changes. Khin and Ho (2018) [9] empirically demonstrated that digital capability and digital innovation are pivotal factors for IT firms in achieving entrepreneurial performance. In conclusion, digital capability exerts a substantial influence on entrepreneurial performance by mediating transformation and innovation. Building on this foundation, this study aims to further investigate the relationship between digital capability and entrepreneurial performance within small snack food production enterprises in China.

2.4. Value Proposition Innovation

Value proposition is a comprehensive description of the value an organization offers to its customers, which can help attract and retain customers and contribute to long-term sustainability [25]. According to Åkesson et al. (2016) [26], a value proposition encompasses the value and resources that a service provider promises to deliver, enabling customers to integrate these into their own value creation processes. Value proposition innovation involves developing new or modifying existing value propositions by leveraging both existing and new resources. Clauss et al. (2021) [27] define value proposition as the value of a product or service offered by a firm, encompassing aspects such as functionality, quality, and price. Value proposition innovation refers to the process by which firms introduce new or different value through changes in the product or service mix, target market, potential customers, or delivery channels. This innovation enables firms to expand their portfolios, address emerging market needs, and enhance competitive advantage and performance. To achieve effective value proposition innovation, firms must exhibit strategic agility, characterized by strategic sensitivity, leadership unity, resource mobility, and adaptability to environmental changes.
Salfore et al. (2023) [28] utilized Clauss’s (2017) [29] measurement scale to empirically assess value proposition innovation across four dimensions: new products/services, new target markets, new channels, and new customer relationships. Their findings indicate that value propositions enable firms to differentiate their offerings from competitors and meet unfulfilled market needs, thereby attracting and retaining more customers, improving customer satisfaction, and enhancing firm performance.

3. Hypothesis Development and Empirical Research Model

3.1. Relational Resources and Entrepreneurial Performance

Relational resources can have a significant positive impact on the functioning and expansion of a company. By accessing data on markets, meeting customer needs, and receiving the backing of business partners and investors, firms can minimize start-up expenses and risks while maximizing entrepreneurial openings and yields. Furthermore, relational resources can bolster a firm’s reputation and prestige and enhance customer contentment and allegiance [30]. Through the utilization of relational resources, enterprises can acquire technical and policy support, enhancing their ability to innovate and increasing their competitiveness.
These resources offer numerous advantages to enterprises, including improved innovation, efficiency, flexibility, and personalization [31]. By collaborating with suppliers, customers, R&D organization, and others through knowledge sharing and innovation, enterprises can enter new markets or develop new products. Efficient communication and coordination with employees, partners, distributors, and other stakeholders can enhance production and distribution efficiency and quality. Additionally, interaction and feedback with customers, users, and communities can promote personalized and adaptable products and services.
The company can also benefit from relational resources by gaining access to niche markets and increased consumer demand. Establishing long-term stable relationships with customers, users, and communities allows firms to increase sales and market share. Additionally, implementing a flexible supply chain and inventory management system with suppliers, distributors, and logistics providers can lower the cost and risk of procurement, production, and distribution. Moreover, enterprises can enhance the differentiation and value of their products and services through market segmentation and positioning [5,32]. Based on the literature review and previous studies, the following hypothesis is proposed:
H1: 
Relational resources have a positive relationship with entrepreneurial performance of small snack food production enterprises in China.

3.2. Digital Capability and Entrepreneurial Performance

The application of digital technologies has significantly reduced the barriers and costs associated with entrepreneurship, making the process more accessible and sustainable [33]. By leveraging readily available online platforms and tools, entrepreneurs can efficiently acquire essential resources such as market intelligence, funding opportunities, and partnerships. Consequently, this reduces the time and risk involved in establishing a business. Flexible cloud services and solutions enable entrepreneurs to streamline production processes, reduce operational costs, and enhance management efficiency. Digital capabilities empower entrepreneurs to gather extensive data, conduct advanced analytics, identify and meet customer needs, optimize products and services, and improve user experience. Additionally, digital capabilities provide entrepreneurs with access to a wide range of market expansion opportunities and effective profit models designed to boost sales and revenues [34].
Furthermore, digital platforms facilitate engagement with like-minded professionals, experts, or organizations through open networks and communities, promoting knowledge sharing and innovation and contributing to a robust entrepreneurial ecosystem. Moreover, digital capabilities offer platforms and opportunities for entrepreneurs to participate in public welfare initiatives, addressing societal challenges, enhancing quality of life, and fostering social progress. Based on the literature review and previous studies, the following hypothesis is proposed:
H2: 
Digital capability has a positive relationship with entrepreneurial performance of small snack food production enterprises in China.

3.3. Relational Resources and Value Proposition Innovation

Åkesson et al. (2016) [26] posit that value propositions encompass the values and resources service providers commit to delivering to their customers, which can be integrated into the value creation process. These propositions are often articulated through corporate positioning and branding strategies. Value proposition innovation entails developing or modifying existing value propositions by leveraging new or existing resources. According to Clauss et al. (2021) [27], a value proposition represents the value a company offers to its customers in terms of product or service attributes such as functionality, quality, and price. Value proposition innovation is the strategic process by which a company delivers new or different value by altering its product or service offerings, target markets, customer segments, or delivery channels. This innovation enables companies to expand their portfolios, address emerging market needs, and enhance competitive advantage and performance. Salfore et al. (2023) [28] emphasize that value proposition innovation necessitates strategic agility, characterized by strategic sensitivity, leadership cohesion, resource flexibility, and adaptability to environmental changes. Clauss (2017) [29] developed a measurement scale and conducted empirical research on value proposition innovation, demonstrating that firms can differentiate their offerings from competitors through such innovation. Moreover, addressing new or unmet market needs via value proposition innovation allows firms to attract and retain customers, thereby improving customer satisfaction and overall firm performance. Sebök et al. (2022) [35] illustrate how relational resources contribute to competitiveness and sustainability. Based on the literature review and previous studies, the following hypothesis is proposed:
H3: 
Relational resources have a positive relationship with value proposition innovation of Chinese small snack food production enterprises.

3.4. Digital Capability and Value Proposition Innovation

Digital capability significantly enhances organizational efficiency and profitability by leveraging digital technologies to transform customer value propositions and refine operating models, thereby fostering greater customer interaction and collaboration [36]. A key dimension of digital capability is the value proposition, which encapsulates an organization’s strategic use of digital data and technology to generate new value or augment existing value [37]. The strong correlation between digital capability and value proposition innovation is evident. Based on the literature review and previous studies, the following hypothesis is proposed:
H4: 
Digital capability has a positive relationship with value proposition innovation of Chinese small snack food production enterprises.

3.5. Value Proposition Innovation and Entrepreneurial Performance

According to Lüdeke-Freund (2020) [38], entrepreneurial performance encompasses a company’s economic, social, and environmental achievements that stem from value proposition innovation. These achievements include metrics such as revenue, profit, market share, customer satisfaction, social impact, and ecological benefits. Value proposition innovation is a pivotal factor in enhancing entrepreneurial performance by enabling firms to achieve a competitive advantage, increase customer loyalty, reduce operating costs, and improve social recognition and environmental sustainability. Sari (2023) [39] further supports this notion through data analysis using SmartPLS, which indicates that value proposition innovations significantly contribute to the competitiveness and customer satisfaction of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Hypothesis H5 posits a positive relationship between value proposition innovation and entrepreneurial performance. The specific hypothesis is articulated as follows:
H5: 
Value proposition innovation has a positive relationship with entrepreneurial performance of Chinese small snack food production enterprises.
The research framework is shown in Scheme 1.
This study aims to explore the influence of relational resources, digital capability, and value proposition innovation on entrepreneurial performance, especially for small snack food production enterprises. Based on the literature review and previous studies, a research framework was constructed.

4. Methodology

4.1. Research Framework

This study focuses on Chinese small snack food production enterprises to examine their current entrepreneurial performance. The research participants include production managers, product managers, marketing managers, and financial managers. These enterprises leverage relational resources and digital capability to innovate in value proposition, thereby achieving higher entrepreneurial performance.

4.2. Measurement Instrument

This study examines the relationship between relational resources, digital capability, value proposition innovation, and entrepreneurial performance of Chinese small snack food production enterprises, with a focus on their business processes. The questionnaire employs a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). This study includes two independent variables—relational resources and digital capability—a mediating variable of value proposition innovation, and a dependent variable of entrepreneurial performance. Table 1 summarizes the measurement tools for these variables. Relational resources comprise three measurement items, digital capability includes five measurement items, value proposition innovation comprises four measurement items, and entrepreneurial performance includes eight measurement items. These measurements are adapted from Shou et al. (2017) [5], Khin and Ho (2018) [9], Clauss (2017) [29], and Sariwulan et al. (2020) [11].

4.3. Research Sample

The research samples were obtained for data collection via the online distribution of questionnaires. A total of 237 questionnaires were collected, of which 191 were deemed valid, resulting in an effective recovery rate of 80.6%. Data were gathered from five provinces in China that are representative of regional diversity: Guangdong, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Henan, and Shandong. Purposive sampling was employed to select small leisure food production enterprises with annual operating revenues between CNY 3 million and CNY 20 million and a workforce size ranging from 20 to 300 employees. The primary respondents included production managers, product managers, marketing managers, and financial managers from these enterprises.

4.4. Data Analysis and Measurement Models

The Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method, like other statistical techniques, relies on empirical guidelines for evaluating model outcomes. This approach was selected due to its versatility in accommodating both reflective and formative constructs, as well as its minimal constraints regarding sample size. According to Hair et al. (2021) [40], PLS-SEM can be effectively used with sample sizes as small as 30, which aligns with the sample size of this study. This study encompasses the analysis and reporting of both measurement models and structural models. Once the measurement model satisfies all requisite criteria, we can proceed to evaluate the structural model [40,41]. A reflective measurement model was selected due to its reliance on exploratory factor analysis and anticipated high intercorrelations among indicators [40,41]. The initial assessment involves examining indicator loadings, which should ideally exceed 0.708. Following this, internal consistency reliability, commonly measured by composite reliability (CR), is evaluated. Values ranging from 0.70 to 0.90 are generally considered satisfactory to excellent. However, values equal to or exceeding 0.95 may indicate redundancy within the construct, thereby potentially undermining construct validity [40,41].
The Average Variance Extracted (AVE) is evaluated to assess the convergent validity of all items within each construct. Convergent validity indicates the extent to which a construct successfully explains the variance observed in its constituent items [40,41]. An acceptable AVE value should be at least 0.50, indicating that the construct explains more than half of the variance in its indicators and thus has high reliability and convergent validity [42].
The reliability analysis of the measurement model is detailed in Table 2. This table includes the loadings of all indicators, Average Variance Extracted (AVE) values for each construct, Cronbach’s alpha (CA) values for each construct, and composite reliability (CR) values. All these metrics meet the established testing criteria.

4.5. Results

After a satisfactory evaluation of the measurement model, the next step is to assess the structural model. In structural equation modeling, the coefficient of determination R2 quantifies the amount of variance explained by each endogenous construct, with higher R2 values indicating a stronger explanatory power of the model for the endogenous variables. This is a crucial metric for assessing the accuracy of model predictions [43]. The range of R2 values lies between 0 and 1, where higher values signify greater explanatory power. In social science research, it is generally considered significant when R2 values are around 0.75, moderate at 0.50, and weak at 0.25 [40,44]. For this study, we obtained R2 values using the SmartPLS algorithm, while t-statistic values were derived from the bootstrapping with resampling method performed for a total of 5000 iterations as depicted in Figure 1 and Figure 2. Figure 1 presents the data analysis algorithm using SmartPLS 4.0 software with a sample size of 191. In this model, entrepreneurial performance is the dependent variable, while relational resources and digital capability are the independent variables. Value proposition innovation acts as the mediating variable. The figure clearly illustrates the relationships between the variables and their path coefficients, helping us understand the impact of each factor on entrepreneurial performance. Figure 2 shows the results of bootstrapping using SmartPLS 4.0 software. Bootstrapping is a widely used technique in PLS-SEM analyses to estimate the distribution of a statistic by resampling the data set. The figure presents the confidence intervals and significance levels of the path coefficients, further validating the robustness and reliability of the paths in the model. The R2 values for value proposition innovation (VPI) and entrepreneurial performance (EP) in Figure 1 and Figure 2 are 0.694 and 0.717, respectively. These results indicate that all the R2 values surpass the threshold of 0.5, which signifies a moderate fit level. Consequently, the research model employed in this study fulfills the requirements concerning the determination coefficient.
After confirming the model’s explanatory power, the final step involves evaluating the statistical significance and correlation of path coefficients. This study employs bootstrapping to assess path coefficient significance and determine their values, including explanations for constructing total effects (i.e., sum of direct and indirect effects).
In this study, we formulated five direct hypotheses to investigate the relationships between constructs. To evaluate the significance of these hypotheses, we employed SmartPLS 4.0 to generate t-statistics for all paths using bootstrapping and assessed the path coefficient values between latent variables. This process aimed to validate both the proposed hypotheses and the effectiveness of the structural model. According to Hair et al. (2014) [41], a path coefficient value exceeding 0.1 is indicative of meaningful influence within the model. Additionally, t-values should surpass the critical threshold of 1.96, which supports the findings at a significance level below 0.05 in this research analysis.
Table 3 shows that the path coefficient values of the five direct hypotheses proposed in this study are all greater than 0.1, the T-values are all greater than the threshold value of 1.96, and the significance p-values are all less than 0.01. The forthcoming research will evaluate the effect size (f2). As noted by Sullivan and Fein (2012) [45], while p-values can indicate the presence of an effect, they do not provide information on the magnitude of that effect. In reporting and interpreting research findings, it is crucial to consider both the practical significance (effect size) and statistical significance (p-values). Within the context of the PLS-SEM path model, Cohen’s f2 serves as a key metric for assessing the magnitude of path coefficients. This study employs Cohen’s (2016) [46] established guidelines to measure effect size, wherein values of 0.02, 0.15, and 0.35 correspond to small, medium, and large effects, respectively [41,46]. Therefore, the data analysis indicates that all the five direct hypotheses H1 to H5 are valid. Meanwhile, it indicates that value proposition innovation plays a partial mediating role among relationship resources, digital capabilities, and entrepreneurial performance.
The results of the mediation analysis presented in Table 4 indicate that a p-value of 0 suggests a statistically significant relationship, even after introducing the mediating variable “value proposition innovation”. Specifically, relational resources and digital capability continue to exert a significant influence on entrepreneurial performance.

5. Discussion

The results of the data analysis indicate that both relational resources and digital capability exert a positive influence on entrepreneurial performance, which aligns with prior research findings. However, the results of data analysis show that the influence of relational resources and digital capability on entrepreneurial performance is rather limited (0.02 < f-square < 0.15). Zardini et al. (2023) [20] suggested that enhancing entrepreneurial business networks through relational resources can improve entrepreneurial firm performance by acquiring and integrating external resources. Shahmehr et al. (2015) [18] argued that trust is an important element for enhancing communication and cooperation at individual and organizational levels to enhance entrepreneurial performance. Sariwulan et al. (2020) [11] highlighted the pivotal role of digital capability in fostering business and marketing networks, which have a direct or indirect impact on the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Zhe (2021) [24] defined digital capability as the proficiency to integrate information technology resources with other organizational assets, thereby influencing enterprise performance through digital transformation. Empirical studies by Khin and Ho (2018) [9] corroborated that both digital capability and innovation are indispensable for IT companies to attain entrepreneurial success.
The data analysis results provide support for hypotheses 3 and 4 in this study, indicating a direct positive impact of relational resources and digital capability on value proposition innovation within Chinese small snack food production enterprises. Furthermore, the influence effect value of relational resources on value proposition innovation is 0.212, indicating that its influence degree is at a medium level, while the influence effect value of digital capability on value proposition innovation is 0.35, showing a relatively high degree of influence. Previous research has underscored that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) introduce distinctive products and services to the market via innovative business models, thereby effectively addressing customer needs and expectations, which constitutes a critical component of value proposition innovation [47]. Sebök et al. (2022) [35] illustrated how relational resources can enhance competitiveness and sustainability through risk sharing, information exchange, resource allocation, building loyal customer relationships, and engaging in community activities, as exemplified by their case study of a food supplier. They also highlighted the importance of collaboration among suppliers, networking opportunities, and trust-building initiatives. Furthermore, they proposed a systematic approach to identifying and implementing both technological and non-technological innovations to leverage relationship resources for enhancing value propositions [35]. Consequently, the findings from this study corroborate some of previous research conclusions.
This study further examines the impact of value proposition innovation on entrepreneurial performance. The data analysis supports Hypothesis 5, demonstrating that value proposition innovation has a significant and positive effect on entrepreneurial performance in small snack food production enterprises in China. Specifically, the path coefficient is 0.409, with an effect size (f2) of 0.181, indicating a meaningful contribution of value proposition innovation to entrepreneurial performance. Lüdeke-Freund (2020) [38] highlighted that entrepreneurial performance encompasses economic, social, and environmental achievements derived from innovative value propositions, including metrics such as revenue, profit, market share, customer satisfaction, social impact, and ecological benefits. Value proposition innovation serves as a pivotal driver of business performance by enabling firms to achieve competitive advantage, enhance customer loyalty, reduce operational costs, and improve social acceptance and environmental sustainability. Sari (2023) [39] corroborated through SmartPLS data analysis that value proposition innovation significantly contributes to competitiveness and satisfaction in small and medium-sized enterprises. In summary, prior research has consistently demonstrated the critical role of value proposition innovation in bolstering competitive advantage for businesses. Consequently, this study’s findings align with previous research, collectively validating Hypothesis 5.
A mediator is defined as a variable that conveys the effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable. In the context of path analysis, a mediating variable represents the mechanism through which the independent variable indirectly influences the dependent variable [48]. A mediating effect occurs when a mediating variable partially or fully accounts for the impact of an exogenous construct on an endogenous construct in a PLS path model [41]. According to Baron and Kenny (1986) [49], four criteria must be met to establish mediation. First, the independent variable must have a significant effect on the mediating variable (path a). Second, the mediating variable must significantly influence the dependent variable (path b). Third, there should be a direct effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable when the mediating variable is not considered (path c). Fourth, if the direct effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable (path c’) becomes non-significant after accounting for the mediating variable, this indicates full mediation. If path c’ remains significant but is reduced, it suggests partial mediation, implying that the independent variable affects the dependent variable both directly and indirectly through the mediating variable. It is evident from this study that the mediating variable “value proposition innovation” partially mediated the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable.

6. Conclusions

This paper examines the influence of relational resources, digital capabilities, value proposition innovation, and their effects on entrepreneurial performance. We constructed a theoretical research model, with relational resources and digital capabilities as independent variables, value proposition innovation as the mediating variable, and entrepreneurial performance as the dependent variable. Focusing on Chinese small snack food production enterprises, data were gathered via structured questionnaires and analyzed using SmartPLS 4.0 statistical software to explore the relationships among these variables. The study yields the following conclusions:
  • Relational resources have a positive impact on entrepreneurial performance.
  • Digital capabilities have a positive impact on entrepreneurial performance.
  • Relational resources have a positive impact on value proposition innovation.
  • Digital capabilities have a positive impact on value proposition innovation.
  • Value proposition innovation has a positive impact on entrepreneurial performance.
  • Value proposition innovation plays a partial mediating role between relational resources and entrepreneurial performance.
  • Value proposition innovation plays a partial mediating role between digital capabilities and entrepreneurial performance.

7. Limitations and Future Research

This study is based on data from 191 small snack food production enterprises in China, and the limited sample size may constrain the generalizability of the research findings. Future studies can enhance result representativeness by expanding the sample size and including companies from a wider range of regions.
The study revealed that relational resources and digital capability do not exert a direct significant impact on entrepreneurial performance, suggesting the presence of other factors influencing firm performance. Future research should explore additional potential direct or indirect relationships between these variables and entrepreneurial performance.
Another limitation of this study is the use of purposive sampling, which may introduce bias as it is a non-probability sampling method. This could affect the generalizability of the findings. Future research could consider using probability sampling methods to enhance the representativeness of the sample.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, H.L. and N.F.F.; methodology, H.L., H.L.A. and N.F.F.; software, H.L. and H.L.A.; validation H.L., H.L.A. and N.F.F.; formal analysis, H.L.; investigation, H.L.; resources H.L.; data curation, H.L.; writing—original draft, H.L.; writing—review and editing, H.L., H.L.A. and N.F.F.; visualization, H.L. and H.L.A.; supervision, H.L.A.; project administration, H.L. and H.L.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Huanghe Jiaotong University (protocol code #HHJTIRB-202405-001).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article; further inquiries can be directed to the authors.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Sustainability 17 00671 sch001
Scheme 1. Relational resources, digital capability, and value proposition innovation: impact on entrepreneurial performance in Chinese snack enterprises.
Scheme 1. Relational resources, digital capability, and value proposition innovation: impact on entrepreneurial performance in Chinese snack enterprises.
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Figure 1. PLS model graph (algorithm).
Figure 1. PLS model graph (algorithm).
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Figure 2. PLS model graph (bootstrapping).
Figure 2. PLS model graph (bootstrapping).
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Table 1. Measurement items and source.
Table 1. Measurement items and source.
No.Measurement ItemSource
Relational Resources
RR1Our company establishes close coordination or collaboration with business partners.Adapted from Shou et al. (2017) [5]
RR2Our company commits to sharing information among business partners.
RR3Our company inclines to recruit staff with good communication skills.
Digital Capability
DC1Our company has the capability to apply essential digital technologies.Adapted from Khin and Ho (2018) [9]
DC2Our company has the ability to discover digital opportunities.
DC3Our company is capable of responding to digital transformation.
DC4Our company possesses the capacity to master cutting-edge digital technologies.
DC5Our company has the competence to utilize digital technologies for developing new products, services, or processes.
Value Proposition Innovation
VPI1Our products or services are very innovative in relation to our competitors.Adopted from Clauss (2017) [29]
VPI2Our products or services regularly solve customer needs which were not solved by competitors.
VPI3Our company is constantly seeking new customer segments and markets for our products and services.
VPI4Our company recently took many actions in order to strengthen customer relationships.
Entrepreneurial Performance
EP1Our company is experiencing increased production capacity.Adapted from Sariwulan et al. (2020) [11]
EP2Our company has new product innovations.
EP3Customers with good loyalty are increasing.
EP4Our company provides after-sales service for customer satisfaction.
Table 2. Results of reliability loadings, AVE, CA, and CR.
Table 2. Results of reliability loadings, AVE, CA, and CR.
ConstructItemsLoadingsAverage Variance Extracted (AVE)Cronbach’s Alpha (CA)Composite Reliability (CR)
Relational ResourcesRR10.8360.6790.7660.863
RR20.798
RR30.836
Digital CapabilityDC10.8690.7310.9090.931
DC20.841
DC30.867
DC40.849
DC50.847
Value Proposition InnovationVPI10.8130.6740.840.892
VPI20.831
VPI30.817
VPI40.823
Entrepreneurial PerformanceEP10.8330.7030.8590.904
EP20.841
EP30.85
EP40.829
Table 3. Hypothesis testing.
Table 3. Hypothesis testing.
HypothesisRelationshipStandard
Beta (β)		T-Valuesp-Valuesf-SquareDecision
H1RR -> EP0.2262.9430.0030.064Supported
H2DC -> EP0.2813.69300.089Supported
H3RR -> VPI0.3895.32500.212Supported
H4DC -> VPI0.4996.95800.35Supported
H5VPI -> EP0.4095.75700.181Supported
Note: p < 0.01, p < 0.05. Standard beta (β) refers to the path coefficient value.
Table 4. Mediation analysis.
Table 4. Mediation analysis.
RelationshipStandard
Beta (β)		T-Valuesp-ValuesSignificance
RR -> VPI -> EP0.1594.0020YES
DC -> VPI -> EP0.2044.2740YES
Note: p < 0.01, p < 0.05. Standard beta (β) refers to the path coefficient value.
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MDPI and ACS Style

Li, H.; Ang, H.L.; Fabeil, N.F. Relational Resources, Digital Capability, and Value Proposition Innovation: Impact on Entrepreneurial Performance in Chinese Snack Enterprises. Sustainability 2025, 17, 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020671

AMA Style

Li H, Ang HL, Fabeil NF. Relational Resources, Digital Capability, and Value Proposition Innovation: Impact on Entrepreneurial Performance in Chinese Snack Enterprises. Sustainability. 2025; 17(2):671. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020671

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Haibo, Hong Loong Ang, and Noor Fzlinda Fabeil. 2025. "Relational Resources, Digital Capability, and Value Proposition Innovation: Impact on Entrepreneurial Performance in Chinese Snack Enterprises" Sustainability 17, no. 2: 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020671

APA Style

Li, H., Ang, H. L., & Fabeil, N. F. (2025). Relational Resources, Digital Capability, and Value Proposition Innovation: Impact on Entrepreneurial Performance in Chinese Snack Enterprises. Sustainability, 17(2), 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020671

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