Correction: Al-Kubaisi, M.K.; Abu Khalaf, B. Climate Governance, ESG Reporting, and the Firm Performance: Does It Matter More for Europe or the GCC? Sustainability 2025, 17, 3761

The authors would like to make the following corrections to the published paper [1]. The changes are as follows:

(1)

The authors would like to change two parts of the table content, so they need to replace the original Table 1.

Table 1. Overview of the sampling procedure used to select GCC and European firms.

Sampling Procedure	Description		Total Population	Sample Size
1.	All listed nonfinancial companies in GCC region and 5 European countries		2987	-
2.	Data Availability Consideration		-	647
3.	Selection of nonfinancial companies with data		-	94
4.	Period covered		-	2010–2023
Country		Population	Final Sample
Europe
Germany		278	189
France		630	133
Spain		205	40
Sweden		837	25
Norway		271	8
Finland		154	8
GCC
Qatar		34	29
United Arab Emirates		84	30
Saudi Arabia		308	127
Bahrain		20	15
Kuwait		89	16
Oman		77	27
Total		2987	647

Table 1. Overview of the sampling procedure used to select GCC and European firms.

Sampling Procedure	Description		Total Population	Sample Size
1.	All listed nonfinancial companies in GCC region and 5 European countries		2987	-
2.	Data Availability Consideration		-	647
3.	Selection of nonfinancial companies with data		-	94
4.	Period covered		-	2010–2023
Country		Population	Final Sample
Europe
Germany		278	189
France		630	133
Spain		205	40
Sweden		837	25
Norway		271	8
Finland		154	8
GCC
Qatar		34	29
United Arab Emirates		84	30
Saudi Arabia		308	127
Bahrain		20	15
Kuwait		89	16
Oman		77	27
Total		2987	647

The above table has been replaced with the Table 1 below.

Table 1. An overview of the sampling procedure used to select GCC and European firms.

Sampling Procedure	Description		Total Population	Sample Size
1.	All listed nonfinancial companies in GCC region and 5 European countries		2987	-
2.	Data Availability Consideration		-	647
3.	Selection of nonfinancial companies with data		-	647
4.	Period covered		-	2010–2023
Country		Population	Final Sample
Europe
Germany		278	189
France		630	133
Spain		205	40
Sweden		837	25
Norway		271	8
Finland		154	8
GCC
Qatar		34	29
United Arab Emirates		84	30
Saudi Arabia		308	127
Bahrain		20	15
Kuwait		89	16
Oman		77	27
Total		2987	647

To clarify, the full initial sample was indeed reduced to include only the firms with complete and available data, resulting in a final sample size of 647 companies. These companies are all nonfinancial firms with sufficient data available for analysis. Therefore, the number listed under “Data Availability Consideration” (647) directly corresponds to the final number of firms included in our empirical analysis.

Table 1. An overview of the sampling procedure used to select GCC and European firms.

Sampling Procedure	Description		Total Population	Sample Size
1.	All listed nonfinancial companies in GCC region and 5 European countries		2987	-
2.	Data Availability Consideration		-	647
3.	Selection of nonfinancial companies with data		-	647
4.	Period covered		-	2010–2023
Country		Population	Final Sample
Europe
Germany		278	189
France		630	133
Spain		205	40
Sweden		837	25
Norway		271	8
Finland		154	8
GCC
Qatar		34	29
United Arab Emirates		84	30
Saudi Arabia		308	127
Bahrain		20	15
Kuwait		89	16
Oman		77	27
Total		2987	647

To clarify, the full initial sample was indeed reduced to include only the firms with complete and available data, resulting in a final sample size of 647 companies. These companies are all nonfinancial firms with sufficient data available for analysis. Therefore, the number listed under “Data Availability Consideration” (647) directly corresponds to the final number of firms included in our empirical analysis.

(2)

The authors would like to change one part of the table content, so they need to replace the original Table 2.

Table 2. Operational definitions and measurement approaches for the study variables.

Variable	Abbreviation	Measurement	References	Source
Dependent Variable
Return on Equity	ROE	[Net Income/Total Equity]	[46,62]	Refinitiv
Independent Variable
ESG Reporting	ESG	ESG Score	[1,26]	Refinitiv
Moderator Variables
Board Independence	BIND	Percentage of independent directors on board	[7,63]	Refinitiv
Board Size	BSize	Number of members on board	[2,64]	Refinitiv
Board Meetings	BMeet	Total Number of Board meetings per year	[47,65]	Refinitiv
Control Variables (Bank Characteristics)
Firm Size	FSize	Natural Log of Total Assets	[11,64]	Refinitiv
Growth	Growth	Price per share/Book per share	[15,66]	Refinitiv
Control Variables (Macroeconomic Variables)
GDP	GDP	The growth in annual GDP	[46,59]	World Bank Open Data
Inflation	Inf	The change in annual CPI	[59,67]	World Bank Open Data

Table 2. Operational definitions and measurement approaches for the study variables.

Variable	Abbreviation	Measurement	References	Source
Dependent Variable
Return on Equity	ROE	[Net Income/Total Equity]	[46,62]	Refinitiv
Independent Variable
ESG Reporting	ESG	ESG Score	[1,26]	Refinitiv
Moderator Variables
Board Independence	BIND	Percentage of independent directors on board	[7,63]	Refinitiv
Board Size	BSize	Number of members on board	[2,64]	Refinitiv
Board Meetings	BMeet	Total Number of Board meetings per year	[47,65]	Refinitiv
Control Variables (Bank Characteristics)
Firm Size	FSize	Natural Log of Total Assets	[11,64]	Refinitiv
Growth	Growth	Price per share/Book per share	[15,66]	Refinitiv
Control Variables (Macroeconomic Variables)
GDP	GDP	The growth in annual GDP	[46,59]	World Bank Open Data
Inflation	Inf	The change in annual CPI	[59,67]	World Bank Open Data

The above table has been replaced with the Table 2 below.

Table 2. Operational definitions and measurement approaches for the study variables.

Variable	Abbreviation	Measurement	References	Source
Dependent Variable
Return on Equity	ROE	[Net Income/Total Equity]	[46,62]	Refinitiv
Independent Variable
ESG Reporting	ESG	ESG Score	[1,26]	Refinitiv
Moderator Variables
Board Independence	BIND	Percentage of independent directors on board	[7,63]	Refinitiv
Board Size	BSize	Number of members on board	[2,64]	Refinitiv
Board Meetings	BMeet	Total Number of Board meetings per year	[47,65]	Refinitiv
Control Variables (Firm Characteristics)
Firm Size	FSize	Natural Log of Total Assets	[11,64]	Refinitiv
Growth	Growth	Price per share/Book per share	[15,66]	Refinitiv
Control Variables (Macroeconomic Variables)
GDP	GDP	The growth in annual GDP	[46,59]	World Bank Open Data
Inflation	Inf	The change in annual CPI	[59,67]	World Bank Open Data

Table 2. Operational definitions and measurement approaches for the study variables.

Variable	Abbreviation	Measurement	References	Source
Dependent Variable
Return on Equity	ROE	[Net Income/Total Equity]	[46,62]	Refinitiv
Independent Variable
ESG Reporting	ESG	ESG Score	[1,26]	Refinitiv
Moderator Variables
Board Independence	BIND	Percentage of independent directors on board	[7,63]	Refinitiv
Board Size	BSize	Number of members on board	[2,64]	Refinitiv
Board Meetings	BMeet	Total Number of Board meetings per year	[47,65]	Refinitiv
Control Variables (Firm Characteristics)
Firm Size	FSize	Natural Log of Total Assets	[11,64]	Refinitiv
Growth	Growth	Price per share/Book per share	[15,66]	Refinitiv
Control Variables (Macroeconomic Variables)
GDP	GDP	The growth in annual GDP	[46,59]	World Bank Open Data
Inflation	Inf	The change in annual CPI	[59,67]	World Bank Open Data

The authors state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected. This correction was approved by the Academic Editor. The original publication has also been updated.