The Impact of a Mobile Laboratory on Water Quality Assessment in Remote Areas of Panama

Abstract

Monitoring water quality is crucial for achieving clean water and sanitation goals, particularly in remote areas. The project “Morbidity vs. Water Quality for Human Consumption in Tonosí: A Pilot Study” aimed to enhance water quality assessments in Panama using advanced analytical techniques to assess volatile organic compounds, heavy metals, and microbiological pathogens. To support this, the Technical Unit for Water Quality (UTECH) was established, featuring a novel mobile laboratory with cutting-edge technology for accurate testing, minimal chemical reagent use, reduced waste generation, and equipped with a solar-powered battery system. The aim of this paper is to explore the design, deployment, and impact of the UTECH. Furthermore, this study presents results from three sampling points in Tonosí, where several parameters exceeded regulatory limits, demonstrating the capabilities of the UTECH and highlighting the need for ongoing monitoring and intervention. The study also assesses the environmental, social, and economic impacts of the UTECH in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals and national initiatives. Finally, a SWOT analysis illustrates the UTECH’s potential to improve water quality assessments in Panama while identifying areas for sustainable growth. The study showcases the successful integration of advanced mobile laboratory technologies into water quality monitoring, contributing to sustainable development in Panama and offering a replicable model for similar initiatives in other regions.

1. Introduction

Analytical determinations are fundamental to nearly all scientific evaluations and investigations [1]. Recent technological advances have led to the development of analytical technologies that are characterized by speed, precision, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness, primarily by minimizing the use of chemical reagents during sample treatment stages [2]. In many cases, the availability of suitable analytical techniques determines not only the scope but also the feasibility of research projects, significantly impacting their timelines.

Panama faces numerous environmental challenges that compromise the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation [3,4,5]. Among these issues is the inadequate disposal of wastewater into rivers and streams, leading to the degradation and contamination of these water bodies. Furthermore, the alarming increase in waste dumped into rivers, streams, and public spaces not only causes pollution and ecological damage but also obstructs water flow, leading to flooding. Measuring and monitoring water quality is essential for human health and biodiversity [6]. Therefore, research, development, and innovation are essential for creating technologies and methodologies that ensure water quality and promote efficient water use.

For example, a notable study analyzed the pressures and impacts affecting the Pacora River, one of Panama’s priority watersheds [7]. The study assessed water quality and river habitat indices, revealing that anthropogenic activities—such as agriculture and urban development—significantly influence water conditions. The results showed that the Pacora River’s water quality ranged from acceptable to slightly polluted, varying by season and location. Other recent studies have assessed microbial and chemical contamination in various water sources in Panama [8,9,10], underlining the need for continuous monitoring and effective management to ensure drinking water safety. These studies identified contaminants such as pesticides and coliform bacteria, emphasizing the need for stronger water treatment systems and comprehensive conservation policies.

While recent studies have reported improvements in access to drinking water in Panama, they also highlight persistent challenges related to pollution and inadequate water management, particularly in rural areas [11,12]. These studies have been instrumental in guiding national policies and strategies aimed at improving water quality and protecting public health.

Panama’s water quality challenges are further detailed in the National Water Security Plan 2015–2050 (Plan Nacional de Seguridad Hídrica). Key issues include limited access to safe drinking water in rural areas, inadequate infrastructure, and fragmented governance. Water contamination from agricultural runoff, industrial discharge, and deforestation exacerbates public health risks, while limited water quality data compounds the issue. Climate change intensifies these challenges, necessitating improved water management and infrastructure [3]. Additionally, the National Strategic Plan for Science, Technology, and Innovation (PENCYT) underscores the importance of legal frameworks for water security, advocating for sustainable resource management and coordinated efforts to meet national water objectives [13].

To provide access to modern rapid-response analytical technologies—particularly for environmental research—the project “Morbilidad vs. la calidad del agua para consumo humano en Tonosí: un estudio piloto” has been underway since 2021. The initiative aims to assess water quality in remote regions through the use of advanced analytical techniques. Its primary goal is not only to improve water quality but also to safeguard public health by identifying potential microbiological and chemical risks in drinking water. As part of this project, the Unidad Técnica de Calidad Hídrica (UTECH) was designed and established to conduct water quality studies, beginning in Tonosí and expanding to other remote areas in need.

Mobile water quality laboratories are in use worldwide, as evidenced by patents from China detailing the development of mobile laboratories for water quality monitoring and biological analysis [14,15] and laboratories for biological analysis of water [16].

The Atlantis mobile laboratory was also introduced as a pioneering infrastructure aimed at addressing environmental challenges in remote regions. However, its modular container-based design (six standard 80′ × 200′ containers) requires transport by ship or truck, making deployment to remote or hard-to-reach areas logistically challenging [17,18].

In Latin America, there are community-oriented mobile water quality laboratories focused on monitoring and control [19,20,21]. However, detailed public information on their equipment, data, and analyses remains scarce. For this reason, the UTECH mobile laboratory stands out, offering significant support for national research by enabling partner institutions to utilize its equipment for diverse scientific investigations. The UTECH, with its advanced technology and rapid response capacity, not only facilitates accurate and timely research but also plays a vital role in promoting science and education in Panama.

UTECH’s ability to perform fast and accurate analytical determinations in the field significantly reduces waiting times for results, which is crucial in situations where quick decisions can prevent public health problems. Furthermore, its ability to perform a wide range of analyses, from the detection of heavy metals, volatile organic compounds, and persistent organic pollutants to the identification of microbiological pathogens, makes it an indispensable tool for integrated water management.

Its versatility and the technological and logistical advantages of having this mobile unit allow it to respond to investigations that require analyses in environmental matrices such as water, air, and soil. This comprehensive approach ensures that communities not only have access to higher-quality water but also to a deeper understanding of environmental challenges and solutions. The aim of this paper is to explore the design, deployment, and impact of a mobile laboratory for water quality assessment in Panama. Furthermore, this paper provides documentation that supports the application and implementation of the mobile laboratory model in other scenarios, ensuring its replicability for similar projects across different regions and contexts.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Laboratory Deployment

This project involved acquiring equipment for UTECH with the following specifications: compact and portable, highly sensitive, robust, requiring minimal or no chemical reagents (environmentally and operator-friendly), minimal sample preparation (enabling direct analysis), rapid response capabilities, and, where feasible, battery-powered operation. Due to modern technological advancements, equipment that was once bulky, heavy, and restricted to stationary laboratory use is now available in compact and lightweight formats suitable for integration into mobile units, offering performance equal to or better than conventional models.

A high-roof panel van was adapted to meet the project’s requirements as a mobile laboratory, equipped with a solar-powered battery system to ensure energy autonomy for the onboard instrument. The vehicle includes air conditioning, anti-vibration surfaces, a non-slip floor, a storage refrigerator, a portable weather station, computer and communication systems, worktables, and securely fixed shelving, potable and deionized water dispensers, and integrated auxiliary and safety features such as a fume hood, air purifier, and indoor air quality monitors. The adaptation of this vehicle was supervised by qualified personnel from the Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá.

The project was initially supported by the Industrial Analysis and Environmental Sciences Laboratory of the Technological University of Panama. This laboratory contributed by providing trained personnel, validating analytical methods, conducting field sampling and measurements, performing analyses, evaluating results, and supporting dissemination activities. It also provided facilities for initial commissioning, technique verification and validation, and routine maintenance of the project’s instrumentation.

The project methodology involved acquiring the equipment from approved suppliers and initiating both the procurement and adaptation phases for the UTECH laboratory. Installation, operator training, and the development and implementation of analytical techniques were conducted. In parallel, national and international drinking water regulations, as well as existing morbidity data related to the study area, were reviewed. Once the UTECH was fully operational, the site evaluation project in Tonosí commenced, enabling in situ and real-time water quality assessments. The equipment that makes up the UTECH is detailed in Section 3.1, Section 3.2, Section 3.3, Section 3.4, Section 3.5 and Section 3.6, followed by its applications in Section 3.7.

2.2. Pilot Study: Tonosí District

Tonosí, located in the province of Los Santos, represents one of the remote regions of Panama targeted by this initiative. This district experiences a tropical climate characterized by wet and dry seasons. The dry season, from December to April, is marked by reduced rainfall and more stable weather. The wet season, usually from May to November, is associated with significant rainfall. The heavy rains during this period usually lead to flooding and disruption of transportation, as the region’s infrastructure, particularly in rural areas, can be vulnerable to weather-related damage.

Agriculture and livestock are the predominant economic activities in the region, both of which depend heavily on soil and water resources. When conducted without sustainable practices, these activities can lead to the degradation of natural resources and increased public health risks due to contamination of food and drinking water sources. For these reasons, Tonosí was selected as the first area to be served by UTECH, where advanced equipment was deployed for the measurement and assessment of water quality.

To exemplify the applications of the mobile water quality laboratory, this paper presents results from three sampling points: one public well (TNS-01), one residence supplied by a public well (TNS-03), and one residence directly supplied by a private well (TNS-02). All three points are located within a 1 km radius in the township of Tonosí. The sampling strategy used in this study was convenience sampling. These sites were strategically selected based on their relevance to the study area, accessibility, and historical or potential exposure to anthropogenic pressures. The selection aimed to represent spatial variability across the study area, encompassing both public and private water supply conditions.

At each location, one sample per parameter was collected for each field trip. Four field trips were conducted: two during the rainy season (October 2022 and December 2023) and two during the dry season (January 2023 and March 2023). Each sample was analyzed following standardized protocols to ensure consistency and comparability between campaigns. The results were compared with the DGNTI-COPANIT 21-2019 Technical Regulation [22], the current regulation for evaluating drinking water quality in Panama. Thus, these results should be interpreted as exploratory, as the focus was on comparing the results with the current regulations for drinking water quality in Panama.

2.3. Environmental, Social, and Economic Impacts

After observing UTECH’s capabilities, the benefits offered by the laboratory to support local authorities in taking immediate action to improve water quality were analyzed. In addition, its contribution to achieving national and international objectives such as the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Water Security Plan of Panama (2015–2050), and the National Strategic Plan for the Development of Science, Technology and Innovation (PENCYT) 2019–2024, is presented.

2.4. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) Analysis

A SWOT analysis is a strategic tool used to assess the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats of a project, organization, or initiative. This method is employed to identify internal advantages (strengths) and challenges (weaknesses), while also highlighting external factors (opportunities and threats) of the mobile laboratory for water quality assessment in remote areas of Panama. The analysis is crucial for informed decision-making, strategic planning, risk management, and resource allocation, enabling teams to optimize their strengths, address weaknesses, capitalize on opportunities, and mitigate potential threats. The SWOT analysis of the mobile laboratory for water quality assessment in remote areas of Panama involves gathering key observations from the project team during laboratory setup, fieldwork, and water analysis. The findings are organized in a SWOT matrix and used to inform strategic recommendations for improving the laboratory’s role in sustainable water management and public health initiatives.

3. Results

The high-roof panel vehicle, with a cargo volume of up to 17 m³ (excluding the driver’s cab) and dual rear tires for better traction, is set with laboratory furniture and equipment and can accommodate up to four technicians working simultaneously. It provides easy access through the side and rear doors. The vehicle includes an air conditioning system, air purification system, laboratory furniture, lighting, potable and deionized water dispensers, a wastewater collection unit, non-slip flooring, an electric generator, auxiliary lab equipment, and integrated communication, alert, and safety systems, ensuring UTECH’s continuous operation in remote regions and during long fieldwork (Figure 1).

The mobile laboratory is essential for obtaining reliable in situ results, as most analyses require the support of a controlled environment to ensure safety and accuracy. This setup ensures that results are not only methodologically reliable but also temporally accurate, capturing the conditions at the moment of sampling—an advantage in emergencies or environmental incidents requiring immediate response.

The laboratory vehicle enables field analyses that would be unfeasible without its customized adaptations, safety features, and auxiliary equipment. It also provides a secure and suitable environment for conducting specialized tests and storing sensitive instruments during transport. Personnel are transported in separate vehicles, as the mobile laboratory is not intended for passenger transport.

The different systems that make up the UTECH are detailed below.

3.1. Air Quality, Microbiological, and Fire Safety Equipment in the Mobile Laboratory

3.1.1. Air Quality Monitor

This device is used to monitor air quality within the mobile laboratory to ensure the safety of operating personnel. It measures concentrations of oxygen, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide.

3.1.2. Air Purification System

This system filters and purifies the air inside the mobile laboratory to ensure a safe environment for the technicians. It incorporates filters for particulates and VOCs, along with a UV-based disinfection and ionization system. The unit also provides automatic notifications regarding filter conditions [23].

3.1.3. Volatile Organic Contaminant Detector

This device alerts technicians to the release of volatile organic compounds—whether from samples or mishandled test kits—via LED indicators and audible alarms, allowing for timely safety measures [24]. Additionally, colorimetric indicators are used for detecting acid vapors in the laboratory air.

3.1.4. ATP Luminometer

This portable system uses luminometry to detect adenosine triphosphate (ATP), serving as a rapid indicator of biological contamination in water. It is essential for fieldwork, enabling a preliminary assessment of water quality within minutes and determining whether further microbiological testing is warranted. This approach saves time and resources by providing an immediate evaluation of microbiological contamination, bypassing the lengthy incubation periods required in traditional microbiological methods [25]. In addition, surface swabs are used to monitor workspace cleanliness, reducing the risk of cross-contamination and false positives during microbiological testing.

The Hygiena’s EnSURE and EnSURE^® Touch luminometer (Hygiena, Camarillo, CA, USA) is programmed with limits of 20 (Pass) and (60) Fail RLU for UltraSnaps and SuperSnaps, and with limits of 150 (Pass) and 300 (Fail) RLU for AquaSnaps total and AquaSnaps Free. These thresholds are used to assess microbial contamination on surfaces or in samples [26].

3.1.5. Laboratory Fume Hood

A fume hood is essential in any water analysis laboratory for safely performing hazardous tasks such as sample digestion or handling organic solvents. In this case, a specialized fume hood with a horizontal filtration system and translucent walls was installed, optimizing both visibility and spatial efficiency within the mobile laboratory [27]. Laminar flow in the fume hood is determined using an airflow alarm device, which monitors the air movement across the hood’s work surface.

3.1.6. Fire Safety Equipment

The mobile water quality laboratory is equipped with fire safety measures to ensure the protection of both personnel and equipment. It includes a smoke detection device that triggers an alarm in the event of potential fire hazards, as well as two fire extinguishers: one located in the driver’s cabin for immediate access during emergencies, and the other positioned in the working area to facilitate a swift response within the laboratory section.

3.2. Furniture

UTECH is equipped with flooring, built-in furniture, cargo area partitions, and a refrigerator connected to the vehicle’s electrical system. The furniture was designed in collaboration with the Cabinetmaking Workshop of the Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, Tocumen campus. It was custom-designed to accommodate the specific dimensions and requirements of the laboratory equipment.

3.3. Water Supply and Collection System

The mobile lab includes a cleaning area supplied by a reserve water tank and a battery-powered water pump. Wastewater is collected in a chemically resistant, sealed tank located beneath the washing area. The wastewater from field trips is transported back to the main fixed laboratory, where it is disposed of following laboratory procedures. The wastewater is never disposed of in sanitary sewer systems or other locations during field trips. Nevertheless, wastewater generation is minimal due to the use of portable equipment with low or no reagents.

3.4. Power Supply System

The power system uses rechargeable batteries and solar panels to ensure a reliable energy supply for all mobile laboratory operations, even in remote locations (Figure 2). In addition to reducing fuel and grid dependency (when available), this system eliminates the need for fuel-based generators, which could pose contamination risks to both the environment and water samples. This system also provides two alternative energy supply options: connection to electrical power sources while on the road or a portable diesel-powered generator for emergencies. However, these options have not been needed so far, as the solar panel and battery setup have been sufficient to support the laboratory’s operations, even during extended field trips.

3.5. Specialized Equipment for Water Quality Analysis

The water quality analysis equipment is designed to be portable, lightweight, robust, and capable of rapid analysis while minimizing the use of glassware and generating minimal solid and liquid waste.

The mobile lab is equipped for physicochemical, organic, inorganic chemical, and microbiological analysis, as well as for measuring climatic variables. The selection of equipment was based on models recommended and used in previous studies (

Table 1. Specialized equipment for water quality.

Equipment	Model	Description
Portable gas mass chromatography	Torion T-9 portable GC/MS PerkinElmer, Inc.—Waltham, MA, USA	This equipment is essential for the evaluation of special organic pollutants such as pesticides. Its main feature, in addition to being portable, is that it uses the solid-phase microextraction technique, which does not require the use of any solvent or reagent. Capture occurs directly in the sample using special fibers that are then analyzed in the equipment. Unlike a conventional system, this technique is environmentally friendly and safer for operating technicians, and the results are obtained in a matter of minutes without requiring electrical connections or installation of gas lines and cylinders, as is the case with traditional systems [28,29].
Portable X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometer	S2 PICOFOX—Fast Trace Element Analysis with XRF Bruker Nano GmbH—Berlin, Germany. Bruker AXS Inc.—Madison, WI, USA	This is required for in situ quantification of the presence of toxic heavy metals (e.g., lead, zinc, manganese, and arsenic) in water. Its main characteristic is that, unlike traditional laboratory systems, it does not require cooling by nitrogen lines or the use of a flame, which saves significant amounts of money and space. Its compact design makes it transportable, and its detection limits are on the order of ppb, which makes it suitable for trace analysis. It is capable of determining elements from sodium to uranium in a single reading without requiring the use of hazardous chemical compounds during the process, which makes it suitable for field work within the mobile laboratory [30,31].
Portable microbiological laboratory	Potalab® + (M) Advanced Portable Water Quality Laboratory (Microbiological) Palintest—Erlanger, KY, USA	Microbiological analyses are often the most critical to determining the potability or contamination of water. However, they are also among the most delicate due to the risk of sample alteration during transport and the short shelf-lives of samples before being incubated. This system solves these drawbacks because it has everything necessary for micro-biological analysis, including sample collection equipment and two independently built-in battery-operated incubators that make it possible to immediately start the microbiological analysis of samples in the mobile laboratory without having to wait for the samples to arrive at a distant laboratory [32,33]. Samples can be stored for up to 24 h before the analysis. Once the analysis starts, the samples are first incubated for 18 h. After incubation, a colony-forming unit (CFU) count is performed to assess the microbial concentration in the sample. This process ensures accurate and reliable results while maintaining the integrity of the samples during transport and storage.
Portable spectrophotometer	DR1900 Portable Spectrophotometer—HACH, Loveland, CO, USA	Through the use of spectrophotometry, more than 150 tests are measured at technical discretion using pre-calibrated tubes that save space, time, and sample preparation tasks by only requiring the introduction of an aliquot of water to the corresponding tube and a reading on the spectrophotometer. This offers the advantages of minimal waste generation and the elimination of the need for calibration curves, which are indispensable in the mobile laboratory [16,34].
Portable turbidimeter	2100Q Portable Turbidimeter—HACH, Loveland, CO, USA	The 2100Q Portable Turbidimeter is ideal for use in the field. It is easy to carry around and take multiple measurements from various collection points in your treatment process [35,36,37,38].
Digital titration	DREL 2800 Water Quality Laboratories—HACH, Loveland, CO, USA	Hand-held titrators with cartridges that do not require direct handling of acids or bases, enhancing the safety of the technicians within the mobile laboratory [16,39].
Compact biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)	BODTrak II Respirometric BOD Apparatus—HACH, Loveland, CO, USA	BOD5 is very susceptible to change over time and temperature, so much so that the maximum time to perform the test is 24 h, which is often a limitation if the water sampling point is very distant from the laboratory. In the mobile laboratory, the compact BOD5 measurement system solves this problem by being a system in which a sample can be placed directly for incubation, as the levels of produced CO2 in the sample can be recorded constantly [37,40,41,42,43].
Oil and grease analyzer	Environmental Express® StepSaver™ Complete Extraction Systems—Environmental Express, Inc., Charleston, SC, USA	The Environmental Express StepSaver is intended to be used for any type of Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) technique using an extraction disk. The StepSaver Systems have been created to perform SPE following the US EPA method [44] for oil and grease extractions [45,46,47].
Portable weather station	Kestrel 5200 professional environmental meter—Nielsen-Kellerman, Boothwyn, PA, USA	The portable weather station can record humidity, temperature, barometric pressure, and wind speed. It is compact and can be placed on a mast above the mobile laboratory for continuous recording of meteorological data during sampling campaigns. As it is battery-operated and connects wirelessly with a Bluetooth connection, communication with the interior of the laboratory to record and evaluate the data is guaranteed [48,49,50,51,52].

).

3.6. Auxiliary Equipment for Water Quality Analysis

Additional auxiliary equipment is included to support the correct execution of various analyses.

A portable analytical balance is used for gravimetric analyses—including oils, fats, and suspended solids—as well as for preparing standard solutions. Its compact design and stabilization features help maintain calibration, making it well-suited for mobile laboratory use [53]. A safe weighing station contains any airborne particles generated during weighing, reducing technician exposure and preventing air currents from affecting measurements. A multiparameter sensor is used for in situ measurements of conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and total dissolved solids [54]. A sample digester is essential for analyses requiring thermal pretreatment. A vacuum filtration system is used for suspensions where gravitational filtration is inadequate [55]. Additionally, the mobile lab includes a compact convection oven for sample drying and gravimetric loss analyses, such as suspended solids or oil and grease content in water.

All equipment in the mobile laboratory undergoes regular maintenance and calibration to ensure the accuracy and validity of results. At least one major maintenance session is scheduled annually with the equipment provider or an authorized representative. Additionally, each piece of equipment follows specific quality control procedures. Among the main equipment, the portable gas mass chromatograph utilizes CALION PV standard solution, a system blank run, and a custodion fiber run (blank sample). The portable X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometer employs certified multi-element standard solutions, spiked samples, and blank samples. The portable microbiological laboratory uses blank samples. The portable spectrophotometer performs absorbance, wavelength, and light checks with a test filter set. The multiparameter sensor uses buffer solutions with known pH and conductivity values, while the compact biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) analyzer employs a BOD standard solution. The weather station relies on data from historical and nearby reference stations as part of its quality control measures. Furthermore, analyses should be conducted in triplicate.

General laboratory quality control for water sampling and analysis is implemented to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the results. Personnel wear proper personal protective equipment (PPE), including lab coats, gloves, masks, and safety vests. All equipment, such as sample bottles and utensils, is sterilized before use. Sterilized bottles are used for water collection, with strict precautions being taken to avoid external contamination during sampling. Distilled water is used for rinsing equipment. This implementation of the different techniques followed the ISO/IEC 17025 quality standard [56], under which the Industrial Analysis and Environmental Sciences Laboratory at the Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá is accredited, as well as the guidelines for good laboratory practices.

3.7. Mobile Laboratory Applications for Water Quality Assessment

3.7.1. Parameters That Can Be Analyzed Using the Mobile Laboratory

The mobile laboratory is equipped with technologies to assess biological, physicochemical, and chemical (organic and inorganic) parameters required by national and international drinking water regulations to ensure public health and safety.

• Reglamento Técnico DGNTI-COPANIT 21-2019 “Tecnología de los alimentos agua potable definiciones y Requisitos generales” of Panama [22].
• National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (Environmental Protection Agency) of the United States [57].
• Directive (UE) 2020/2184 on the quality of water intended for human consumption of the European Union [58].

Table 2. Water quality parameters analyzed by UTECH.

UTECH	Reglamento Técnico DGNTl-COPANIT 21-2019	National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (EPA)	Directive (EU) 2020/2184 on the Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption
Total coliforms	✓	✓	✓
Thermotolerant coliforms	✓	✓	✓
Intestinal enterococcus	*	*	✓
Color	✓	*	✓
Turbidity	✓	✓	✓
pH	✓	*	*
Free residual chlorine	✓	✓	*
Conductivity	✓	*	*
Total dissolved solids	✓	✓	*
Hardness	✓	*	*
Chloride	✓	*	✓
Sulphate	✓	*	✓
Nitrite	✓	✓	✓
Nitrate	✓	✓	✓
Minerals and heavy metals	✓	✓	✓
Organic compounds (pesticides and hydrocarbons)	✓	✓	✓

Note: Parameters (in rows) that are marked with (*) are not required by the corresponding regulation (in columns).

presents the water quality parameters that can be analyzed by UTECH, aligned with the aforementioned national and international standards.

3.7.2. Technical Evaluation of the Analytical Equipment

Portable equipment, in addition to being robust and easy to transport, is sometimes equal to or better than conventional laboratory equipment, facilitating the obtaining of results in terms of precision and response time. Some of the specialized mobile laboratory equipment was selected for its effectiveness in heavy metal analysis (one of the difficult-to-measure parameters in water) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry analysis (determines the presence of organic compounds in water samples).

Table 3. Technical comparison of X-ray fluorescence equipment.

Parameter	Transportable X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy	Bruker S2 PICOFOX
Measurement technology	EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence)	TXRF (Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence)
Supply	X-ray tube	X-ray with microfocus
Measuring range	ppm—%	ppb—%
Elemental range	C–U	Al–U
Sample Types	Solids, liquids, powders	Solids, liquids, powders
Weight (Kg)	45	39
Dimensions (cm)	36 × 59 × 46	30 × 59 × 45
Vacuum pump	Yes	No
Computer	Desktop PC, 27″ monitor, printer	Notebook
Location of use	Laboratory	Laboratory and field
Autosampler	12 positions	25 positions
Needs nitrogen	No	No
Refrigeration	Air	Air
Calibration Discs	Not included	As, Mn, Ni and multielemental
Installation and Training	Included	Included
Included Accessories	Two polypropylene cells, 10 mL polyethylene cells, general Xcell 8 mL	Disc cleaning house, 75 quartz discs, 500 acrylic discs, micropipettes and tips, PTFE cup, paper filters, reaction tube, washing machine bottles, mortar and pestle, minishaker, spatulas

compares X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy equipment from a conventional laboratory and a portable field unit.

Both devices are designed to analyze solid, liquid, gel, and powder samples. Due to its measurement technique and source type, the S2 PICOFOX exhibits superior detection and sensitivity limits. In contrast, the EDX system offers a broader elemental range, advantageous for compositional analysis, but with comparatively lower sensitivity.

The EDX unit is bulkier and heavier than the S2 PICOFOX and requires a vacuum pump and desktop computer for operation.

The S2 PICOFOX features a larger sample holder capacity and includes calibration discs and accessories for sample preparation (Figure 3a). Based on this comparison, both instruments demonstrate high performance. However, considering the project’s focus on trace-level environmental contamination and the need for mobile adaptability, the S2 PICOFOX is more suitable [31].

Table 4. Technical comparison of GC-MS chromatograph.

Parameter	Bench Top GC-MS Simple Cuadrupole	GC-MS Torion T-9
Sampling technique	Liquid injection	Solid phase microextraction
Column	30 m capillary column	5 m microcolumn
Detector	Simple cuadruplole	Toroidal ion trap
Detection limit	ppb	ppb
Sample types	Solids, liquids, powders, with previous extraction	Solids, liquids, powders, without previous extraction
Weight (kg)	45	14.5
Dimensions (cm)	51.5 × 53.0 × 44.0	38.1 × 39.4 × 22.9
External vacuum pump	Yes	No
Computer	PC	Laptop (optional)
Location of use	Laboratory	Laboratory, field
Autosampler	Yes	No
External helium supply	Yes	Yes (optional)
Power supply	220 V	115 V or DC battery operated

compares the efficiency of Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry analysis. The comparison was made between a benchtop and a portable chromatograph.

Both devices are gas chromatographs coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Both instruments are capable of detecting analytes at parts-per-billion (ppb) levels. The main advantage of the Torion T-9 lies in its portability: it uses disposable internal helium cartridges and can operate on either battery or AC power (Figure 3b). Its versatility and operational simplicity stem from the use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME), where specialized fibers absorb analytes directly from the sample and are then introduced into the injector without the need for solvent-based extraction. This represents a major operational advantage, as conventional GC-MS systems typically require solvent extraction and cleanup steps prior to sample injection [29].

3.7.3. Geographical Scope Due to the Possibility of Transportation

The geographical scope of the UTECH mainly includes rural and remote areas that lack access to local laboratories for water quality assessment within the Republic of Panama. The project “Morbilidad vs. la calidad del agua para consumo humano en Tonosí” initially focused on the district of Tonosí, in the province of Los Santos. However, due to the mobile nature of the laboratory, UTECH can move to other regions of the country, including hard-to-reach areas where resources to monitor water quality are limited.

Among the communities that have benefited so far are the following districts: Tonosí, Pedasí, Guararé, and Parita. Future studies will extend to additional communities throughout the province of Los Santos, where preliminary field visits and ongoing dialogue with residents have revealed a strong demand for comprehensive water quality assessments. These efforts aim to address local concerns, identify potential health risks, and support evidence-based decision-making for water resource management in underserved areas.

Figure 4 illustrates the different areas where water quality sampling and analysis have been carried out using UTECH and their distance to one of the main water quality labs of the country.

The Laboratorio Regional de Calidad de Agua is the main water quality laboratory in the southern part of the country. It is the closest laboratory to the communities served by the mobile laboratory. The distances to the points are as follows: 61 km to Parita, 99 km to Guararé, 145 km to Pedasí, and 165 km to Tonosí.

Some samples need testing immediately or have specific holding times; for these reasons, UTECH can perform the sampling on-site, which saves time and transportation costs.

Upon arrival at a location, the startup time for the mobile laboratory typically takes about one hour. This time is used to remove the equipment from its fixtures, set it up, and ensure that all safety equipment is operational. External supports are also placed on the van to prevent movement while staff work inside. It is important to note that the setup time may vary depending on the specific analyses being conducted, as not all available analyses are performed simultaneously. Generally, up to four people can work at once, allowing for three to four analyses to be conducted concurrently.

In addition, it is prepared to respond to environmental emergencies, which allows it to expand its geographical reach in cases of natural disasters or pollution incidents in various parts of Panama. In this way, UTECH has potential for national coverage, contributing to the monitoring and improvement of water quality throughout the country, especially in vulnerable communities.

Additionally, the equipment from the mobile water quality laboratory has been employed as a fixed laboratory within the facilities of the Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, located in Panama City. This site serves as the main base where the vehicle is parked and from which all field trips commence.

3.7.4. Trained Human Resources

Laboratory personnel directly related to the operation of the equipment were trained in the use of the techniques (chemists, biologists, engineers, professionals in related careers, and university students related to environmental assessments). Additionally, staff receive periodic training to stay updated on the latest procedures and equipment advancements. These practices help maintain the accuracy and reliability of the laboratory’s operations throughout the year.

The following training and certifications were given by professionals from the different distribution companies for the analytical equipment.

• Theoretical-practical course on the implementation of environmental analysis, good operating practices, and interpretation of results of the Torion T-9 portable GC-MS system;
• Luminometry training in the use of adenosine trisphosphate test, and SureTrend cloud system 4.0;
• Training in instrumentation for water analysis (use of HACH equipment);
• Training on the use and characteristics of auxiliary equipment for environmental laboratories;
• Training in basic sample preparation for the S2 PICOFOX equipment and use of the Spectra 7.8.2.0 software.

3.8. Pilot Study: Tonosí District

Given the predominant agricultural activity in the area and its geology, UTECH prioritizes the analysis of organic, inorganic, and biological water quality parameters. Well water samples were collected from various locations throughout the Tonosí district. Figure 5 and Appendix A present the results of a case study where water quality was assessed in three sampling points within the Tonosí Township. These results have been formally presented to the municipal authorities of Tonosí.

Using the S2 PICOFOX portable X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometer, samples from all three locations revealed concentrations of iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), barium (Ba), manganese (Mn), and chromium (Cr). Also, using HACH portable equipment, samples revealed high concentrations of hardness, turbidity, and conductivity, attributed to naturally occurring minerals in the area’s geological composition, and low concentrations of free residual chlorine. Free residual chlorine levels were below acceptable thresholds, likely due to an inadequate disinfection system.

Microbiological analysis conducted using the Potatest 2 system revealed the presence of thermotolerant coliforms (CFU/100 mL) at the sampling points TNS-01 and TNS-02. These coliforms were detected at concentrations that may suggest potential health risks for water consumers in these areas. The detection of thermotolerant coliforms is an important finding, as it points to the possible presence of harmful pathogens, which could compromise the safety of drinking water.

All these parameters exceeded the permissible limits established in the DGNTI-COPANIT 21-2019 Technical Regulation, which applies to both urban and rural water supply systems.

The Torion T-9 portable gas chromatograph–mass spectrometer was used to analyze samples, where chloroform and chloropicrin were detected. These compounds—used as active ingredients in insecticides and fungicides—are banned for agricultural use in Panama under Resolution No. 74 of 18 September 1997, issued by the Ministry of Agricultural Development (MIDA). Additionally, compounds such as toluene, o-xylene, and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)—common in the fuel industry—were identified.

UTECH has contributed data to published studies related to the Tonosí region, including scientific papers and a technical document with results and recommendations for the community [59,60,61,62], and several additional studies—including from other regions of Panama—are currently in preparation or under review.

3.9. Environmental, Social, and Economic Impacts

UTECH has addressed multiple water quality-related social challenges in remote areas such as Tonosí.

For example, UTECH has enabled real-time water quality testing, identifying contaminants such as heavy metals and pesticides. This capability has allowed local authorities to take immediate action to improve water quality, thereby ensuring safer drinking water for affected communities. Through the detection of microbiological and chemical contaminants in local water sources, UTECH has supported efforts to reduce waterborne diseases in underserved areas. This has been particularly important in areas like Tonosí, where limited access to healthcare makes the population more vulnerable to the health impacts of contaminated water.

The mobile lab has also contributed to ecosystem monitoring and protection, particularly in regions impacted by deforestation and agricultural runoff. These efforts support the long-term sustainability of local water sources. UTECH’s presence in these communities has empowered local populations by providing scientific data for informed water management decisions, thereby addressing critical social and public health needs.

A recent study examining the correlation between drinking water quality and public health—focused on waterborne diseases and based on data collected in Tonosí—was published using UTECH’s analytical results. The findings suggest a potential link between poor water quality and gastrointestinal illnesses, underscoring the need for expanded research at the national level.

3.9.1. Link to the Sustainable Development Goals

The UTECH in Panama directly supports several of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through its advanced water quality monitoring and real-time data capabilities [63].

Table 5. SDG targets and indicators that UTECH can contribute to.

SDG	Key Targets	Key Indicators	UTECH Contribution
SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation	6.1: By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water.	6.1.1: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services.	UTECH enhances access to safe drinking water by providing rapid, precise water quality testing in remote areas, identifying contaminants such as heavy metals, pesticides, and pathogens. This ensures that communities have reliable information on water safety, enabling timely interventions to ensure water safety and quality.
	6.3: Improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping, and minimizing the release of hazardous chemicals.	6.3.2: Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality.	UTECH helps monitor and track pollution in Panama’s water bodies, identifying harmful chemicals and contaminants, such as agricultural runoff, that could impact human health. The data collected informs both local authorities and communities, contributing to water management efforts and pollution reduction.
SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being	3.9: By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water, and soil pollution.	3.9.2: Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation, and lack of hygiene.	UTECH’s ability to detect chemical and microbiological contaminants in drinking water contributes to reducing health risks such as gastrointestinal diseases or heavy metal poisoning. The lab’s real-time data provision allows for rapid response and preventive measures, potentially reducing morbidity and mortality associated with unsafe water.
SDG 4: Quality Education	4.7: By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable development.	4.7.1: Extent to which education for sustainable development is mainstreamed.	UTECH promotes environmental education by engaging students and researchers in water quality projects. Its collaboration with academic institutions fosters the development of technical skills and knowledge in advanced water quality analysis, contributing to the promotion of sustainable practices in Panama. This hands-on learning approach supports the educational goals related to sustainable development.
SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure	9.5: Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors, and encourage innovation.	9.5.1: Research and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of GDP.	UTECH’s implementation introduces cutting-edge technology and methods for water analysis, enhancing Panama’s capacity for scientific research and technological innovation. The mobile lab also promotes public and private sector collaborations in environmental monitoring, stimulating research and development in the water and sanitation sector.
SDG 13: Climate Action	13.1: Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters.	13.1.2: Number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies.	UTECH enhances Panama’s ability to respond to climate-related water emergencies by providing rapid, on-site analysis of water quality during floods, droughts, or contamination events. The lab’s mobility ensures that vulnerable communities can access critical water testing services in times of crisis, contributing to disaster risk reduction strategies and climate resilience.
SDG 14: Life Below Water	14.1: By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, particularly from land-based activities.	14.1.1: Index of coastal eutrophication and floating plastic debris density.	UTECH aids in monitoring the quality of water bodies that flow into Panama’s coastal regions. By detecting pollutants such as nutrients from agricultural runoff and industrial chemicals, UTECH supports efforts to prevent coastal eutrophication and marine pollution, contributing to the protection of marine ecosystems.
SDG 15: Life on Land	15.1: Ensure the conservation, restoration, and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems.	15.1.2: Proportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity that are covered by protected areas.	UTECH contributes to the sustainable management of freshwater ecosystems by providing vital data on the health and quality of inland water sources. Its monitoring activities inform conservation efforts and ensure the protection of water bodies that are crucial for biodiversity.

summarizes the link between UTECH and key SDGs, targets, and indicators.

UTECH’s mobile water quality lab not only directly supports clean water access and public health but also contributes to a broader range of SDGs, including education, innovation, climate action, and environmental protection. Through its cutting-edge analytical capabilities, UTECH strengthens Panama’s ability to meet these global goals, driving sustainable development through scientific innovation and community engagement.

3.9.2. Link to the Water Security Plan of Panama

The Plan Nacional de Seguridad Hídrica 2015–2050: Agua para Todos represents the solidarity roadmap that, as a country, we must execute so that water improves our quality of life, supports our inclusive socioeconomic growth, and ensures the integrity of our environment [3]. Through UTECH, Targets 1, 2, 4, and 5 can be addressed.

• Target N° 1: Universal access to quality water and sanitation services.

Ensure that every person has access to quality water and basic sanitation. Through UTECH, it is possible to reach areas that are difficult to access and provide information regarding water quality quickly, supporting the development of improvement projects to the existing drinking water and sewerage systems, ensuring that access reaches the entire Panamanian territory.

• Target N° 2: Water for inclusive socio-economic growth.

Through UTECH, it is possible to diagnose the quality of water in the country’s watersheds, providing information for decision-making and guaranteeing efficient administration, to meet various needs, such as human consumption, agriculture, industry, tourism, and biodiversity.

• Target N° 3: Preventive management of water-related risks.

Preventive decision-making in water management is critical for events such as floods and droughts. UTECH supports monitoring of the quality and availability of water sources that could be affected, and other (groundwater) sources to meet the demand of the population in cases of extreme weather events.

• Target N° 4: Healthy watersheds.

It is intended to establish water quality monitoring for human consumption and raw water, and to keep the database of the state of the watersheds updated. UTECH can contribute to the updating of the database quickly and efficiently.

• Target N° 5: Water sustainability.

Improve water governance, helping to resolve conflicts over access to water. UTECH can work with institutions to create an appropriate regulatory framework. The mobile laboratory staff can strengthen the professionals involved in the development of goals for management, protection, supervision, monitoring, evaluation, and water resources.

3.9.3. Link to Plan for the Development of Science, Technology, and Innovation

The UTECH can contribute significantly to the National Strategic Plan for the Development of Science, Technology and Innovation (PENCYT) 2019–2024 in several key areas, aligning with the plan’s objectives to transform the Panamanian economy through the development of science, technology, and innovation. This plan emphasizes the development and use of cutting-edge technology to solve national challenges, particularly in sustainable development and environmental protection [13].

• Innovation in water and the environment

PENCYT prioritizes the water and environment sector as one of the critical areas for sustainable development. UTECH, with its mobile water quality monitoring capability, directly addresses the challenges of water pollution and resource scarcity, enabling more efficient water management and contributing to environmental sustainability.

2.

Promotion of scientific research and experimental development

UTECH can enhance research capacities in water resources management, contributing to the strengthening of universities and research centers in R&D. The generation of real-time scientific data and its practical application for watershed protection promote the integration of research and development with the solution of practical problems.

3.

Consolidating innovation and collaboration

UTECH’s ability to work collaboratively with universities, businesses, and government entities aligns with PUNCT’s vision of consolidating transformative research and innovative ecosystem. UTECH facilitates the transfer of knowledge and the implementation of sustainable technological solutions, contributing to the country’s inclusive economic growth.

This approach strengthens UTECH’s mission and its impact on Panama’s productive transformation and sustainable development, in line with PENCYT’s objectives.

UTECH contributes to these goals by deploying advanced mobile water quality labs, promoting scientific research, and supporting environmental sustainability. It enhances Panama’s ability to monitor water quality in real-time, providing crucial data for decision-making. This aligns with the PENCYT’s priority areas, which include innovation in environmental science, addressing the needs of rural and underserved communities, and building the nation’s research capacity.

By fostering collaborations with universities and local researchers, UTECH also promotes knowledge transfer and educational opportunities, supporting the PENCYT’s goal of strengthening Panama’s research and development ecosystem.

3.9.4. Lines of Research Related to UTECH

UTECH follows the priority lines of research that cover the fields of knowledge that the Panamanian nation identifies in the economic, social, scientific, and technological sectors as key to its integral development [64]. These lines of research are established by the Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá.

Lines of research that can be supported through UTECH are as follows:

• Sanitation
• Hydrology and Hydrogeology
• Food Safety
• Agroindustry Prospecting
• Food Processing and Analysis
• Agro-industrial Technology
• Agro-industrial Waste Utilization
• Food Technology
• Irrigation and Drainage
• Climate Change
• Maritime and Port Engineering

3.9.5. List of Research Related to UTECH

In addition, the mobile laboratory has contributed to the development of various lines of research, with a focus on the conservation of the environment and the protection of the health of the population, including the following:

• Characterization of the heavy metal resistome of the microbiota present in the water sources that supply the rural aqueducts of the district of Tonosí, province of Los Santos, Republic of Panama;
• Use of portable chromatographic techniques for the detection of persistent pollutants in the environment;
• Evaluation and optimization of the total reflection X-ray fluorescence technique for the determination of heavy metals in water for human consumption;
• Radon present status in the Dry Arc of Panama;
• Chemical and mineralogical characterization of hot springs with potential for tourism development in Panama;
• Determination of the chemical profile of the aromas of Panama coffee, using advanced analytical techniques;
• Diagnosis of coastal areas for the reporting of SDG 14 indicators (life below water);
• Evaluation of the origin of heavy metals in the sediments of La Marinera beach, Tonosí, and their influence on the marine ecosystem.

3.9.6. Community Awareness

The UTECH plays a crucial role in raising community awareness about water quality risks in rural and remote areas of Panama. By providing real-time data on chemical and microbiological contaminants, UTECH empowers local communities to understand the direct link between water quality and public health. This increased awareness encourages individuals to take proactive steps in ensuring the safety of their water sources, promoting a culture of health-conscious water consumption.

The project “Morbidity vs. Water Quality for Human Consumption in Tonosí: A Pilot Study”, which led to the creation of the mobile water quality laboratory, began and continues in collaboration with the Tonosí Municipality. The municipality has played a key role in identifying sampling points, managing logistics, and facilitating community outreach. Additionally, the results of the project have been presented to and shared with Watershed Committees 122 (Rivers between the San Pedro and the Tonosí) and 124 (Tonosí River), which focus on water protection and management in the region. These committees include representatives from public institutions and NGOs in the provinces of Los Santos, Herrera, and Veraguas in the Republic of Panama. These collaborations have been essential to the success of the mobile laboratory’s operations and have fostered local engagement in water quality initiatives.

In addition to educating the public, UTECH fosters environmental stewardship by involving local communities in the process of monitoring water quality. By engaging residents in testing and understanding environmental pollutants, such as agricultural runoff or industrial contaminants, UTECH helps cultivate a sense of responsibility for long-term water conservation. Communities learn about sustainable water management practices, which are crucial for preventing future contamination and protecting water resources. This engagement strengthens local commitment to environmental protection.

UTECH’s presence also boosts trust in scientific approaches to solving water-related challenges. Its cutting-edge technology and fast, accurate results demonstrate the importance of science and innovation in addressing public health and environmental concerns. This trust extends to advocacy, where communities, equipped with data from UTECH, are better positioned to demand improved water infrastructure, sanitation, and environmental policies from authorities. Additionally, UTECH’s collaboration with universities and local students promotes academic interest in water quality research, creating a lasting impact through education and knowledge dissemination within these communities.

3.10. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT)

Following the evaluation of UTECH’s impact on scientific research, public health, and education, a SWOT analysis was conducted to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with the development and use of the mobile laboratory. The SWOT summarizes key observations made by the project team during laboratory setup, fieldwork, and water analysis, and identifies opportunities for UTECH’s contribution to Panama’s sustainable development strategies (Figure 6).

The UTECH mobile laboratory represents a significant advancement in water quality assessment, particularly in remote regions of Panama. The lab’s innovative design integrates state-of-the-art portable analytical equipment, enabling it to provide precise and rapid results, which are crucial for addressing water quality and public health challenges. Through the use of environmentally friendly technologies, the mobile lab minimizes chemical reagents and waste generation, aligning with sustainability goals while ensuring operator safety. Its real-time data generation allows communities and authorities to make quick, informed decisions in response to contamination or environmental incidents. The lab’s versatility also supports comprehensive testing across various water quality parameters, including chemical, microbiological, and physical indicators. Moreover, UTECH contributes to education by engaging students, researchers, and local communities, fostering a culture of sustainability and scientific inquiry in water resource management.

However, the mobile laboratory does face several limitations. The initial costs of acquiring advanced equipment, adapting the vehicle, and ensuring compliance with technical standards represent a significant financial burden. The total cost of implementing the project was approximately USD 500,000, while maintenance costs around USD 30,000 a year. Additionally, operating the mobile lab requires highly skilled personnel for equipment handling, maintenance, and data analysis, which may not always be readily available. Logistical challenges, such as transportation costs and poor road conditions, further limit the lab’s operational reach and may cause delays in access and fieldwork. The lab also depends on external partnerships and funding, making it vulnerable to financial constraints that could hinder its long-term sustainability.

The UTECH mobile laboratory holds substantial opportunities for expansion. Its mobility enables it to serve underserved regions beyond Tonosí, increasing its geographical reach and impact. The lab’s ability to generate reliable data could inform national water policies and align Panama’s efforts with global sustainable development goals, particularly in clean water access and public health. By involving local communities in water quality monitoring and management, UTECH empowers residents to adopt sustainable practices and advocate for better water infrastructure. The project also opens doors for research collaborations with universities, private organizations, and international partners, fostering technological advancements and the development of new analytical methods, further enhancing the lab’s role in scientific innovation and environmental sustainability.

Despite its promising prospects, UTECH faces several threats. The unavailability of certain reagents and supplies domestically, coupled with the need for international sourcing, can cause delays in operations. Extreme weather conditions and natural disasters also pose a risk, potentially disrupting the lab’s operations, particularly in remote areas. The lab’s long-term viability relies significantly on revenue from services and consistent financial support; reduced funding could impact its ability to maintain equipment, train personnel, and expand services. Additionally, the rapid pace of technological innovation poses a threat, as current equipment may become outdated and require further investment. Regulatory changes in national and international water quality standards could impose operational constraints, requiring continuous adaptation and compliance. These factors highlight the importance of proactive planning and resource management to ensure the lab’s continued success and resilience.

This analysis highlights the UTECH’s potential to significantly improve water quality assessment in Panama while identifying areas that need attention for sustainable growth.

4. Discussion

Analytical determinations are fundamental to scientific evaluations and investigations, forming the basis for accurate and reliable results. Recent technological advancements have enabled the development of faster, more precise, and cost-effective analytical methods, significantly reducing chemical reagent usage and minimizing environmental impacts [60,65,66,67,68]. The availability of these advanced techniques critically influences the feasibility, scope, and timeline of scientific projects, shaping their execution and outcomes.

Panama continues to face environmental challenges that compromise access to safe drinking water and sanitation [3]. Inadequate wastewater management and increased solid waste disposal have led to the degradation and pollution of water bodies and have contributed to flooding. Monitoring water quality is essential to protect both human health and biodiversity [69], reinforcing the need for research, innovation, and technological advancement in water quality assessment methods.

UTECH not only streamlines on-site testing but also raises public awareness about the importance of water quality and environmental monitoring. Through its outreach and educational efforts, UTECH fosters a culture of research and innovation, inspiring future scientists and environmental professionals. The project involved the acquisition and adaptation of compact, portable, and highly sensitive equipment for field deployment, with minimal reliance on chemical reagents. UTECH was outfitted with HVAC, air purification, communication, and safety systems, along with a suite of specialized instruments for water quality analysis. This allowed measurements to be taken and results to be obtained in real-time, which can be crucial for quick decision-making in environmental emergency situations and for research studies and general water quality monitoring.

The methods used in the UTECH mobile laboratory for water quality assessment are aligned with laboratory-generated data, featuring advanced instruments designed for high-precision analysis. Unlike typical field methods for process control monitoring, which focus on providing real-time, on-site measurements with minimal equipment (e.g., portable kits or sensors for basic parameters like pH or turbidity), UTECH employs sophisticated laboratory-grade instruments such as the Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer and Gas Chromatograph paired with a portable Mass Spectrometry Detector. These devices offer a level of sensitivity and specificity that surpasses standard field tools, allowing for the detailed detection of trace elements, volatile organic compounds, and microbial pathogens in water.

These instruments operate in a controlled environment, ensuring that the data produced meets the rigorous standards of laboratory quality control. UTECH integrates quality control parameters, which are essential for ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the results. This is in contrast to typical field methods, which often prioritize speed and convenience over the level of accuracy and quality control found in laboratory settings. Therefore, while the mobile laboratory operates in the field, it produces laboratory-grade data, with the added advantage of rapid deployment and analysis in remote locations.

UTECH’s study in agricultural areas using advanced analytical equipment identified some banned industrial compounds, and excessive levels of heavy metals in the water of some locations, exceeding Panama’s regulatory limits [61,70]. Key findings include the presence of chloroform, chloropicrin, toluene, and heavy metals like iron and nickel, highlighting the need for stringent monitoring and compliance. The presence of thermotolerant coliforms near the airport further stresses the area’s vulnerability to biological contaminants. These results underline UTECH’s crucial role in informing effective water management and protection strategies through rigorous scientific research projects.

The implementation of the UTECH has allowed us to significantly advance Panama’s ability to address critical water quality issues, providing an essential tool for environmental research and management, with several research publications and technical documents [59,60,61,62]. By using such advanced methodologies, UTECH bridges the gap between field-based rapid testing and traditional laboratory testing, providing detailed, high-quality data that is crucial for informed decision-making in water quality management.

Similar laboratories that offer a holistic and precise approach with advanced analytical techniques were not found in the region or in other countries. Most existing mobile laboratories are typically vehicles equipped with basic equipment capable of measuring only fundamental water quality parameters [19,20,21]. The commonly used methodology for water quality assessment in remote areas often involves portable kits, which, while useful, tend to be limited in precision and reliability [71,72]. These kits are less accurate, making them less suitable for comprehensive water quality evaluations, especially in areas where precise data is critical for public health and environmental management. Their limited analytical capacity may result in underestimating contamination risks, thereby compromising decision-making processes and long-term water resource management.

In this context, UTECH plays a crucial role by providing a mobile laboratory equipped with state-of-the-art technology that enables rapid, accurate, and detailed water quality testing. Its advanced capabilities offer a significant improvement over traditional methods, ensuring more reliable data for informed decision-making and better public health interventions in remote areas of Panama.

5. Conclusions

This study successfully explored the design, deployment, and impact of a mobile laboratory for water quality assessment in Panama, with a particular focus on its application in the district of Tonosí.

The deployment of the UTECH mobile laboratory represents a groundbreaking advancement in addressing water quality challenges in remote areas of Panama. By utilizing state-of-the-art analytical equipment, the lab provides rapid, precise, and environmentally sustainable assessments of water quality. This approach greatly enhances the capacity to detect and mitigate chemical and microbiological risks in drinking water, making UTECH a vital tool for protecting public health and promoting environmental sustainability in underserved areas.

The study highlights how the UTECH enhances Panama’s research capacity by enabling real-time data collection and analysis. This capability is crucial for effective water management, particularly in regions like Tonosí, where contamination issues pose significant risks to public health and the environment. By providing detailed analyses of contaminants such as heavy metals, pesticides, and pathogens, the lab facilitates informed decision-making and supports efforts to maintain water safety and quality.

The initiative directly addresses public health concerns by identifying contaminants in water sources and enabling immediate interventions to mitigate risks. In addition to safeguarding drinking water, the lab contributes to the sustainability of local ecosystems by reducing pollution and promoting responsible water use. Through outreach and educational activities, UTECH fosters environmental awareness among local communities, equipping them with the knowledge and tools to advocate for better water management practices.

The pilot study conducted in Tonosí assessed water quality at three sampling points (TNS-01, TNS-02, and TNS-03) within the township and compared the results with the DGN-TI-COPANIT 21-2019 Technical Regulation for drinking water quality in Panama. The findings indicate that certain values exceeded the regulatory limits. These results emphasize the need for ongoing monitoring and intervention to ensure compliance with regulatory standards and improve water quality in the region.

Aligned with national policy and international frameworks such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), UTECH contributes directly to SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) by improving access to safe water and to SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) by reducing risks associated with waterborne diseases. Its innovative approach also supports goals related to education, climate action, and sustainable development, demonstrating the lab’s wide-ranging impact.

The UTECH project serves as a replicable model for similar initiatives in other regions, showcasing the potential of integrating advanced technologies into field research and environmental management. Its success highlights the feasibility of using mobile laboratories to address water quality issues in remote and underserved areas, paving the way for broader applications of such technologies in developing countries.

Furthermore, the project emphasizes the importance of empowering local communities and fostering collaboration. By delivering real-time data and promoting environmental education, UTECH enhances community engagement in sustainable water resource management. Additionally, its collaboration with academic institutions and government agencies enhances the country’s research and innovation ecosystem, ensuring the sustainability and scalability of this vital initiative.