Agriculture 5.0 in Colombia: Opportunities Through the Emerging 6G Network

Abstract

Agriculture 5.0 represents a shift towards a more sustainable agricultural model, integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), robotics, and blockchain technologies to enhance productivity and resource management, with an emphasis on social and environmental resilience. This article explores how the evolution of wireless technologies to sixth-generation networks (6G) can support innovation in Colombia’s agricultural sector and foster rural advancement. The study follows three main phases: search, analysis, and selection of information. In the search phase, key government policies, spectrum management strategies, and the relevant literature from 2020 to 2025 were reviewed. The analysis phase addresses challenges such as spectrum regulation and infrastructure deployment within the context of a developing country. Finally, the selection phase evaluates technological readiness and policy frameworks. Findings suggest that 6G could revolutionize Colombian agriculture by improving connectivity, enabling real-time monitoring, and facilitating precision farming, especially in rural areas with limited infrastructure. Successful 6G deployment could boost agricultural productivity, reduce socioeconomic disparities, and foster sustainable rural development, contingent on aligned public policies, infrastructure investments, and human capital development.

1. Introduction

Agriculture 5.0 refers to the integration of advanced technologies and the promotion of human–machine interaction for more resilient and sustainable agricultural production, aiming to overcome the limitations of Agriculture 4.0 [1]. This paradigm places people at the heart of digital transformation. The aim of this initiative is to advance technology to solve societal problems, thus establishing a strong nexus between the digital and physical realms. In this context, Agriculture 5.0 encompasses not only optimizing processes but also prioritizing environmental sustainability and improving quality of life, using tools such as AI, big data, robotics, cloud computing, and automation [2,3].

Figure 1 illustrates the key technological components of Agriculture 5.0, including the IoT, AI, robotics, sensors, 6G, and environmental monitoring technologies.

One of the most pressing challenges facing society worldwide is food security, which is directly linked to economic stability and the well-being of populations [4,5]. In this context, agriculture is not only the foundation of food supply but also a key pillar of economic growth and social cohesion, especially in rural communities [1,6]. Against this backdrop, the emergence of Agriculture 5.0—driven by the convergence of cutting-edge technologies—has become essential for improving resource efficiency, sustainably boosting crop yields, and meeting the escalating global food demand while safeguarding environmental integrity [7,8].

1.1. Challenges in Global Food Demand and Population Growth

Global population growth poses a major challenge to global food demand, as the population is expected to continue to grow in the coming decades, increasing the requirements for food systems to provide nutritious and affordable food for all [9]. This population growth, combined with changing consumption patterns and urbanization in many sectors, is leading to an urgent transformation of food systems, which must adapt to ensure food security and adequate nutrition worldwide. These challenges require countries focused on agricultural production, as well as other global sectors, to effectively coordinate agricultural, food, and environmental policies to achieve a sustainable transformation that meets growing demand without compromising natural resources and human health [10].

According to UN projections, by November 2022, the world’s population exceeded 8 billion, three times more than in the mid-20th century, due to increasing improvements in survival, life expectancy, and international migration. The same study pointed out that the population is expected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050 and peak at 10.4 billion around 2080, albeit with a slowdown in the rate of growth to 9 billion by 2037. Some countries, especially sub-Saharan Africa, maintain high fertility rates [11].

1.2. Current Overview of Colombian Population and Agricultural Production

Colombia’s population is undergoing significant demographic changes, with projections estimating around 55.99 million people by 2035, followed by a negative growth trend starting from 2051. These shifts have important implications for resource planning and food security. Despite these negative projections, Colombia still has a considerably large population that demands further efforts to expand its food production matrix [12,13]. In this context, according to the Ministry of Agriculture, the agricultural sector contributes considerably to social stability and the economy in rural areas, accounting for between 6% and 8% of GDP and providing almost 15% of national employment in Colombia [14,15]. In January 2024, the agricultural sector demonstrated its significance by generating 244,000 additional jobs, increasing employment in areas such as agriculture, livestock, hunting, and forestry.

One of the key challenges for Colombian agricultural production is to maintain and increase productivity to meet both domestic demand and export opportunities [16]. In the first half of 2022, this sector managed to export USD 6.116 billion, representing a 38.8% increase compared to the previous year [15]. This type of export progress reflects greater crop diversification and the adoption of advanced technologies such as precision agriculture and drone usage to boost productivity [7]. A combination of demographic, economic, and technological factors has positioned Colombia’s agricultural sector as a central driver of food security, rural development, and access to international markets—particularly in countries like the United States, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany [17].

1.3. Related Work in Other Countries/Latitudes

Zhang et al. [18] present an overview of how wireless technologies are transforming agriculture, especially with the advent of advanced networks such as 6G. The authors present major advances in both hardware—such as antennas and high-capacity systems such as massive MIMO—and software, where AI is being used to optimize and improve the accuracy of agricultural monitoring. The authors argue that China is betting on the development of 6G to take agriculture to a new level of production. China’s efforts go beyond boosting connectivity to achieve its goal of merging the physical, biological, and digital to build smarter, more automated agricultural systems. With 6G, farmers could monitor crops in real time, using advanced sensors, deploying drones to spot pests or plant issues, and managing resources like water and fertilizer far more efficiently.

Fountas et al. [1] present the evolution towards Agriculture 5.0, where technologies like AI, the IoT, robotics, AR, blockchain, and 6G are reshaping farming into a more precise and sustainable activity. Their study also emphasizes the role of techniques such as transfer learning to adapt AI to limited-resource environments and stresses the need for ethical and regulatory frameworks to address data privacy and fairness. The paper identifies challenges to the adoption of these technologies, including cost, farmer behavior, and data ownership. Finally, it identifies future directions such as seamless integration of technologies, autonomous robotic systems, and personalized decision support to optimize farm management and supply chains.

Farag Taha et al. [3] explore recent technological advances in precision agriculture and automation, with an emphasis on creating sustainable and efficient responses to current challenges in the farming sector. They cover a range of developments, including the use of robotics for harvesting fruits like strawberries, tomatoes, and apples; the application of machine learning (ML) and computer vision for detecting pests and diseases; mechanical and sensor-based methods for weed control; and the deployment of coordinated fleets or swarms of agricultural robots. Their study also addresses the evolution towards Agriculture 5.0 (Ag5.0), which integrates AI, ML, advanced robotics, the IoT, blockchain and next-generation communication technologies (such as 6G). These technologies enable highly digitized, sustainable, and human-centered farm management, with applications such as autonomous robots, drones, digital twins, and human–robot collaborative systems. The authors highlight the use of deep learning models for tasks such as disease detection, weed monitoring, nutrient stress assessment, and crop yield prediction, with accuracies in excess of 90% in some cases. Current challenges are discussed, such as data standardization, integration of different crop types, and the need for adequate infrastructure for mass adoption of these technologies.

On the other hand, Dodzi Bissadu et al. [2] present Agriculture 5.0 as an evolution of the agricultural sector that integrates advanced technologies such as AI, the IoT, robotics, blockchain, and cloud computing to improve productivity, sustainability, and resilience in the face of challenges such as climate change, food insecurity, and labor shortages. Unlike Agriculture 4.0, this new paradigm focuses on human–machine collaboration and a human-centric approach that promotes mass customization, skilled job creation, and sustainable agricultural practices within the broader framework of Society 5.0, a super-smart and inclusive society.

In this context, the above background proves that Agriculture 5.0, driven by advanced technologies such as AI, the IoT, robotics and next-generation networks such as 6G, is driving a profound transformation of the agricultural sector, orienting it towards smarter, automated, and sustainable systems, thus consolidating agriculture as a sector in constant evolution toward a highly digitalized and efficient model. In this sense, these technological innovations not only improve precision and efficiency in resource and crop management but also promote better human–machine collaboration and mass customization. However, the mass adoption of these technologies faces significant challenges, such as those related to infrastructure, cybersecurity, and the ongoing training of farmers.

These previous studies on Agriculture 5.0 at the international level have shown implementation projections on the integration of 6G for the integration of digital technologies with the objective of optimizing agricultural efficiency and productivity. However, these advances face significant barriers that limit their effective implementation, especially in rural contexts in Colombia. Insufficient adequate digital infrastructure and lack of specialized training for farmers are critical challenges preventing widespread adoption of these innovations. Despite acknowledging the transformative potential of emerging technologies, such as 6G, the existing literature has been insufficient in addressing the social, economic, and political challenges inherent in this transition.

It is imperative that future analyses go beyond the simple implementation of technologies and focus their efforts on overcoming these structural barriers. The transition to the Agriculture 5.0 model requires not only the adoption of advanced technologies but also the strengthening of digital infrastructure, especially in the most vulnerable rural areas. Moreover, the incorporation of 6G could empower the Colombian agricultural sector, but it must be accompanied by strategies that promote continuous training for farmers, equitable access to digital resources, and the creation of public policies that foster an enabling environment for the inclusion and sustainability of the sector. In this sense, the future of Agriculture 5.0 in Colombia must be centered on a multidimensional approach that not only drives technological innovation but also ensures real change in the socio-economic conditions of rural producers.

1.4. Main Characteristics That Differentiate 6G vs. 5G

Fifth-Generation Integrating AI directly into 6G networks marks a major step forward for smart farming, allowing for real-time data processing and faster, more responsive connectivity. These capabilities will facilitate continuous monitoring and automated decision-making in the field, optimizing resource use, improving productivity, and reducing waste (see

Table 1. Comparison of the main differences between Agriculture 4.0 and Agriculture 5.0. Source: [2].

Aspect	Agriculture 4.0	Agriculture 5.0
Main focus	Automation and digitization of processes	Human–machine integration with a sustainable and resilient approach
Key technologies	IoT, big data, cloud computing, drones	Advanced AI, 6G, cobots, digital twins, blockchain, quantum computing
Objective	Increase productivity and efficiency	Sustainability, personalization, and social well-being
Human–machine interaction	Limited, machines perform repetitive tasks	Close collaboration, humans at the center of decision-making
Sustainability	Less focus on environmental impact	High priority on sustainable and eco-friendly agricultural practices
Personalization	Mass and standardized production	Personalized production tailored to individual needs

). The combination of AI and 6G will enable the deployment of IoT sensors and collaborative systems, such as robots and digital twins, which will work in a coordinated way to address agricultural challenges such as climate change and labor shortages.

In Agriculture 5.0, 6G wireless networks offer increased coverage, a significant increase in data rates, and a significant reduction in latency, with capacities of up to 1 Tbps [19].

Table 2. Comparison of 5G and 6G networks in the context of Agriculture 4.0 and Agriculture 5.0. Source: [1,19].

Aspect	5G Network in Agriculture 4.0	6G Network in Agriculture 5.0
Data Speed	Up to 10 Gbps	Up to 1 Tbps
Latency	Approximately 1 ms	Less than 1 ms
Coverage	Good, but limited in rural areas	Greater coverage, especially in remote areas
IoT Connectivity	Supports a large number of IoT devices	Optimizes massive and efficient communication among IoT sensors
Technological Integration	Supports IoT, big data, cloud computing	Supports advanced AI, cobots, digital twins, blockchain, quantum computing
Impact on Agriculture	Automation and digitization of processes	Intelligent monitoring, sustainability, personalization, and human–machine collaboration
Key Benefits	Improves productivity and efficiency	Enables innovative solutions, resilience, and sustainability in Agriculture 5.0

summarizes the key differences between 5G and 6G networks in the context of Agriculture 4.0 and Agriculture 5.0. It highlights improvements in data speed, latency, coverage, IoT connectivity, and technological integration, showing how 6G advances enable more intelligent, sustainable, and collaborative agricultural practices compared to 5G.

This deployment will be a milestone in the evolution of Agriculture 5.0, enabling smarter, more sustainable, and resilient agriculture. The high speed and low latency of 6G will be critical in supporting advanced applications that require instant processing and predictive analytics, contributing to more efficient and personalized farm management.

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the potential for implementing agricultural practices in Colombia through the utilization of 6G networks. The study explores the potential contributions of the IoT to the transformation of the agricultural sector, in addition to its capacity to enhance its market presence at both the national and international levels. The specific objectives addressed in this work are as follows:

• To analyze the potential improvements that the implementation of the 6G network could bring for smart agriculture in Colombia.
• To examine the benefits that smart agriculture solutions based on the IoT and 6G would offer in different regions and departments of the country.
• Assess the current state of mobile networks in Colombia and the spectrum requirements needed for a future adoption of 6G technology.
• Propose future applications that integrate 6G and the IoT in the context of Colombian agriculture.

2. Background

2.1. Evolution of Agriculture 4.0 to Agriculture 5.0—Similarities and Differences

Table 3. Evolution of Agriculture 4.0 to Agriculture 5.0—similarities and differences. Source: [3,18,19].

Aspect	Agriculture 4.0	Agriculture 5.0	Similarities	Differences
Focus	Mainly focused on automation and technological efficiency	Human-centered, with emphasis on sustainability, resilience, and social harmony	Use of advanced technologies to improve agriculture	Agriculture 5.0 emphasizes the synergy between human expertise and intelligent systems, with a strong focus on sustainability beyond mere automation
Technologies	IoT, big data, cloud computing, robotics	AI, IoT, cobots, blockchain, 6G, quantum computing, digital twins, edge computing	Both use IoT, AI, and robotics	Agriculture 5.0 incorporates a broader spectrum of cutting-edge technologies, such as blockchain and quantum computing, to drive innovation across the agricultural value chain
Human–Machine Interaction	Mostly automated processes with minimal human interaction	Active collaboration and synergy between humans and machines	Both use machines to assist in agricultural tasks	Agriculture 5.0 encourages specialized job creation and increased human involvement
Sustainability	Focused on productivity and efficiency	Strong emphasis on ecological and social sustainability	Both aim to improve agricultural production	Agriculture 5.0 explicitly includes ecosystem protection and social equity
Data Use	Big data analysis and cloud computing	Edge computing and real-time decision-making	Both rely on data-driven decision-making	Agriculture 5.0 uses real-time data with integrated intelligence for mass personalization
Social Impact	Limited consideration	Addresses inequality, job security, and social inclusion	Both influence agricultural practices	Agriculture 5.0 seeks to reduce inequalities and improve working and social conditions
General Objective	Increase efficiency and automation	Achieve resilient, sustainable, and human-centered agriculture	Overall improvement of agriculture	Agriculture 5.0 aligns with the Society 5.0 vision for holistic and super-intelligent development
Challenges	High initial costs, data management, limited training	Cybersecurity, high costs, regulation, continuous training	Both face technological and social challenges	Agriculture 5.0 demands greater attention to cybersecurity, regulation, and social adaptation
Opportunities	Improved productivity and automation	Creation of skilled jobs, mass personalization, food security, sustainability	Both offer technological advancements for agriculture	Agriculture 5.0 provides expanded social and environmental benefits, focusing on inclusion and resilience

summarizes key aspects of the transition from Agriculture 4.0 to Agriculture 5.0, including focus, technologies, human–machine interaction, data use, and social impact. It highlights both the shared goals and technological foundations of these paradigms, as well as their main differences, particularly in terms of sustainability, inclusivity, and the role of human collaboration [20].

2.2. Smart Agriculture

Smart agriculture is based on using accurate data to make decisions that increase productivity, optimize the use of inputs and natural resources, and promote sustainable practices in crops, forests, and livestock. Its main aim is to improve yields, minimize environmental impact, and strengthen the ability of production systems to adapt to the challenges of climate change [10,21].

Real-time monitoring of soil parameters such as temperature, moisture, salinity, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and nutrient levels (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus).

• Use intelligent networked sensors to collect and analyze data.
• Integrate with AI-based applications for accurate recommendations on fertilization, irrigation, and disease diagnosis.
• Automate and remotely control farming processes using IoT technologies and cloud computing.

2.3. Scenarios of 6G Use

IMT-2020 set the groundwork for 5G by outlining three key areas of advanced connectivity. (1) eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband) targeted high-quality multimedia consumption, including virtual and augmented reality applications. (2) uRLLC (Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications) enabled the deployment of ultra-reliable, low-latency communications, ideal for industrial systems and mission-critical applications. (3) mMTC (Massive Machine-Type Communications) facilitated the connection of millions of IoT devices, optimizing the development of smart cities and large-scale automation [21].

Figure 2 shows the IMT-2030’s projections for 6G extend these scenarios with advanced capabilities [22,23]. (1) eMBB++ will incorporate holographic communications and augmented reality, enhancing digital interaction. (2) uRLLC++ will power autonomous networks and quantum computing, ensuring more secure and efficient connectivity. (3) mMTC++ will enable the global interconnection of trillions of IoT devices, optimizing digitization across multiple sectors. In addition, (4) ISAC (Integrated Sensing and Communication) will integrate environmental sensing and connectivity, while (5) QCN (Quantum Secure Networks) will ensure advanced data protection through quantum cryptography [24].

In this context, 6G promises to deliver smarter, faster, and more secure connectivity, driving the global digital evolution. Figure 2 presents the so-called “wheel diagram” developed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which outlines the six usage scenarios defined under the IMT-2030 framework for the advancement 6G mobile networks. This model extends the capabilities of IMT-2020 (5G) by evolving enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) into Immersive Communication, massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) into Massive Communication, and Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) into Hyper-Reliable and Low-Latency Communication (HRLLC). It also presents three completely novel scenarios for use: seamless connectivity everywhere, the fusion of AI with communication, and the unification of sensing and communication technologies.

The emergence of 6G networks represents a strategic opportunity to transform Colombian agriculture through the advanced integration of technologies such as AI and the IoT. The ultra-fast and highly reliable communication capabilities associated with 6G will increase data transmission speed and bandwidth, enhancing real-time operational efficiency for smart agricultural applications, including continuous monitoring of crops, soils, and environmental variables through intelligent sensors, autonomous systems, and unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) [18,25]. These innovations will enable the timely diagnosis of plant diseases and nutritional deficiencies, as well as the execution of distributed agricultural operations in a more robust and reliable manner.

AI will play a central role in the 6G ecosystem, acting as the operational brain of intelligent networks [26]. Unlike previous generations, 6G will natively integrate AI to manage dynamic resource allocation, predict network failures, and optimize agricultural processes. In smart agriculture, AI combined with 6G will enable the efficient management of the large volumes of data generated by IoT sensors and connected devices in real time, facilitating advanced analytics and autonomous decision-making in the field. Applications will include diagnosing plant diseases and nutritional deficiencies, analyzing soil moisture, detecting pest outbreaks, monitoring crop growth patterns, and assessing meteorological conditions in real time, offering either automatic recommendations or autonomous actions [25].

Moreover, AI will support predictive agriculture by anticipating phenomena such as droughts or pest infestations based on historical and real-time data patterns [26]. This integration will not only enhance the optimization of agricultural resources but also contribute to the optimization of wireless resource allocation, improving energy efficiency and network coverage—factors that are critical for agricultural sustainability and productivity. Additionally, the integration of decentralized technologies such as blockchain will ensure the traceability and security of agricultural data, promoting more transparent, reliable, and sustainable business models across the sector. The future of 6G in sustainable agriculture is envisioned as a technological revolution, promoting a deeper integration between the physical, biological, and digital worlds. Through its advanced connectivity, low latency, and high-speed capabilities, 6G will enable the mass deployment of IoT sensors, AI-driven systems, and autonomous technologies, optimizing resource use, reducing waste, improving yields, and contributing to food security and environmental conservation in a sustainable manner [27].

2.4. Projected Frequency Bands in 6G

After a consultation process involving most countries around the world, the 2023 ITU Radiocommunication Assembly (RA-23) defined its vision for what International Mobile Telecommunications in 2030 (IMT-2030) should be, within which 6G is framed. In this context, IMT-2030 encompasses the new features that 6G technology is expected to incorporate [22] the following:

• Coverage.
• Sustainability.
• Sensing-related capabilities.
• Integration of AI.
• Interoperability.

With this objective, and in accordance with the 3GPP work plan, Release 20 is expected to be available by June 2026, including the requirements and use cases related to 6G technology [28].

In relation to these new capabilities, the inclusion of coverage as part of the standard is particularly noteworthy, without it being dependent on the regulatory frameworks of individual countries. Therefore, improvements in connectivity—through optimized link budgets—as well as higher data rates, on the order of hundreds of gigabits per second (Gbps) [29], and newly proposed service scenarios such as ubiquitous connectivity and the integration of sensing and AI functions [30], require 6G to support significantly wider bandwidths. These bandwidths can hardly be provided by bands below 6 GHz due to existing spectrum saturation. Consequently, the ITU has identified several bands that could be used in the future deployment of 6G, although it has recommended further studies on the matter or their potential approval during the conferences scheduled for 2027 and 2031. The candidate bands identified by the ITU include the following: 4.4–4.8 GHz, 7.125–8.400 GHz, and 14.8–15.35 GHz [31].

As previously explained, 6G will require greater amounts of spectrum to meet enhanced conditions and new requirements. Therefore, a notable difference compared to previous technologies is the need to explore the possibility of making spectrum available in higher frequency bands, for example, above 6 GHz [32]. To that end, the European Union, through a study conducted by the Radio Spectrum Policy Group (RSPG), has identified several candidate frequency bands for 6G (see

Table 4. RSPG-suggested bands for future 6G spectrum allocation [33].

Frequency Band	Features
470/698 MHz	Deliberations concerning this issue are anticipated at the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC) planned for 2031.
700 MHz/800 MHz/900 MHz	Low bands for broadband electronic communications.
1500 MHz/1800 MHz/2 GHz/ 2.6 GHz/3.6 GHz	Mid bands for broadband electronic communications.
26 GHz/42 GHz	High bands for broadband electronic communications.
3.8–4.2 GHz	Low/medium power local area networks.
6425–7125 MHz	Deployment of wireless access systems (WAS), including local area radio networks (RLAN).
4400–4800 MHz/7125–7250 MHz/ 7750–8400 MHz/14.8–15.35 GHz	Under study at the 2027 WRC.

).

Although bands above 6 GHz are considered the best option to support the growing traffic demand, already positioning themselves as the preferred choice by operators to meet these needs and facilitate the deployment of 6G [34], the use of low bands should not be ruled out, as they would facilitate coverage in sparsely populated areas, thus reducing the digital divide for populations residing in rural areas or regions far from major urban centers. For this reason, the ITU proposes studying them at the 2031 WRC. Regarding mid-bands (3 GHz to 7 GHz), the RSPG identifies them as one of the options currently available for use in broadband services. Additionally, Ref. [35] refers to the consensus between the mobile telecommunications industry and the academic sector on the need to promote their use in the expansion of 5G and in the development of 6G.

Regarding the 7 to 8 GHz band and the extended 7 to 15 GHz band, various stakeholders in the mobile communications sector, such as Ericsson, referenced in [36], profile them as the preferred choices for initial 6G deployments due to their balance between capacity and coverage. One potential advantage of using the 7 to 15 GHz band is the ease of providing 200 MHz to 400 MHz of bandwidth, which is estimated to be needed by mobile operators in high-power macrocells [37]. However, as with other portions of the spectrum, this band is currently occupied in various countries, making its immediate use from 2030 onwards impossible. Therefore, its use must be carefully planned.

Apart from the band identification made by the ITU in 2023, various stakeholders in the mobile telecommunications sector are proposing alternative solutions. One of them is Nokia, recommending the use of spectrum above the 90 GHz band to offer solutions requiring extreme transmission speeds [38]. In this regard, some results have already been shared with the community involved in the 6G ecosystem, as presented by Samsung in collaboration with the University of California, Santa Barbara, in 2021, with the world’s first 140 GHz end-to-end system, digitally formed by up to 16 channels and with dynamic beam steering capability, demonstrating the potential of bands in the THz range [39]. Additionally, various countries have begun to establish a roadmap aimed at the development of 6G in their territories. For example, India, through its 6G program, recommends strengthening research on frequencies between 90 and 3000 GHz [40].

Although high bands will provide additional bandwidth in the order of GHz, their use involves additional challenges, specifically regarding the high levels of path loss in the wireless channel. Figure 3 presents a graph showing the approximate attenuation levels caused by different frequency values.

Figure 3 shows that attenuation above 30 GHz is excessively high for links just one kilometer in distance. Therefore, the use of this portion of the spectrum is more suitable for short-range solutions.

Regarding the Colombian scenario, as is the case in many countries, the frequency bands to be allocated for the deployment of future 6G networks have not yet been defined. However, Colombia, through the National Spectrum Agency (ANE), has participated in the ITU working sessions focused on IMT and 6G development [42]. Additionally, the Communications Regulation Commission (CRC) believes that, although 5G networks have not reached a significant coverage percentage in Colombian territory, it is necessary to start early preparations for the implementation of 6G, as other nations have already achieved [43]. Therefore, given Colombia’s tradition of acting in harmony with global trends in spectrum management, and in addition to identifying global trends regarding 6G spectrum requirements, it is important to have a detailed understanding of the current spectrum allocation for mobile telephony services.

In summary, the choice of frequency bands in 6G is not merely a technical matter, but also a strategic one. Low and mid-bands will offer an optimal balance between coverage and capacity, which is essential to ensure efficient connectivity in vast rural areas where network infrastructure is often limited. High bands, on the other hand, despite their significant range limitations, allow for extremely high transmission speeds, enabling applications such as real-time image analysis, integration of digital twins, and the use of AI for autonomous decision-making in the field.

2.5. Current Frequency Bands Operating in Colombia

In Colombia, the radio spectrum is managed by the ANE, and its regulation is defined by Law 1978 of 2019 [44]. It is considered a public good and, according to the country’s Political Constitution, the State classifies it as inalienable, imprescriptible, and subject to State management and control [45]. Although each country is autonomous in the way it manages its spectrum and develops its own usage policies [46], it is important to follow the guidelines of the ITU to reduce the likelihood of interference among users and to coordinate its use at a global level. For this reason, Colombia adheres to the provisions established by the ITU in Report SM.2012-6, aiming to regulate the use and exploitation of the spectrum [47]. Possibly due to the high number of users that can be served and the limited availability of frequencies, mobile telephony bands are among the most in-demand worldwide. Therefore, for several years, the Colombian government has employed the auction mechanism as a method for assigning spectrum to the various operators interested in providing mobile telephony services, thus ensuring a fair distribution while also maximizing economic returns.

Table 5. Summary of the results of the spectrum auctions for mobile telephony service in Colombia. Source: [48,49].

Year	Frequency (MHz)	Amount of Spectrum Assigned
2010	2500–2690	50 MHz
2011	1850–1852.5 1930–1932.5	5 MHz
	1852.5–1855 1932.5–1935	5 MHz
	1867.5–1870 1947.5–1950	5 MHz
	1885–1887.5 1965–1967.5	5 MHz
	1887.5–1890 1967.5–1970	5 MHz
2013	1710–1725 2110–2125	30 MHz
	1725–1740 2125–2140	30 MHz
	1740–1755 2140–2155	30 MHz
	2525–2540 2645–2660	30 MHz
	2555–2570 2675–2690	30 MHz
	2575–2615	40 MHz
2014	835.02–844.98 846.51–848.97 880.02–889.98 891.51–893.97	25 MHz
	1875.0–1882.5 1955.0–1962.5	15 MHz
	824.04–825 825.03–834.99 845.01–846.08 869.04–870 870.03–879.99 890.01–891.48	25 MHz
	1850–1852.5 1855–1860 15 MHz 1935–1940	15 MHz
2019	703–713 758–768	20 MHz
	713–723 768–778	20 MHz
	723–733 778–788	20 MHz
	733–743 788–798	20 MHz
	2515–2520 2635–2640	10 MHz
	2520–2525 2640–2645	10 MHz
	2540–2545 2660–2665	10 MHz
	2545–2550 2665–2670	10 MHz
	2550–2555 2670–2675	10 MHz
2023	2555–2560 2675–2680	10 MHz
	3300–3380	80 MHz
	3380–3460	80 MHz
	3460–3540	80 MHz
	3540–3620	80 MHz

shows the current frequency band allocation for the provision of mobile telephony services in Colombia.

Table 5 reflects the evolution of radio spectrum allocations in Colombia between 2010 and 2023, demonstrating that the country has undertaken actions aimed at implementing advanced mobile technologies. The incorporation of low bands (such as the 700 MHz band) and mid-bands (1–3 GHz) is evident, both of which are fundamental for the expansion of mobile networks in rural and urban areas. However, the 2023 auction marks a turning point by including, for the first time, significant blocks in the 3500 MHz band, which is considered key for the deployment of 5G networks.

With respect to the information presented in

Table 6. Spectrum caps per network and service provider in Colombia. Source: [50].

Band Category	Frequency Band	Maximum Amount of Spectrum
Low bands	Less than 1 GHz	50 MHz
Middle bands	Between 1 GHz and less than 3 GHz	100 MHz
Medium–high bands	Between 3 GHz and 6 GHz	100 MHz

, it is important to highlight that the 2019 auction focused specifically on offering frequency bands for the exclusive operation of 4G, while in 2023 it was determined that the 3500 MHz band would be allocated for the provision of new IMT services, including 5G. In this latest auction, there were no bids for the 700 MHz and 1900 MHz bands, possibly because the spectrum blocks offered were small (a maximum of 10 MHz), or because some operators had already reached the maximum allowed cap in those bands. Table 6 presents the maximum spectrum caps that a mobile operator can hold in Colombia.

Despite this situation, the interest of operators in acquiring the blocks allocated for 5G (3.500 MHz) stands out, reaching an approximate total of USD 334 million and requiring the winners to invest around USD 7.1 billion in infrastructure and coverage expansion over a ten-year period [51].

3. Materials and Methods

This study adopted an exploratory and qualitative methodology, guided by a systematic review of scientific literature and official documents. Rather than merely gathering information, it aimed to understand, from multiple sources, how prepared Colombia is to embrace the emerging technologies that define Agriculture 5.0. Along this path, special attention was given to three fundamental aspects: the digital infrastructure that connects rural areas, the regulations governing the use of the radio spectrum, and the institutional and human capacities that will make it possible for these innovations to effectively reach rural territories. This section presents the methodology used for the elaboration of the article, especially with regard to the information search, analysis, and selection processes.

3.1. Search

The information search was carried out in two main phases. The first phase consisted of reviewing official government publications, while the second phase focused on conducting advanced searches in academic databases using specific keywords and search strategies. In the government phase, various plans, projections and policy documents related to agriculture and 6G technology were reviewed (see

Table 7. Government documents consulted.

Subject Consulted	Colombian National Government Entity	Documents Consulted
Agriculture	National Development Plan (DNP) 2023 AGROSAVIA	The National Development Plan 2022–2026 ‘Colombia World Power of Life’
6G	Conference 2023—WRC-23	Acts of WRC-23 and ITU-R Resolution 65 on the development of 6G

). In addition, formal requests for information were addressed to the Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies (MinTIC).

At this stage of the research, three key questions were asked to inform the selection of scientific articles and national documents. The central issue to be addressed is how to promote the effective adoption of technology and prepare rural areas, particularly those involved in agriculture, for the transition to 6G networks. The questions are as follows: What is the current status of 6G network implementation internationally, and how is it expected to evolve in the coming years? (2) What public policies and regulatory frameworks exist in Colombia for spectrum management and the implementation of 6G networks, and how do these align with the development of Agriculture 4.0 and 5.0? (3) What projections and capacities are needed in Colombia to manage the transition to Agriculture 5.0, and what educational and training strategies should be implemented to prepare stakeholders in the agricultural sector?

3.2. Analysis

As a secondary methodological step, a literature review was conducted, with a focus on the open-access scientific literature available in specialized databases such as IEEE, Scopus, Science Direct, Springer, ACM, and Web of Science. At this stage of the research, search strings composed of key terms such as ‘agriculture’, ‘agriculture 5.0’, ‘smart agriculture’, ‘6G’, ‘IoT’, and ‘Colombia’ were utilized. The selected documents correspond to the period between 2020 and 2025.

Initially, a range of five years was considered for the analysis of scientific publications. However, greater relevance was assigned to papers published from 2023 onwards. This decision was informed by the outcomes of the World Radiocommunication Conference 2023 (WRC-23), where pivotal elements concerning the utilization of spectrum for 6G networks were established.

The articles included in the analysis were filtered according to their relevance to the following criteria: The subjects to be addressed in this study are as follows: firstly, future challenges for the adoption of 6G networks in Colombia; secondly, projected economic applications for this technology in the country; thirdly, the current diagnosis of the Colombian agricultural sector; and fourthly, current challenges in the transition towards Agriculture 4.0 and 5.0 models.

The in-depth analysis focused on three main areas. Firstly, the study evaluated the present status and future projections of 6G networks on a global scale, with a particular focus on their potential integration into the agricultural sector. Secondly, it analyzed the challenges and opportunities of digitally transforming the Colombian agricultural sector using Agriculture 4.0 and 5.0 technologies. Thirdly, it reviewed public policies and regulatory frameworks concerning the 6G spectrum in Colombia, with the aim of identifying barriers to, and solutions for, the effective transition to these technologies in the country’s rural and agricultural context.

3.3. Selection Processes

Subsequent to the conclusion of the selection process, the relevant texts were analyzed. In this phase, a qualitative evaluation framework was applied, adapted from international tools such as the Digital Agriculture Readiness Assessment Tool [52]. Three key aspects were established, namely: rural digital infrastructure, regulatory framework for spectrum management, and public investment in agricultural innovation and technological adoption. Each dimension was assessed qualitatively based on objective indicators drawn from official sources.

The findings that were obtained are reported in this study, and they concern the present development of 6G technology in Colombia, its possible applications in different productive sectors, and, in particular,, its projection in the agricultural sector. Furthermore, the study identified elements for its prospective implementation in this sector, and scenarios for the utilization of the IoT and 6G in national agriculture were proposed.

4. Results and Discussion

In this section, we present the key topics resulting from our analysis: future challenges for 6G implementation in Colombia, projected 6G applications in the national economy, the current agricultural outlook, and the challenges in transitioning from Agriculture 4.0 to Agriculture 5.0.

4.1. Future Challenges for 6G Implementation in Colombia

6G still faces significant challenges from both technical and regulatory perspectives. Various stakeholders, including regulators, manufacturers, and operators, must address several critical issues before technology can become a reality by 2030. Nonetheless, notable progress has been reported, particularly in the outcomes of AR-23 and within the specialized working groups focused on 6G development.

About spectrum availability and the frequency bands anticipated for 6G operations, a certain degree of consensus has already been reached. The 6G Spectrum report identifies three key frequency ranges required to support the full range of 6G use cases: (1) below 1 GHz, (2) between 1 GHz and 15 GHz, and (3) above 15 GHz [53].

The sub-1 GHz band will remain critical for expanding coverage in both urban and rural environments due to its favorable propagation characteristics, including low signal attenuation. This range will also support massive IoT applications, ensuring seamless connectivity for smart cities and autonomous devices. For instance, Europe plans to utilize the 700 MHz band, while the United States may employ the 600 MHz band to support foundational 6G services. The 1–15 GHz range offers an optimal balance between coverage and capacity, making it suitable for next-generation mobile services. Countries such as Spain, Germany, and Japan are expected to allocate these frequencies to enhance AI-driven networks, edge computing platforms, and immersive mobile experiences. Frequencies above 15 GHz, particularly within the sub-terahertz (sub-THz) spectrum, will be relevant for enabling ultra-high-speed communications. These bands will support advanced applications such as holographic transmissions, 3D Internet experiences, and real-time digital twin technologies. Moreover, their extreme data handling capacity will enable transformative innovations including wireless fiber, 8K/16K streaming, and quantum-secure communications [21].

With respect to the Colombian scenario, there is still no defined roadmap for the implementation of 6G, and several regulatory aspects need to be revised to meet the spectrum requirements that this technology will demand. Through its Master Plan for Spectrum Management 2022–2026 [54], the ANE has acknowledged the need to anticipate future spectrum demand for the deployment of IMT broadband networks. To this end, it has proposed conducting technical, economic, regulatory, and social welfare studies. Despite the relevance of the topic, tangible progress remains limited. Nonetheless, initiatives such as the public consultation on prospective IMT frequency bands [55], and the creation of the Digital Connectivity Expansion Plan [56], represent noteworthy steps forward. However, all this uncertainty reduces the incentive for key stakeholders in the governing sector to invest in rural infrastructure, particularly in agricultural areas, where recovering investments and generating profits is more challenging due to the fact that a significant portion of the population lives in poverty [57]. Furthermore, the current legal framework focuses on generating economic returns through high fees for spectrum licensing, overlooking policy trends adopted in other countries that aim to maximize socioeconomic benefits and reduce the digital divide. This latter approach has proven effective in contexts with similar characteristics, such as Brazil and Guatemala [57].

Among the actions that the Colombian government must accelerate is the allocation of the remaining spectrum available for IMT services. Currently, out of a total of 930 MHz available, 740 MHz have been assigned, leaving a remainder of 190 MHz. Figure 4 shows the IMT bands with assigned spectrum usage permits in Colombia.

Figure 4 shows that Colombia, unlike other countries, has not allocated spectrum blocks in frequencies above 6 GHz, thereby missing the opportunity to use bands that offer greater bandwidth capacity [58]. Although Colombia has been recognized in the past for its effective spectrum management [59], it is necessary to acknowledge that economic constraints limit the country’s ability to lead changes in spectrum governance, as well as the technological and regulatory transformations required for the rapid deployment of 5G and 6G. For instance, Colombia’s economy is not among the 30 largest in the world [60], and its population of just over 52 million exhibits high levels of monetary poverty (33%) and a low gross domestic product per capita (ranked 93 out of 196 countries), which limits the purchasing power of a large portion of its citizens [61]. Therefore, although Colombia actively participates in international discussions regarding future spectrum allocation for 6G, it is other stakeholders who will ultimately play a decisive role in shaping those decisions. Consequently, the country’s national actions are mainly limited to conducting studies and adopting the decisions established during ITU Radiocommunication Assemblies.

There are numerous, yet essential, actions that the Colombian government must undertake to lay a solid foundation for the agile and efficient implementation of 6G technology. For instance, it is central to accelerate the deployment of 5G infrastructure throughout the national territory. Although mobile network operators are meeting the deadlines established in the agreements of the 2023 spectrum auction, it is necessary to develop policies that facilitate access to technology and resources to maximize the potential of the various 5G deployment scenarios, given that this technology could serve as the foundation upon which 6G will be built.

Another key aspect to consider is the definition of the spectrum that Colombia will allocate to IMT services in frequencies above 6 GHz. In addition to promoting the development and rollout of both 5G and 6G, this will also require updating the current spectrum caps, which remain low compared to those of other Latin American countries.

Finally, it is necessary to create favorable conditions so that major international companies with sufficient economic capacity and technical expertise can participate in the upcoming IMT spectrum auction. This would enhance competition and improve the quality of services provided to the population, thereby reducing the likelihood of situations like that of the Telecall operator, which, one year after winning one of the 5G deployment blocks, has yet to begin operations.

4.2. Projected 6G Applications in Colombia’s Economy

Agriculture, livestock, and agroindustry represent strategic sectors within the Colombian economy, especially due to their impact on rural development, food security, and the inclusion of small producers. In this context, 6G networks emerge as key enablers for transforming these sectors through the incorporation of advanced technologies such as the IoT, smart sensors, AI, and ubiquitous connectivity [62]. Figure 5 presents a visual summary of the sectoral areas identified in Colombia’s 2022–2026 National Development Plan (PND) where a significant impact of 6G networks is projected, highlighting the central role of agriculture in this transformation. Robust connectivity in rural areas would enable real-time monitoring of climatic variables, soil, and the health status of crops and animals, improving the efficiency of production processes. Furthermore, the integration of digital platforms would facilitate access to markets, financial services, and technical training, promoting the traceability and sustainability of the agri-food chain. These advances, supported by public policies aimed at productive transformation with a territorial focus, position the agricultural sector as a priority beneficiary of 6G.

The integration of 6G technologies in the Colombian agricultural sector not only responds to a technological need, but also to a structural commitment to territorial development and productive equity. The possibility of connecting remote rural areas through ultra-high-speed, low-latency infrastructure represents an unprecedented opportunity to reduce the socioeconomic gaps that have historically limited the competitiveness of Colombian agriculture. Furthermore, the deployment of solutions based on AI, robotics, and cyber-physical systems offers a glimpse of an automated, resilient, and adaptive agricultural ecosystem in the face of phenomena such as climate change and market variability. In this sense, the scenarios described in Figure 5, derived from the 2022–2026 National Development Plan (PND), not only open up possibilities for the modernization of the sector, but also for the structural transformation of the Colombian rural production model. However, this progress requires effective coordination between public policies, investment in digital infrastructure, and strengthening local capacities. It is essential that connectivity initiatives be accompanied by training and technological appropriation processes, ensuring that small producers can actively participate in the agro-industrial digital ecosystem.

4.3. Current Colombian Agricultural Outlook

In Colombia, several advanced digital agriculture projects are already underway, offering fertile ground for the integration of 6G technologies. These initiatives are primarily led by AGROSAVIA and the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, and target different components of the agricultural production chain. To illustrate the potential of 6G more concretely, we describe below four key agricultural domains that could benefit significantly from its deployment.

4.3.1. Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management

AGROSAVIA offers a soil analysis service accredited under ISO/IEC 17025 [63], using over 300,000 samples and AI-powered recommendation models for more than 100 crops. These systems are already in use to guide nutrient management practices in regions like Tolima, Sucre, and Meta [64]). With 6G’s ultra-low latency and real-time connectivity, soil data could be transmitted instantly to remote farms, enabling dynamic fertilization decisions based on changing environmental conditions.

4.3.2. Pest and Disease Detection

In Colombia, integrated systems using wireless sensor networks, remote sensing, and deep learning have been applied to detect coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in Caturra crops. Velásquez et al. demonstrated [65] an F1-score of 0.775 using UAVs equipped with multispectral cameras and convolutional neural networks deployed at the edge, improving early diagnosis in rural field conditions. With 6G, these workflows could transmit high-resolution images in real time, enabling automated alerts and improved responsiveness in crops such as coffee, rice, and cacao.

4.3.3. Digital Traceability in the Agro-Food Chain

A proof-of-concept developed by Díaz, Rojas, and Moncayo [66] demonstrated the feasibility of using Hyperledger Fabric to trace the production and distribution of Colombian organic coffee, enhancing transparency and trust across the supply chain. Their blockchain-based architecture enabled secure and immutable records from farm to final consumer. With 6G, these systems could benefit from real-time data transmission and massive device connectivity, thus expanding traceability applications to other priority export crops such as avocado, oil palm, and cacao, while also facilitating compliance with emerging international regulations like the EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR).

4.3.4. Agroclimatic Monitoring and Smart Irrigation

In Colombia, an IoT-based water management system was deployed in an irrigation district in Valle del Cauca, covering crops such as avocado, cocoa, sugar cane, and Tahiti lime. This system utilized soil moisture sensors and automatic weather stations to optimize irrigation scheduling, achieving reductions in both water and energy consumption [66]. With 6G’s edge computing and integrated sensing capabilities, localized irrigation recommendations could be generated instantly—even in remote and underserved rural areas—thus enhancing climate resilience and resource efficiency.

Table 8. Applications in Colombian Agriculture.

Agricultural Domain	Key 6G Feature	Expected Benefit	Illustrative KPI/Source
Soil and Crop Monitoring	Integrated Sensing and AI at the Edge (ISAC)	Improved soil health monitoring and nutrient mapping	Reduction in fertilizer use by up to 20% [64].
Pest and Disease Detection	Massive IoT + Real-time Multispectral Streaming	Faster disease alerts and early interventions in high-value crops	93% accuracy in coffee rust detection [65].
Digital Traceability	Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (uRLLC)	Transparent supply chains and real-time compliance with EUDR	Full-chain traceability via Hyperledger Fabric [66].
Smart Irrigation and Agroclimatic Management	Edge Computing + ISAC + mMTC	Localized irrigation optimization and climate resilience	Notable reductions in water and energy consumption in Valle del Cauca IoT-irrigation pilots [67].

summarizes the specific domains discussed, linking each to key 6G functionalities and illustrating their potential benefits with measurable outcomes.

These use cases illustrate how 6G can enhance key agricultural processes already underway in Colombia. In parallel, the national government is actively promoting smart agriculture through public funding and policy instruments.

The Colombian government has increasingly promoted digital innovation in agriculture as a strategy to strengthen food sovereignty and rural development. In addition to the implementation of intelligent pest and disease monitoring systems and digital traceability platforms for food quality assurance, recent national policy has focused on enhancing AI and smart agri-food systems through strategic public investment.

The Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation launched Call 950 in 2024 (ColombIA Inteligente: Development and Implementation of Solutions through Artificial Intelligence and Space Sciences for Territories) to foster applied R&D in AI and space sciences targeted at local socioeconomic and environmental challenges, including those in agriculture [67]. Continuing this initiative, the 2025 call (‘ColombIA Inteligente: Quantum Science and Technologies and AI for Territories’) aims to support precision agriculture, agribusiness, water resource management, and product traceability, with the goal of boosting food sovereignty in dispersed rural regions [68].

While these efforts are promising, they still grapple with structural barriers such as limited rural connectivity and insufficient real-time data processing capabilities. In this context, 6G networks, with their ultra-high speeds, ultra-low latency, and massive device connectivity, could significantly amplify these initiatives. With 6G, it would be possible to deploy real-time smart sensors in remote areas, embed AI directly within network infrastructure for immediate decision-making, and further automate agricultural processes, thereby creating synergies with ongoing public-sector efforts (see Figure 6).

4.3.5. Autonomous Aerial Systems for Smallholder Farming

In Urabá (Antioquia), the Colombian Rural Development Agency (ADR) launched a large-scale precision agriculture program that introduced high-efficiency drones for plantain production in conflict-affected areas such as Turbo and San Pedro de Urabá. The initiative included technical training for 300 young farmers and aimed to improve sustainability by reducing agrochemical usage by up to 70%, while covering up to 21 hectares per hour per drone [69]. This case reflects the growing relevance of autonomous aerial systems as force multipliers for smallholder productivity and territorial peacebuilding. Under a 6G infrastructure, the performance and scalability of such solutions could be significantly enhanced. Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC) would enable simultaneous operation of numerous drones and ground sensors across fragmented terrains, while ultra-low latency (uRLLC) would support dynamic flight adjustments during spraying and monitoring. Moreover, Integrated Sensing and Communications (ISAC) would allow drones to collect agroclimatic and phytosanitary data during their routes, generating localized intelligence for early warnings and decision-making in crops such as plantain, cassava, and cocoa—without the need for permanent human supervision.

To complement the previous case-specific domains,

Table 9. Sixth-generation technologies in agriculture in Colombia. Source: [18].

Name	Features	Existing or Potential Applications in Colombia	Limitations and Challenges
Space–Air–Ground Integrated Networks	Integration of data collected from drones, satellites, and multispectral imaging.	Yield prediction using drones and multispectral cameras; crop mapping for irrigation and fertilization.	Rural connectivity limitations and high technological infrastructure costs.
Terahertz Technology (analog: advanced sensors and NIRS spectroscopy)	High sensitivity and fast analysis.	Quality analysis of milk and forage using NIRS; remote sensors such as EM38 and NDVI.	Limited access to specialized equipment in rural areas and need for technical training.
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS)	Smart reconfiguration of the wireless propagation environment (analog: IoT with microsensors).	Microsensors for IoT in precision agriculture; real-time environmental monitoring.	Not yet industrialized; requires field validation.
Wireless AI	Continuous learning and automatic model adjustment.	AI system for fertilization plan prediction across more than 100 crops; human–machine collaboration improves predictions.	Still limited to specific applications; more integration with communication networks needed.
Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC)	Simultaneous sensing and data transmission from the field.	Monitoring platforms for decision-making in tomato production, pest control, and price prediction.	Lack of standardization; adverse environmental conditions may impact accuracy.
Massive MIMO (analog: multisource and multisensor platforms)	High spectral efficiency and wide coverage with multiple access points.	Multisource platforms like AlimenTro, with over 1.8 million analyses and real-time data for livestock nutrition.	Technical complexity in integrating multiple sensors and data sources; interoperability challenges.

outlines the projected impact of 6G across the entire food value chain—from production to consumption—highlighting potential transformations at each stage. This table has been adapted from the conceptual framework proposed by [18], which describes emerging technologies associated with 6G networks and their relevance for smart agriculture. In this version, the framework has been tailored to the Colombian context, incorporating local developments, tools, and ongoing national programs. It demonstrates how enabling technologies—such as AI, sensor networks, satellite imaging, and the IoT—are already being deployed in the country under various initiatives. While not yet operating under 6G infrastructure, these efforts reveal the foundational groundwork for 6G-driven innovations in yield forecasting, process automation, and agroclimatic decision-making.

4.4. Other Projected Use Cases for 6G in Colombia

In Colombia, empirical initiatives have begun to emerge which, although still operating within the frameworks of 4G and 5G technologies, already offer a glimpse of the transformative potential that 6G architecture is poised to bring—particularly across key social sectors such as energy, healthcare, and tourism. These cases not only represent local technological progress but also provide concrete, territory-anchored evidence of how the 6G ecosystem—with its massive connectivity (mMTC), ultra-low latency (uRLLC), and integrated sensing and communication capabilities (ISAC)—could enhance, scale, and democratize high-impact social and economic solutions.

In the energy sector, Ref. [70] designed a Home Energy Management System (HEMS) capable of predicting electricity consumption in Colombian households using LSTM neural networks, trained on real data concerning appliance usage. This model not only anticipates demand peaks but also optimizes energy usage from within the everyday routines of the home. With the advent of 6G, the real-time integration of millions of smart meters via mMTC would become feasible, while ISAC would enable distributed energy diagnostics, effectively transforming each household into an active energy management unit that contributes to the broader stability of the grid.

In the field of healthcare, Ref. [71] developed a predictive system for vector-borne diseases—such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya—based on machine learning techniques including decision trees and random forest algorithms. Trained using actual clinical data from the city of Sincelejo, the model achieved a remarkable accuracy of over 99%. The implementation of a 6G infrastructure would allow such systems to scale via distributed biomedical sensors (mMTC), real-time clinical data transmission (uRLLC), and environmental monitoring through ISAC, enabling a more preventive, intelligent, and context-adapted healthcare model, particularly in historically underserved regions.

As for tourism, Ref. [72] proposed a smart restaurant recommendation system in the city of Riohacha, combining multi-criteria logic (LSP) with contextual variables such as location, pricing, services, and pedestrian traffic. When integrated with 6G networks, this approach could support the simultaneous connection of thousands of IoT devices in high-density tourist zones, provide real-time updates on routes and offerings, and map visitor flows via ISAC. Such advancements would not only enhance the tourist experience but also improve urban management, paving the way for a more inclusive, accessible, and context-aware model of tourism aligned with sustainable territorial development.

4.5. Challenges in Agriculture 4.0 and Agricultural 5.0 in Colombia

The digital transformation of Colombia’s agricultural sector through technologies such as Agriculture 4.0 and 5.0 faces substantial challenges that go beyond the mere adoption of technology. One of the primary obstacles is the limited access to the internet in rural areas, which prevents many farming operations from integrating digital solutions such as sensors, cloud-based platforms, or real-time monitoring systems. Although these technologies have the potential to optimize processes, improve market access, and enhance production efficiency, their adoption requires significant improvements in educational, transportation, and digital infrastructure, as well as an effective system for training and knowledge management. It is essential to strengthen the role of agricultural extension agents and to provide farmers with training in the use of technological tools. Furthermore, financial incentives are needed to enable small-scale producers to access such technologies, alongside the development of practical, accessible applications with a focus on user-friendly design [21].

In addition, both technical and human challenges hinder the full integration of these technologies. From a technical standpoint, it is vital to consider whether the country has the necessary resources and capacities to install and maintain smart systems or whether it will depend on imports. Regarding human capital, academic programs in the agricultural sector must incorporate knowledge of emerging technologies such as AI, big data, blockchain technologies, and the IoT, thereby fostering skills aligned with the digital environment. Equally important is facilitating a generational transition that enables less technologically literate producers to adopt these tools without being left behind. Figure 7 illustrates the core technological components of Agriculture 5.0, highlighting the integration of advanced tools. These technologies work together to enable real-time data collection, precision monitoring, and automated decision-making processes, contributing to more sustainable and efficient agricultural practices.

These innovations would not only enhance productivity but also create new employment opportunities in rural areas focused on technological management. In this regard, the Ministry of Information and Communications Technologies projects that the development of the 6G network will connect millions of devices through high-speed, low-latency connectivity. This advancement will support the implementation of precision agriculture, crop automation, and digital traceability—even in regions that are currently disconnected.

In the Colombian context, the prioritization of crops for the development and implementation of emerging technologies is based on criteria such as productivity, sustainability, and agricultural competitiveness. According to [73], new improved varieties of strategic crops have been developed and promoted, including corn (Corpoica V-159), cacao (TCS 13 and 19), industrial cassava (Corpoica Belloti, Sinuana, and Ropain), soybean (Corpoica Achagua 8), forage sorghum (JJT-18), yellow potato (Sol Andina), and regional rice, all of which exhibit high potential for scalability and integration into technological systems such as precision agriculture, bioinformatics, and IoT-based monitoring. Additionally, the 2025 Commercial Portfolio highlights the focus on value chains such as plantain, avocado, oil palm, sugarcane, and coffee, where technological platforms are already in use for traceability, production efficiency, and genomic data analysis [73,74]. This strategic focus allows for the allocation of research and innovation resources toward crops with national relevance and high economic value, while also enabling the development of contextualized technological solutions, such as mobile apps, expert systems, and sensors applied to Agriculture 4.0 and 5.0.

4.6. Future Prospects by Agricultural Domain

The table below (

Table 10. Future Prospects Enabled by 6G.

Agricultural Domain	Future Prospects Enabled by 6G
Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management	Real-time transmission of soil data will enable dynamic fertilization systems. AI models deployed at the edge could provide crop-specific nutrient recommendations on demand.
Pest and Disease Detection	Autonomous drones and ground sensors with AI-powered early warning systems could interact in real time via 6G networks to detect and mitigate outbreaks before they spread.
Digital Traceability Systems	Blockchain technologies platforms may become widespread, ensuring compliance with international standards like EUDR. Sixth-generation connectivity will enable instant and secure traceability across the chain.
Agroclimatic Monitoring and Irrigation	Precision irrigation systems powered by real-time sensors and edge computing will autonomously adjust water use, enhancing resilience to climate variability in remote areas.

) outlines projected developments in key agricultural domains based on the anticipated capabilities of 6G networks. These projections illustrate how Colombian agriculture could evolve through the integration of ultra-low latency communications, edge AI, and massive IoT connectivity.

These future projections emphasize the potential of 6G to act not merely as a communication upgrade but as a structural enabler of intelligent and inclusive agricultural transformation in Colombia. By supporting decentralized decision-making, real-time responsiveness, and end-to-end data integration, 6G could bridge technological gaps that currently limit the scalability of smart farming initiatives. However, realizing these benefits will require coordinated efforts in infrastructure deployment, regulatory adaptation, and digital capacity-building to ensure that rural producers—particularly those in remote or underserved areas—can equitably access and benefit from these advanced technologies.

Despite the fact that 6G technology is still in its infancy on a global scale, Colombia is beginning to witness the emergence of pilot projects and sector-specific use cases that demonstrate its transformative potential. Key sectors such as agriculture, healthcare, energy and tourism are beginning to adopt emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things (IoT). The Colombian agricultural sector, in particular, is well placed for this transition, as evidenced by initiatives promoted by MinTIC. However, these endeavors remain fragmented and lack a comprehensive state policy that strategically articulates the evolution towards a rural digital ecosystem based on 6G technology. In order to avoid the perpetuation of historical disparities with this new generation of networks, it is essential that a robust public agenda is established. It is imperative that such an agenda promotes infrastructure investment, encourages applied research and fosters public–private and community partnerships to develop comprehensive solutions. It is only through this approach that 6G technology can fulfill its potential as an effective tool for territorial transformation, sustainable productivity and digital inclusion across various sectors.

5. Conclusions

The evolution towards Agriculture 5.0, driven by 6G and next-generation technologies, aims to improve production efficiency and resource use while helping to bridge the digital divide. This shift is therefore conducive to the promotion of equitable and sustainable agricultural methods, thereby enhancing food security and advancing rural development in Colombia and other developing nations.

The implementation of 6G technology in Colombia promises to revolutionize multiple sectors by providing ultra-fast, low-latency connectivity. This will enable advanced applications such as precision agriculture, smart cities, and autonomous systems, thereby enhancing productivity, sustainability, and reducing digital divides across the country.

Successful deployment of 6G technology in Colombia has the potential to significantly transform national agriculture by enhancing productivity through high-speed connectivity, AI integration, and IoT applications, particularly benefiting rural areas with limited infrastructure.

Public policy formulation in Colombia is essential for the successful deployment of 6G technology. It requires comprehensive updates in spectrum regulation, investment in digital infrastructure, and local capacity-building programs. Policies must ensure equitable access to advanced connectivity, especially in rural areas, to maximize 6G’s impact on key sectors like agriculture, promoting digital inclusion, technological innovation, and sustainable development across the country.