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Sustainability
Volume 17
Issue 13
10.3390/su17135965
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Article

Quantifying China’s Food Self-Sufficiency and Security Transition Based on Flow and Consumption Analyses

by
Huanyu Chang
1,2,3,4,
Yong Zhao
2,
Yongqiang Cao
1,
Rong Liu
2,
Wei Li
5,
He Ren
1,
Zhen Hong
1 and
Jiaqi Yao
1,*
1
Academy of Eco-Civilization Development for Jing-Jin-Ji Megalopolis, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Water Security in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR), Beijing 100038, China
3
State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
4
Key Laboratory of Water Safety for Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region of Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing 100038, China
5
General Institute of Water Conservancy Resources and Hydropower Planning and Design, Ministry of Water Resources, Beijing 100120, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 5965; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135965 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 21 May 2025 / Revised: 24 June 2025 / Accepted: 27 June 2025 / Published: 28 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study aims to develop and apply an improved flow–consumption statistics (FCS) method to more accurately assess food and grain self-sufficiency in China. By incorporating dynamic food loss and waste estimates, the FCS method enhances accuracy and spatial resolution. Results from 2010 to 2022 show a national decline in food self-sufficiency to 82%, while grain self-sufficiency remains above 90%. Nineteen provinces failed to achieve food self-sufficiency, with notable regional disparities. Northern inland areas outperform southern coastal regions, which rely more on inter-regional transfers. The average national food loss and waste rate reached 22.8%. The FCS method provides a robust tool for policymakers to evaluate food security risks amid shifting socio-economic and environmental conditions.
Keywords: food self-sufficiency; food security; food consumption; flow–consumption statistics; spatiotemporal pattern; China food self-sufficiency; food security; food consumption; flow–consumption statistics; spatiotemporal pattern; China

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Chang, H.; Zhao, Y.; Cao, Y.; Liu, R.; Li, W.; Ren, H.; Hong, Z.; Yao, J. Quantifying China’s Food Self-Sufficiency and Security Transition Based on Flow and Consumption Analyses. Sustainability 2025, 17, 5965. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135965

AMA Style

Chang H, Zhao Y, Cao Y, Liu R, Li W, Ren H, Hong Z, Yao J. Quantifying China’s Food Self-Sufficiency and Security Transition Based on Flow and Consumption Analyses. Sustainability. 2025; 17(13):5965. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135965

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chang, Huanyu, Yong Zhao, Yongqiang Cao, Rong Liu, Wei Li, He Ren, Zhen Hong, and Jiaqi Yao. 2025. "Quantifying China’s Food Self-Sufficiency and Security Transition Based on Flow and Consumption Analyses" Sustainability 17, no. 13: 5965. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135965

APA Style

Chang, H., Zhao, Y., Cao, Y., Liu, R., Li, W., Ren, H., Hong, Z., & Yao, J. (2025). Quantifying China’s Food Self-Sufficiency and Security Transition Based on Flow and Consumption Analyses. Sustainability, 17(13), 5965. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135965

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