A Scoping Review of Goldenberry Calyx Used as a Reinforcing Fiber for Cassava Starch Biopolymers

The aim of this scoping review is to investigate the potential development of an alternative material derived from renewable biological resources such as goldenberry calyx and modified cassava starch as the matrix. Moreover, this paper reviews the impact of combining starch and lignocellulosic fiber on improving the properties of bioplastic materials. The goldenberry calyx is a type of lignocellulosic waste with a low moisture content, which offers logistical advantages, as a high moisture content can accelerate waste deterioration. However, studies on the utilization of goldenberry calyx are scarce. In addition, due to its low cost and availability, starch is the main polysaccharide for biofilm development as a matrix. Combining these two materials can result in a composite material with suitable and adequate properties for packaging applications, although no studies have been published on this specific combination. Starch and lignocellulosic fiber are complementary as the properties of starch biopolymers improve when a hydrophobic material (lignocellulosic fibers) is incorporated. Moreover, starch strengthens fibers by enhancing their biodegradability through its water absorption capacity. In this study, modified cassava starch, with its higher amylose content, is suggested for use, as the proportion of amylose correlates with enhanced bioplastic properties.