Circular Economy Development in the Shipping Sector in Finland

Abstract

The world is facing unprecedented sustainability challenges, and the circular economy (CE) can provide some solutions to promote more sustainable practices among companies. This study aimed at exploring, discovering, analyzing and synthetizing approaches related to the 10R principles, the CE principles and CE business models in the shipping sector in Finland. The research approach was based on qualitative research that aimed at identifying approaches related to the selected three main elements: (1) the 10R principles; (2) the CE principles; and (3) CE business models. The findings of this study suggest that most approaches that were identified were related to the following 10R principles: (1) replacement of products or making of products redundant (R0); (2) rethinking of products (R1); and (3) reduction in the use of resources in the manufacturing and use of products (R2). Only a few approaches could be identified that were related to the reuse of products (R3), the recycling of materials (R8) and recovery of materials (R9). There were typically no or only a few approaches identified that were related to the repair of products (R4), refurbishment of products (R5), remanufacturing of products (R6) and repurposing of products and their parts (R7). For many companies, there were no identified approaches related to the R3–R7 principles. Regarding the CE principles, the findings of this study suggest that quite a number of approaches were identified that were related to the circulation of products and materials and that many approaches were identified that were related to the elimination of waste and pollution. Typically only a few approaches were identified for the regeneration of nature. Regarding the CE business models, the findings suggest that quite a number of approaches were identified that were related to the circular supply models, supply chains and inputs, and there were many approaches for resource recovery. Only a few approaches were identified that were related to product use/life extension, sharing and sharing platforms, and product-as-a-service and product-service systems.

1. Introduction

1.1. The Finnish Maritime Cluster

The Finnish maritime cluster is very international by nature [1] and therefore global, and EU operational environments need to be considered as a part of informed decision-making. Essential future focus areas include, for example, operations in accordance with sustainable development, use of multiple energy sources, international regulations and digitalization (considering drivers such as climate change, replacement of fossil fuels and recycling) [2]. The development of CE in the ship building sector encompasses, e.g., (1) the integration of CE design principles into ship design considering maintenance, updating, reuse, recycling of various components and knowledge of all materials (including potentially harmful materials in the design phase); (2) the identification of CE opportunities and ecosystem thinking; (3) material neutrality and low carbon actions; and (4) the development of new businesses to promote ship maintenance, refitting and recycling [3]. The focus areas of the maritime policy guidelines of Finland encompass, for example, climate change, environmental responsibility, digitalization, reduction of emissions, low carbon solutions and carbon neutrality, sustainability, clean logistics systems, and maritime cleantech solutions [4].

The maritime spatial plan for Finland aims at promoting sustainable development, [5] and both sustainability and CE are at the core of the associated vision [6]. In addition, the maritime industry and logistics, including ports, have sustainability among their key goals [7,8]. In general, the maritime industry in Finland is important for environmental sustainability and innovation, including sustainable practices and technological innovations [9]. In addition, Finland is a member of the Council of the International Maritime Organization and in that role highlights, e.g., sustainable shipping and new technologies [10]. The strategic research agenda for the Finnish maritime cluster highlights, e.g., (1) the development of solutions and services that consider the whole life cycle within a sustainable and digitalized overall setting; (2) CE; (3) sustainability; (4) the availability of raw materials; (5) sustainable ship building; (6) ship repair; (7) novel approaches related reduction, recycling and reuse of resources; (8) life cycle management and monitoring; (9) retrofits and maintenance to extend operation periods; and (10) the integration of recycling aspects into design and building processes (e.g., modular design) including the selection of materials and producers [11].

1.2. Previous Studies

Previous studies have acknowledge that (1) the CE approach is not well-established in the maritime industry and it is significantly behind other transportation industries [12]; (2) the concept of CE is in its very early stages within the maritime industry, and the adoption of CE by this industry is essential to ensure growth in a sustainable manner [13]; (3) many companies in the seafaring sector perceive that their efforts to promote CE are only marginal and passive parts of other actions or responding and reacting to public steering [14]; (4) digitalization can be used to improve the sustainability of seaports and maritime transport, including, e.g., the development of applications that contribute to the rational use of resources and the reduction of CO₂ emissions [15]; (5) more focus is needed on the design of sustainable maritime supply chains [16]; (6) many ports include corporate sustainability topics in their online communication practices, but much more effort is still needed in this field [17]; (7) there is increasing pressure on ports to become more sustainable, but there is very limited research on organizational change management for sustainability [18]; and (8) there is a lack of research on maritime supply chain sustainability covering the whole network and various business aspects, such as the management of raw materials, manufacturing, transportation and distribution [19].

Future research on sustainable maritime transport and supply chains should focus on, e.g., the measurement of sustainability in maritime supply chains, the design of sustainable maritime supply chain networks and real-life case studies on maritime supply chains [20]. Global seaborne container trade is a significant sector globally, and therefore it is important to study sustainable and resilient container transportation, including focus on, e.g., environmental performance, climate risks, green ports, low carbon transport and emissions [21]. For example, there is a need to bridge the gap between naval architects and researchers from other clusters, including better understanding of the relationship between ship design/construction and ports/maritime logistics as well as of energy efficiency and emissions [22].

The emerging development factors encompass the sustainable relationship between ports and ships, including novel focus areas such as CE in EU port cities [23]. Ports are platforms of circulation and transformation of material and energy flows, and therefore they can promote the implementation of Industrial Ecology, including optimization of resource management and more intense interactions between stakeholders within the port area in a broad sense [24]. Future research needs to focus on novel business models for CE initiatives and the roles of each actor in ports [25]. More research is also needed on drivers and barriers to the sustainability of ports, including the role of leaders in making ports more sustainable [26]. In addition, there is a need for research on port sustainability and port sustainability performance metrics encompassing supply chain coordination and cooperation aspects [27].

Previous studies have also concluded that (1) the transition of seaports towards a CE can be assessed through, for example, the application of CE indicators, 9Rs and various sustainability perspectives based on the collection of information from open-access documents, annual reports, seaport webpages and Google searches [28]; (2) ports are facing environmental and societal challenges that affect their operations, and CE provides a way for ports to redevelop sustainably and remain open in the future [29]; (3) small ports typically overlook practical sustainability management and current environmental management, and safety systems are not supporting sustainability [30]; and (4) CE has potential to address sustainability challenges of harbors, including management of circular transition, transformation of operations and various integration activities within the city–port context [31]. Overall, port management actions currently include more focus on sustainability and CE than before [32].

1.3. Circular Economy

1.3.1. Theoretical Background

The theoretical framework, context and research approach of this study are based on CE and associated essential elements, such as the 10R principles, the CE principles and the CE business models. In general, CE aims at keeping materials, components and products at their highest value and utility at all times, covering both technical and biological cycles [33]. It is noteworthy that ways to achieve the CE goals and the UN SDGs are often linked in many ways [34]. In addition, CE is a very influential concept to promote the achievement of the UN SDGs and the Agenda 2030 [35]. CE can, for example, support a more sustainable and resilient future, including a focus on climate change and resource depletion, provided that obstacles such as behavior change, technology transfer and lack of public–private investment can be addressed [36].

It has been noted that there is a need to establish a stronger integration of circularity and sustainability encompassing holistic approaches and business model innovation [37]. In general, CE is about promoting sustainable development encompassing, e.g., an overall harmonious society, inspiration from nature and ensuring product integrity [38]. There can be many circularity indicators such as (1) product design and sustainability criteria for products; (2) sustainable suppliers; (3) materials (e.g., the amount, origin and share of recycled and reused materials); (4) management systems; (5) waste generation; (6) environmental law, land use and carbon footprint; (7) social actions; (8) research projects; (9) circular services; and (10) public environmental reports and information on the sustainability characteristics of products [39]. Both companies and investors have a significant role in the promotion of CE, including global supply chains, CE innovations, new business models and overall impacts on society and the economy [40].

Overall, a transition to a CE is about a new economic model based on systems-thinking encompassing a focus on, for example, prolonged product cycles, cascaded use and virtual solutions [1]. The CE principles encompass (1) circulation of products and materials, (2) elimination of waste and pollution and (3) regeneration of nature [41]. The circulation of products and materials is about keeping materials in use (as a product or as raw materials or components), e.g., through design, repair, reuse, remanufacturing or recycling [42]. In addition, design for circularity can be applied to the elimination of waste and pollution [43]. The regeneration of nature encompasses, for example, the support of natural systems and processes, the rehabilitation of soils and biodiversity, returning biological materials to the earth, regenerative food production, and overall use of renewable resources (that are produced in a regenerative way) [44].

In general, CE imaginaries are aligned with sustainability [45]. Previous studies have noted that (1) many regional initiatives (e.g., the EU Green Deal and the Regulation on taxonomy for sustainable activities) and the application of sustainability principles by companies, practitioners and policymakers all promote CE [46]; (2) the overall promotion of CE at the national level requires focus on the establishment of private–public ecosystems [47]; (3) CE can potentially provide socio-economic benefits (e.g., reduced reliance on imports, resilience, improved public health and job creation) [48]; and (4) any transition towards circular systems within planetary boundaries should include consideration of the social foundations of these systems [49]. In addition, it has been noted that CE is promoted as a means to advance sustainable development and that CE business model innovation has received too little attention [50]. Businesses and policymakers should focus their efforts on remanufacturing, refurbishment and repurposing, with particular emphasis on system effects [51].

The promotion of CE and the circularity transition requires more holistic long-term thinking, and multiple actions are necessary to (1) address the systemic challenges of a circular future from a diverse perspective and (2) promote socio-ecological change considering both human well-being and ecosystem health [52]. It has been noted that CE could help the transition to a sustainable, just and resilient future considering the prevailing socio-ecological challenges [53]. In addition, it has been noted that the current linear economy conflicts with many environmental, social and economic challenges [54]. In general, there is a lot of focus on the concept of CE in the context of efforts to achieve a more sustainable society [51,55] and tackling of global challenges such as resource scarcity [55]. There is also a need for increased involvement of science, technology and innovation actors and other societal actors in CE policymaking processes [45]. Overall, the policy measures that can support CE encompass innovation and collaboration support as well as public procurement and fiscal measures that support circular goods and services [56].

In particular, this study focused on the following CE 10R principles: (R0) replacement of products or making of products redundant; (R1) rethinking of products; (R2) reduction in the use of resources in the manufacturing and use of products; (R3) reuse of products; (R4) repair of products; (R5) refurbishment of products; (R6) remanufacturing of products; (R7) repurposing of products and their parts; (R8) recycling of materials; and (R9) recovery of materials [51,57,58]. These principles have been identified and applied in previous studies encompassing, e.g., the assessment of CE at many levels, the creation of new business models and the assessment of company perspectives [57,58,59,60,61].

The integration and application of CE principles (the 10Rs and the three CE principles) is related to CE business models, including (1) circular supply models, supply chains and inputs; (2) resource recovery; (3) product use/life extension; (4) sharing and sharing platforms; and (5) product-as-a-service and product-service systems [62,63,64]. These models can promote, e.g., the replacement of traditional materials; the use of recyclable materials; the extension of product lives (e.g., through repair); recovery of usable resources from waste; and the production of secondary raw materials [63,64]. The specific research objective of this study was to explore, discover, analyze and synthetize approaches related to the (1) the 10Rs, (2) the CE principles and (3) the CE business models in the shipping sector in Finland. The focus was on online materials of companies in this sector, and the rationale was to find out how these companies are addressing CE at the moment, including potential gaps in their approaches.

1.3.2. Global and Regional Outlook

Globally, CE is in decline (e.g., the Earth cannot sustain infinite growth in material consumption), and the world is not on the right path regarding meeting the UN SDGs [65]. In general, critical actions to achieve sustainable resource use globally encompass the creation of circular, resource-efficient and low-impact solutions and business models [66]. Regionally, the European Green Deal places strong emphasis on, for example, mobilization of the industry for a clean and circular economy (including decoupling economic growth from resource use) [67]. For example, it is noted in the Blue Economy Sustainability Framework that CE principles can be used to promote rethinking, reusing and recycling products and materials; provide new and sustainable business opportunities; and to reduce the overall impact of emission- and pollution-intensive industries [68]. Overall the new approach for a sustainable blue economy in the EU highlights CE and sustainability, including, e.g., the promotion of circularity through circular solutions and models, including the recycling of ships [69].

The EU blue economy report noted the important role of CE in promoting a more sustainable economy, including linkages to CE models [70]. In general, the EU policy on the circular economy aims at, e.g., keeping resource consumption within planetary boundaries and moving away from the linear “take–make–use–dispose” model [71]. For example, the new circular economy action plan promotes transition to a circular economy, including (1) initiatives and measures that focus on the entire life cycle of products, (2) a focus on product design, (3) the promotion of circular economy processes and (4) keeping resources within the EU economy for as long as possible [72].

In addition, the Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation aims at promoting more environmentally sustainable and circular products, including a focus on (1) increasing the circularity rate of material use and (2) ecodesign requirements (e.g., circularity, durability, reusability, repairability, recyclability, product refurbishment and maintenance, recycled content, information on product sustainability, and recovery of materials) [73,74]. In general, the EU aims at making sustainable products the norm with a focus on, e.g., (1) designing more sustainable, circular and energy performing products and (2) circular business models such as product-as-service models, reuse and repair services, reverse logistics, and on-demand manufacturing [75].

2. Materials and Methods

This study aimed at exploring, discovering, analyzing and synthetizing the approaches related to the (1) the 10Rs [51,57,58], (2) the CE principles (41–44) and (3) the CE business models [62,63,64] in the shipping sector in Finland. The specific result sections are structured based on the identified approaches related to the 10Rs, the CE principles and the CE business models. The chosen approach is innovative and creative with an emphasis on novelty because there are no similar studies that focus on the shipping sector in Finland. The research approach and logic are presented in Figure 1.

Firstly, the 10Rs, including the replacement of products or making of products redundant (R0), rethinking of products (R1), reduction in the use of resources in the manufacturing and use of products (R2), reuse of products (R3), repair of products (R4), refurbishment of products (R5), remanufacturing of products (R6), repurposing of products and their parts (R7), recycling of materials (R8) and recovery of materials (R9) [51,57,58], were used to explore, identify, analyze and synthesize approaches that were related to the 10R principles in the online materials of shipping companies.

Secondly, the CE principles were used to similarly study the same online materials utilizing the results of the 10Rs assessment. The applied CE principles encompass the following: (1) circulation of products and materials; (2) elimination of waste and pollution; and (3) regeneration of nature [41,42,43,44].

Thirdly, the CE business models were used to similarly study the same online materials utilizing the results of the 10Rs and CE principles assessments. The CE business models comprise the following: (1) circular supply models, supply chains and inputs; (2) resource recovery; (3) product use/life extension; (4) sharing and sharing platforms; and (5) product-as-a-service and product-service systems [62,63,64].

The studied companies encompassed those member companies of the Finnish Shipowners’ Association [76] that have produced online reports and/or materials related to, e.g., CE, sustainability, environmental management and overall responsibility. Those reports and associated materials were the materials of this study. The studied companies were the Eckerö Group, Finnlines, Viking Line, Tallink Silja, Wasaline, Arctia, Bore, ESL Shipping, the Meriaura Group, Alfons Håkans and Rederi AB Nathalie.

In general, this study applied a qualitative research approach encompassing the following elements and ideas: (1) the design of the research approach based on the purpose of the study; (2) collection and analysis of mostly qualitative information (textual materials); (3) organization and synthesis of information and evaluation and content analysis of that information; (4) pattern and category construction; (5) summative synthesis and statements; and (6) openness to discovery, new insights and understandings [77]. A somewhat similar qualitative research approach has been applied in previous studies [78,79,80,81].

3. Results

3.1. Viking Line

In general, Viking Line places emphasis on sustainability-related work, and many aspects related to the 10Rs can be identified from online materials. The findings related to the identified approaches related to the 10Rs in the online materials of Viking Line are presented in

Table 1. The identified 10R approaches.

10Rs	Identified 10R Approaches
Replacement of products or making of products redundant (R0)	1. The application of new climate-smart technology [82] 2. Testing of alternative technological solutions [82] 3. No use of environmentally hazardous paint on the bottoms of vessels [82,83] 4. Cooperation with local producers and use of locally produced food [82] 5. Use of digital information and reduction in paper consumption [82] 6. Investment in climate-smart vessels and updating of technologies throughout their life cycles [82] 7. Sustainable wines in onboard shops [82] 8. Use of LED lights, solar cells and geothermal heating [82] 9. Use of azipod rudder propeller system to reduce fuel consumption [84] 10. Offering of vegan and plant-based options in restaurants [84]
Rethinking of products (R1)	1. The creation of circular material flows [82] 2. Gradual uptake of sustainable fuels (e.g., biogas and biodiesel) and phasing out of fossil fuels [82] 3. Participation in knowledge exchanges [82] 4. The integration of sustainability into value chains [82] 5. Sustainability as a basis of decisions (with ecological and economic consequences) [82] 6. No use of environmentally hazardous paint on the bottoms of vessels [82,83] 7. The development of a new carbon-neutral sea route [85] 8. Environmentally friendly cleaning routines [82] 9. Cooperation with local producers and use of locally produced food [82] 10. The use of digital information and reduction in paper consumption [82] 11. Sustainability as a criterion for products in all product categories [82] 12. Investment in climate-smart vessels and updating of technologies throughout their life cycles [82] 13. Sustainable wines in onboard shops [82] 14. Use of LED lights, solar cells and geothermal heating [82] 15. Dynamic control system for the automatization of lights, heating and ventilation in cabins [84] 16. Use of azipod rudder propeller system to reduce fuel consumption [84] 17. Investment in sustainable maritime transport and climate-smart innovations [84] 18. Offering of vegan and plant-based options in restaurants [84] 19. Use of sulfur-free liquefied natural gas as fuel [85,86,87] 20. Optimized hull design [86,87]
Reduction in the use of resources in the manufacturing and use of products (R2)	1. Creation of circular material flows [82] 2. Reuse of materials [82] 3. Reduction of environmental impacts and minimization of emissions [82] 4. Reduction in the use of chemicals and water in operations [82] 5. Reduction in waste quantities [82] 6. Fuel saving using smart technologies [82] 7. Reduction of food waste in restaurants [82] 8. Use of digital information and reduction in paper consumption [82] 9. Sustainability as a criterion for products in all product categories [82] 10. Investment in climate-smart vessels and updating of technologies throughout their life cycles [82] 11. Sustainable wines in onboard shops [82] 12. Use of LED lights, solar cells and geothermal heating [82] 13. Continuous reduction of carbon footprint and work towards a climate-neutral future [84] 14. Use of shore power at ports [84] 15. Dynamic control system for the automatization of lights, heating and ventilation in cabins [84] 16. Utilization of waste cooling from liquefied natural gas [84] 17. Environmentally sound management of residual products from operations [88] 18. Energy recycling system (conversion of waste heat from the engines into electricity) [86,87] 19. Utilization of waste cold from liquefied natural gas for cold storage and cooling equipment [86]
Reuse of products (R3)	1. Creation of circular material flows [82] 2. Reuse of materials [82,89] 3. Use of fibers from textiles as sustainable raw materials [82,89] 4. CE through processing of carpets into raw material for new carpets [82,89]
Repair of products (R4)	-
Refurbishment of products (R5)	-
Remanufacturing of products (R6)	1. CE through processing of carpets into raw material for new carpets [82] 2. Use of fibers from textiles as sustainable raw materials [82]
Repurposing of products and their parts (R7)	-
Recycling of materials (R8)	1. Creation of circular material flows [82] 2. Reuse of materials [82,89] 3. Sorting of waste and by-products generated by operations [82,89] 4. Maximization of recycling [82,89,90] 5. Use of fibers from textiles as sustainable raw materials [82,89] 6. CE through processing of carpets into raw material for new carpets [82,89] 7. Recycling of glass, scrap metal and paper [82,89,90]
Recovery of materials (R9)	1. Creation of circular material flows [82] 2. CE through processing of carpets into raw material for new carpets [82,89] 3. Use of fibers from textiles as sustainable raw materials [82,89] 4. Recycling of glass, scrap metal and paper [82,89,90] 5. Recycling of biowaste to produce biogas [84,89]

. The identified 10R approaches related to the R0 principle encompassed, for example, alternative technological solutions and major new focus areas, such as investment in climate-smart vessels and updating of technologies throughout their life cycles. In addition, the identified approaches related to the R1 principle comprised, e.g., the creation of circular material flows, a strong focus on sustainability and the development of a new carbon-neutral sea route.

The identified approaches related to the R2 principle included, e.g., reductions in resource use and overall environmental impacts. Not many approaches were identified related to the R3 and R6 principles. Approaches such as enhanced circularity and the reuse of materials were identified related to the R3 principle. In addition, the identified approaches related to the R6 principle comprised, e.g., CE through processing of carpets into raw material for new carpets and the overall use of fibers from textiles as sustainable raw materials. The identified approaches related to the R8 principle encompassed, e.g., sorting and recycling of waste and by-products, whereas the recovery of some materials, including the utilization of biowaste, was identified as being related to the R9 principle. No approaches were identified related to the R4, R5 and R7 principles.

The identified approaches related to the CE principles encompassed, for example, the creation of circular material flows (circulation of products and materials), the reduction of waste and minimization of emissions (elimination of waste and pollution), and plant-based options and recycling of biowaste (regeneration of nature). All the identified approaches related to the CE principles are presented in

Table 2. The identified approaches related to the CE principles.

CE Principles	Identified Approaches Related to the CE Principles
Circulation of products and materials	1. The creation of circular material flows 2. The integration of sustainability into value chains and sustainability as a basis of decisions (with ecological and economic consequences) 3. Reuse of materials 4. Sustainability as a criterion for products in all product categories 5. Use of fibers from textiles as sustainable raw materials 6. CE through processing of carpets into raw material for new carpets 7. The maximization of recycling 8. Recycling of glass, scrap metal and paper 9. Recycling of biowaste to produce biogas
Elimination of waste and pollution	1. The reduction of environmental impacts and minimization of emissions 2. The reduction in the use of chemicals and water in operations 3. The reduction in waste quantities 4. The reduction of food waste in restaurants 5. Use of digital information and reduction in paper consumption 6. Continuous reduction of carbon footprint and work towards a climate-neutral future 7. Environmentally sound management of residual products from operations 8. Sorting of waste and by-products generated by operations
Regeneration of nature	1. Sustainable wines and no use of environmentally hazardous paint 2. Offering of vegan and plant-based options in restaurants 3. Recycling of biowaste to produce biogas

. In addition, the identified approaches related to the CE business models included, for example, (1) reuse of materials (circular supply models, supply chains and inputs), (2) CE through processing of carpets into raw material for new carpets (resource recovery) and (3) use of LED lights and solar cells (product use/life extension). No approaches were identified for sharing and sharing platforms or product-as-a-service and product-service systems. All the identified approaches related to the CE business model are presented in

Table 3. The identified approaches related to the CE business models.

CE Business Models	Identified Approaches Related to the CE Business Models
Circular supply models, supply chains and inputs	1. The creation of circular material flows 2. The integration of sustainability into value chains and sustainability as a basis of decisions (with ecological and economic consequences) 3. Reuse of materials 4. Sustainability as a criterion for products in all product categories 5. Use of fibers from textiles as sustainable raw materials 6. CE through processing of carpets into raw material for new carpets 7. The maximization of recycling 8. Recycling of glass, scrap metal and paper 9. Recycling of biowaste to produce biogas
Resource recovery	1. Energy recycling system (conversion of waste heat from the engines into electricity) 2. The utilization of waste cold from liquefied natural gas for cold storage and cooling equipment 3. Environmentally sound management of residual products from operations 4. The reduction in waste quantities 5. The reduction of food waste in restaurants 6. Use of fibers from textiles as sustainable raw materials 7. CE through processing of carpets into raw material for new carpets 8. The maximization of recycling 9. Recycling of glass, scrap metal and paper 10. Recycling of biowaste to produce biogas 11. Sorting of waste and by-products generated by operations
Product use/life extension	1. Use of LED lights and solar cells
Sharing and sharing platforms	-
Product-as-a-service and product-service systems	-

.

3.2. Tallink Silja

Many approaches related to the 10Rs can be identified from the online materials of Tallink Silja, encompassing, for example, the overall promotion of CE, including the integration of CE principles. The findings related to the identified approaches related to the 10Rs in the online materials of Tallink Silja are presented in

Table 4. The identified 10R approaches.

10Rs	Identified 10R Approaches
Replacement of products or making of products redundant (R0)	1. The promotion of the circular economy [91,92] 2. The development of CE principles within the company [93] 3. Reduction and phasing out of single-use plastics [91,94] 4. Goal to become a paperless business, office and service [91,94] 5. Local sourcing of products and buying of local materials and supplies [91,92,93] 6. Sourcing of sustainable products, supplies and materials [91,92,93] 7. Installation of new and more efficient propellers for one route [91] 8. Use of only paper or reusable shopping bags [95] 8. The reduction in use of and the replacement of plastic straws with biodegradable straws [95] 9. Minimization of the use of single-use dishware and unnecessary plastic usage in restaurants and cafeterias [95] 10. The abandoning of single-use dishes and plastic Club One cards in stages [95] 11. Cooperation with suppliers to reduce plastic packaging [95] 12. The use of energy-efficient light bulbs and fluorescent lighting tubes, including gradual change towards LED technology [95] 13. Use of sustainable, certified and locally produced food and materials [95] 14. The development of vegetarian and vegan food selections and use of Nordic meat and materials produced in neighboring countries [95] 15. The provision of drinking water from a separate tank to fill water bottles [95]
Rethinking of products (R1)	1. The promotion of the circular economy [91,92] 2. The development of CE principles within the company [93] 3. The promotion of sustainable environmental performance [91] 4. The development of the double materiality assessment process (e.g., circular economy, identification of sustainability areas, and wide value chain perspective and mapping) [91] 5. Vessel-level environmental data collection, verification and sharing with relevant authorities [91] 6. The reduction and phasing out of single-use plastics [91,94] 7. The implementation of efforts to become a paperless business, office and service [91,94] 8. Local sourcing of products and buying of local materials and supplies [91,92,93] 9. Sourcing of sustainable and local products, supplies and materials, including locally produced food [91,92,93,95] 10. Continuous increase in energy efficiency and saving of resources [91] 11. The installation of new and more efficient propellers for one route [91] 12. Partnering with organizations with similar goals and values [91,96] and the introduction of a new all-stakeholders-connecting-sustainability agenda [97] 13. Monthly monitoring and collection of environmental data from ships (under Significant Environmental Aspects) [91] 14. The engagement of stakeholders (investors, suppliers and partners) as part of the double materiality process [92] 15. Collaboration with research institutions to advance technological innovations (e.g., to enhance energy, fuel and water savings) and with partners to reduce greenhouse gas emissions [94] 16. Continuous monitoring of the impact of supply chains and logistics [94] 17. Consideration of the efficient use of materials and energy in the operation of ships and office [94] 18. The application of similar environmental standards by suppliers, contractors and all affiliated companies [91,94] 19. Use of only paper or reusable shopping bags [95] 20. The reduction in use of and the replacement of plastic straws with biodegradable straws [95] 21. The minimization of the use of single-use dishware and unnecessary plastic usage in restaurants and cafeterias [95] 22. The abandoning of single-use dishes and plastic Club One cards in stages [95] 23. Cooperation with suppliers to reduce plastic packaging [95] 24. The use of energy-efficient light bulbs and fluorescent lighting tubes, including gradual change towards LED technology [95] 25. The reduction of printing on board and in land operations [95] 26. The development of vegetarian and vegan food selections and use of Nordic meat and materials produced in neighboring countries [95] 27. The provision of drinking water from a separate tank to fill water bottles [95] 28. Offering of an emissions surcharge for travel bookings [91] 29. The calculation of emissions/footprints for passengers and cargo [95] 30. Use of detergents without phosphates [95]
Reduction in the use of resources in the manufacturing and use of products (R2)	1. The promotion of the circular economy [91,92] 2. The development of CE principles within the company [93] 3. The simultaneous increase in CE practices and support of communities (e.g., reuse of items from ships, offices and hotels, such as furniture, technical equipment, textiles, soft furnishings, bedding, decorations, lamps and food outside the company) [91,96] 4. The reduction and phasing out of single-use plastics [91,94] 5. The implementation of efforts to become a paperless business, office and service [91,94] 6. Local sourcing of products and reduction of footprint through buying of local materials and supplies [91,92,93] 7. Sourcing of sustainable products, supplies and materials [91,92,93] 8. Group-level monitoring and analysis of fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions [91] 9. Continuous increase in energy efficiency and saving of resources [91] 10. Installation of shore power equipment on vessels and connection of vessels to shore power supply network [91,95] 11. Use of liquefied natural gas-fueled vessels on one route [91] 12. Installation of new and more efficient propellers for one route [91] 13. Monthly monitoring and collection of environmental data from ships (under Significant Environmental Aspects) [91] 14. Collaboration with research institutions to advance technological innovations (e.g., to enhance energy, fuel and water savings) and with partners to reduce greenhouse gas emissions [94] 15. Continuous monitoring of the impact of supply chains and logistics [94] 16. Consideration of the efficient use of materials and energy in the operation of ships and offices [94] 17. The use of low-sulfur fuel, economical navigation, and modern engines and catalyzers [95] 18. Saving of waste heat from engines and its reuse on board for, e.g., general heating [95] 19. Fuel monitoring system to optimize the operation of ships and to lower fuel consumption, emissions and use of energy [95] 20. Lower travel speed to reduce fuel consumption and emissions [95] 21. Regular cleaning of hulls by divers and use of non-toxic paints (no chemicals that are harmful to the environment) [95] 22. Use of only paper or reusable shopping bags [95] 23. The reduction in use of and the replacement of plastic straws with biodegradable straws [95] 24. The minimization of the use of single-use dishware and unnecessary plastic usage in restaurants and cafeterias [95] 25. The abandoning of single-use dishes and plastic Club One cards in stages [95] 26. Cooperation with suppliers to reduce plastic packaging [95] 27. Use of energy-efficient light bulbs and fluorescent lighting tubes, including gradual change towards LED technology [95] 28. The reduction in printing on board and in land operations [95] 29. The provision of drinking water from a separate tank to fill water bottles [95]
Reuse of products (R3)	1. The adoption of the principle of reuse [94] 2. Sending of as many item for reuse as possible [93] 3. The simultaneous increase in CE practices and support of communities (e.g., reuse of items from ships, offices and hotels, such as furniture, technical equipment, textiles, soft furnishings, bedding, decorations, lamps and food outside the company) [91,96]
Repair of products (R4)	-
Refurbishment of products (R5)	-
Remanufacturing of products (R6)	-
Repurposing of products and their parts (R7)	-
Recycling of materials (R8)	1. The promotion of the circular economy [91,92] 2. The development of CE principles within the company [93] 3. The adoption of the principle of recycling [94] 4. The simultaneous increase in CE practices and support of communities (e.g., reuse of items from ships, offices and hotels, such as furniture, technical equipment, textiles, soft furnishings, bedding, decorations, lamps and food outside the company) [91,96] 5. Monitoring and sorting of waste based on categories [91] 6. Recycling of metal, glass, plastic, cardboard, organic and special waste on board [95]
Recovery of materials (R9)	1. The promotion of the circular economy [91,92] 2. The development of CE principles within the company [93] 3. The strict zero-spill-to-the-sea policy [91,94] 4. Monitoring and sorting of waste based on categories [91] 5. The adoption of the principle of recycling [94] 6. The recycling of metal, glass, plastic, cardboard, organic and special waste on board [95] 7. Treatment of all waste waters in waste-water treatment plants [95] 8. The investigation of the use of organic waste for composting [95] 9. The reduction of food waste through cooperation with a partner and passengers (e.g., focus on environmental impacts and creation of information and awareness) [95]

. The identified approaches related to the R0 principle comprised, e.g., sustainable and local sourcing as well as reductions in the use of some products. In addition, there was a focus on enhanced assessment of operations, products and services (related to the R1 principle). The approaches related to the R2 principle encompassed, e.g., the increase in CE practices, novel technological solutions and collaboration with partners and suppliers. In addition, adoption of the principles of reuse and reuse as many item as possible was identified as being related to the R3 principle. The identified approaches related to the R8 principle comprised, e.g., the adoption of the principle of recycling and monitoring, sorting and recycling of waste, whereas the approaches related to the R9 principle included, e.g., measures to address food and organic waste as well as treatment of waste waters. No approaches were identified related to the R4-R7 principles.

The identified approaches related to the CE principles encompassed, for example, company measures to promote CE (circulation of products and materials), the minimization of single-use items (elimination of waste and pollution) and the use of biodegradable products (regeneration of nature). All the identified approaches related to the CE principles are presented in

Table 5. The identified approaches related to the CE principles.

CE Principles	Identified Approaches Related to the CE Principles
Circulation of products and materials	1. The promotion of the circular economy 2. The development of CE principles within the company 3. Sourcing of sustainable and local products, supplies and materials 4. The use of only paper or reusable shopping bags 5. The development of the double materiality assessment process (e.g., circular economy and identification of sustainability areas) 6. The engagement of stakeholders (investors, suppliers and partners) as part of the double materiality process 7. Consideration of the efficient use of materials and energy in the operation of ships and offices 8. Use of only paper or reusable shopping bags 9. The simultaneous increase in CE practices and support of communities (e.g., reuse of items from ships, offices and hotels, such as furniture, technical equipment, textiles, soft furnishings, bedding, decorations, lamps and food outside the company) 10. The adoption of the principle of reuse 11. Sending of as many items for reuse as possible 12. Recycling of metal, glass, plastic, cardboard, organic and special waste on board
Elimination of waste and pollution	1. The reduction and phasing out of single-use plastics 2. The goal to become a paperless business, office and service 3. The use of only paper or reusable shopping bags 4. The reduction in use of and the replacement of plastic straws with biodegradable straws 5. The minimization of the use of single-use dishware and unnecessary plastic usage in restaurants and cafeterias 6. The abandoning of single-use dishes and plastic Club One cards in stages 7. Cooperation with suppliers to reduce plastic packaging 8. The provision of drinking water from a separate tank to fill water bottles 9. Continuous increase in energy efficiency and saving of resources 10. Collaboration with research institutions to advance technological innovations (e.g., to enhance energy, fuel and water savings) and with partners to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 11. Continuous monitoring of the impact of supply chains and logistics 12. Consideration of the efficient use of materials and energy in the operation of ships and offices 13. Use of only paper or reusable shopping bags 14. The reduction in printing on board and in land operations 15. Offering of an emissions surcharge for travel bookings 16. The calculation of emissions/footprints for passengers and cargo 17. The simultaneous increase in CE practices and support of communities (e.g., reuse of items from ships, offices and hotels, such as furniture, technical equipment, textiles, soft furnishings, bedding, decorations, lamps and food outside the company) 18. Group-level monitoring and analysis of fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions 19. Installation of shore power equipment on vessels and connection of vessels to shore power supply network 20. Use of liquefied natural gas-fueled vessels on one route 21. Monthly monitoring and collection of environmental data from ships 22. The use of low-sulfur fuel, economical navigation, and modern engines and catalyzers 23. Saving of waste heat from engines and its reuse on board for, e.g., general heating 24. Fuel monitoring system to optimize the operation of ships and to lower fuel consumption, emissions and use of energy 25. Lower travel speed to reduce fuel consumption and emissions 26. Regular cleaning of hulls by divers and use of non-toxic paints (no chemicals that are harmful to the environment) 27. The adoption of the principle of reuse 28. Sending of as many items for reuse as possible 29. Monitoring and sorting of waste based on categories 30. Recycling of metal, glass, plastic, cardboard, organic and special waste on board 31. The strict zero-spill-to-the-sea policy 32. Treatment of all waste waters in waste-water treatment plants 33. The investigation of the use of organic waste for composting 34. The reduction of food waste through cooperation with a partner and passengers (e.g., focus on environmental impacts)
Regeneration of nature	1. Sourcing of sustainable products, supplies and materials 2. The reduction in use of and the replacement of plastic straws with biodegradable straws 3. The development of vegetarian and vegan food selections and use of Nordic meat and materials produced in neighboring countries 4. The promotion of sustainable environmental performance 5. Use of detergents without phosphates 6. Regular cleaning of hulls by divers and use of non-toxic paints (no chemicals that are harmful to the environment) 7. The investigation of the use of organic waste for composting 8. The reduction of food waste through cooperation with a partner and passengers (e.g., focus on environmental impacts)

. In addition, the identified approaches related to the CE business models included, for example, (1) the increase in CE practices (circular supply models, supply chains and inputs), (2) sorting and recycling activities (resource recovery) and (3) the use of reusable shopping bags (product use/life extension). No approaches were identified for sharing and sharing platforms or product-as-a-service and product-service systems. All the identified approaches related to the CE business model are presented in

Table 6. The identified approaches related to the CE business models.

CE Business Models	Identified Approaches Related to the CE Business Models
Circular supply models, supply chains and inputs	1. The promotion of the circular economy 2. The development of CE principles within the company 3. Sourcing of sustainable and local products, supplies and materials 4. The use of only paper or reusable shopping bags 5. The development of the double materiality assessment process (e.g., circular economy, identification of sustainability areas, and wide value chain perspective and mapping) 6. The engagement of stakeholders (investors, suppliers and partners) as part of the double materiality process 7. Continuous monitoring of the impact of supply chains and logistics 8. The simultaneous increase in CE practices and support of communities (e.g., reuse of items from ships, offices and hotels, such as furniture, technical equipment, textiles, soft furnishings, bedding, decorations, lamps and food outside the company) 9. The adoption of the principle of reuse 10. Sending of as many items for reuse as possible 11. Recycling of metal, glass, plastic, cardboard, organic and special waste on board
Resource recovery	1. The use of only paper or reusable shopping bags 2. The reduction in use of and the replacement of plastic straws with biodegradable straws 3. Continuous increase in energy efficiency and saving of resources 4. Collaboration with research institutions to advance technological innovations (e.g., to enhance energy, fuel and water savings) and with partners to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 5. Consideration of the efficient use of materials and energy in the operation of ships and offices 6. Use of only paper or reusable shopping bags 7. Saving of waste heat from engines and its reuse on board for, e.g., general heating 8. The adoption of the principle of reuse 9. Sending of as many items for reuse as possible 10. Monitoring and sorting of waste based on categories 11. Recycling of metal, glass, plastic, cardboard, organic and special waste on board 12. The strict zero-spill-to-the-sea policy 13. Treatment of all waste waters in waste-water treatment plants 14. The investigation of the use of organic waste for composting 15. The reduction of food waste through cooperation with a partner and passengers (e.g., focus on environmental impacts)
Product use/life extension	1. The use of energy-efficient light bulbs and fluorescent lighting tubes, including gradual change towards LED technology 2. The provision of drinking water from a separate tank to fill water bottles 3. Use of only paper or reusable shopping bags
Sharing and sharing platforms	-
Product-as-a-service and product-service systems	-

.

3.3. Eckerö Goup

The identified approaches related to the 10Rs of the Eckerö Group encompassed, for example, the replacement of materials with more sustainable materials and a focus on more energy-efficient technology (related to the R0 principle) as well as the creation of ecosystems and enhanced collaboration with local partners (related to the R1 principle). The findings related to the identified approaches related to the 10Rs in the online materials of the Eckerö Group are presented in

Table 7. The identified 10R approaches of the Eckerö Group.

10Rs	Identified 10R Approaches
Replacement of products or making of products redundant (R0)	1. Use of energy-efficient LED lamps, induction hobs, automatic water taps and vacuum flush toilets [98] 2. The replacement of necessary packaging and disposable materials with ecological alternatives based on renewable or recycled materials [98]
Rethinking of products (R1)	1. Sustainable, local and high-quality food, including monitoring of food waste covering the whole supply chain [98] 2. Multiple measures to reduce food loss, encompassing procurement (e.g., optimized amounts, reliable suppliers and efficient storage cycles), preparation (e.g., careful planning of food quantities, monitoring of food consumption, use of high-quality kitchen tools and cooking methods, and optimized processing of raw materials), serving (e.g., food presentation, size of serving plates and cutlery, and size of pieces and portions), plate waste (e.g., self-service buffet restaurants and raising of customer awareness) and minimization of the loss of café products (e.g., 30% off products) [98] 3. The creation of ecosystems (e.g., collaboration with educational institutions, authorities, suppliers, partners and tour operators) [98] 4. Preference for domestic and locally produced products and application of seasonal thinking in procurement [98] 5. Buying of fish and seafood from responsible suppliers and sustainable and certified sources [98] 6. Focus on the origin of meat and dairy products (e.g., responsible domestic producers) and preference for organic products in procurement [98] 7. Preference for local partners (e.g., services and events) [98] 8. Provision of sustainable transportation for passengers and employees [99]
Reduction in the use of resources in the manufacturing and use of products (R2)	1. The reduction in fuel consumption, energy optimization measures and transitioning to climate-neutral energy sources in the long term [98,99] 2. The limitation of water consumption; increase in energy efficiency through multiple technical solutions [98] 3. The reduction in waste generation [98] 4. The replacement of packaging and disposable materials with ecological alternatives made from renewable or recycled materials [98] 5. The minimization of the consumption of disposable packaging materials (e.g., use of reusable cutlery and utensils and biodegradable napkins) [98] 6. The application of life cycle thinking and focus on local suppliers and manufacturers in procurement [98] 7. The advancement of clean energy technology [99]
Reuse of products (R3)	1. Use of reusable cutlery and utensils [98] 2. The minimization of the use of disposable items and the consumption of disposable packaging materials [98]
Repair of products (R4)	1. The repair of old products instead of buying new products [98]
Refurbishment of products (R5)	1. Keeping old products in use and collaboration with partner organizations [98]
Remanufacturing of products (R6)	1. Collaboration with partner organizations to advance waste reduction and enhance recycling efficiency (e.g., textiles) [98]
Repurposing of products and their parts (R7)	-
Recycling of materials (R8)	1. Recycling of discarded products and materials [98] 2. Sorting of all waste based on defined categories [98] 3. Raising awareness of the negative environmental impacts of plastic waste (e.g., cigarette stumps) [98]
Recovery of materials (R9)	1. Recycling of discarded products and materials [98] 2. Sorting of all waste based on defined categories [98] 3. Closed waste-water system and treatment of waste water ashore [98] 4. The reduction in and monitoring of food loss covering the whole supply chain and including the application of the main waste categories [98]

. In addition, the approaches related to the R2 principle comprised, e.g., the reduction in fuel consumption, energy optimization measures and transitioning to climate-neutral energy sources in the long term. The identified approaches related to the R3 principle included the use of reusable cutlery and utensils and the minimization of the use of disposable items.

In addition, the repair of old products instead of buying new products was identified as being related to the R4 principle, whereas keeping old products in use and collaboration with partner organizations was identified as being related to the R5 principle. Collaboration with partner organizations to advance waste reduction and enhance recycling efficiency was identified as being related to the R6 principle. No approaches were identified related to the R7 principle. For example, recycling of discarded products and materials was identified as being related to the R8 principle. The identified approaches related to the R9 principle encompassed, e.g., measures related to addressing food loss and treatment of waste water.

The identified approaches related to the CE principles encompassed, for example, the replacement of necessary packaging and disposable materials (circulation of products and materials), multiple measures to reduce food loss (elimination of waste and pollution) and the application of seasonal thinking in procurement (regeneration of nature). All the identified approaches related to the CE principles are presented in

Table 8. The identified approaches related to the CE principles.

CE Principles	Identified Approaches Related to the CE Principles
Circulation of products and materials	1. The replacement of necessary packaging and disposable materials by ecological alternatives based on renewable or recycled materials 2. The creation of ecosystems (e.g., collaboration with educational institutions, authorities, suppliers, partners and tour operators) 3. The minimization of the consumption of disposable packaging materials 4. Use of reusable cutlery and utensils 5. The minimization of the use of disposable items and the consumption of disposable packaging materials 6. The repair of old products instead of buying new products 7. Keeping old products in use and collaboration with partner organizations 8. Collaboration with partner organizations to advance waste reduction and enhance recycling efficiency (e.g., textiles) 9. Recycling of discarded products and materials
Elimination of waste and pollution	1. Use of energy-efficient LED lamps, induction hobs, automatic water taps and vacuum flush toilets 2. The replacement of necessary packaging and disposable materials by ecological alternatives based on renewable or recycled materials 3. Monitoring of food waste covering the whole supply chain 4. Multiple measures to reduce food loss, encompassing procurement (e.g., optimized amounts, reliable suppliers and efficient storage cycle), preparation (e.g., careful planning of food quantities, monitoring of food consumption, use of high-quality kitchen tools and cooking methods, and optimized processing of raw materials), serving (e.g., food presentation, size of serving plates and cutlery, and size of pieces and portions), plate waste (e.g., self-service buffet restaurants and raising of customer awareness) and minimization of the loss of café products (e.g., 30% off products) 5. Provision of sustainable transportation for passengers and employees 6. The reduction in fuel consumption, energy optimization measures and transitioning to climate-neutral energy sources in the long term 7. The limitation of water consumption; increase in energy efficiency through multiple technical solutions 8. The reduction in waste generation 9. The minimization of the consumption of disposable packaging materials (e.g., use of reusable cutlery and utensils and of biodegradable napkins) 10. The advancement of clean energy technology 11. Use of reusable cutlery and utensils 12. The minimization of the use of disposable items and the consumption of disposable packaging materials 13. The repair of old products instead of buying new products 14. Keeping old products in use and collaboration with partner organizations 15. Collaboration with partner organizations to advance waste reduction and enhance recycling efficiency (e.g., textiles) 16. Recycling of discarded products and materials 17. Sorting of all waste based on defined categories 18. Closed waste-water system and treatment of waste water ashore
Regeneration of nature	1. The replacement of necessary packaging and disposable materials by ecological alternatives based on renewable or recycled materials 2. Sustainable, local and high-quality food 3. Preference for domestic and locally produced products and application of seasonal thinking in procurement 4. Buying of fish and seafood from responsible suppliers and sustainable and certified sources 5. Focus on the origin of meat and dairy products (e.g., responsible domestic producers) and preference for organic products in procurement 6. The minimization of the consumption of disposable packaging materials (e.g., use of biodegradable napkins) 7. The advancement of clean energy technology

. In addition, the identified approaches related to the CE business models included, for example, (1) the repair of old products instead of buying new products (circular supply models, supply chains and inputs), (2) recycling of discarded products and materials (resource recovery) and (3) the application of life cycle thinking (product use/life extension). No approaches were identified for sharing and sharing platforms or product-as-a-service and product-service systems. All the identified approaches related to the CE business model are presented in

Table 9. The identified approaches related to the CE business models.

CE Business Models	Identified Approaches Related to the CE Business Models
Circular supply models, supply chains and inputs	1. The replacement of necessary packaging and disposable materials with ecological alternatives based on renewable or recycled materials 2. The creation of ecosystems (e.g., collaboration with educational institutions, authorities, suppliers, partners and tour operators) 3. Use of reusable cutlery and utensils 4. The minimization of the use of disposable items and the consumption of disposable packaging materials 5. The repair of old products instead of buying new products 6. Keeping old products in use and collaboration with partner organizations 7. Collaboration with partner organizations to advance waste reduction and enhance recycling efficiency (e.g., textiles) 8. Recycling of discarded products and materials
Resource recovery	1. The replacement of necessary packaging and disposable materials by ecological alternatives based on renewable or recycled materials 2. Monitoring of food waste covering the whole supply chain 3. Multiple measures to reduce food loss, encompassing procurement (e.g., optimized amounts, reliable suppliers and efficient storage cycle), preparation (e.g., careful planning of food quantities, monitoring of food consumption, use of high-quality kitchen tools and cooking methods, and optimized processing of raw materials), serving (e.g., food presentation, size of serving plates and cutlery, and size of pieces and portions), plate waste (e.g., self-service buffet restaurants and raising of customer awareness) and minimization of the loss of café products (e.g., 30% off products) 4. The reduction in fuel consumption; energy optimization measures; and transitioning to climate-neutral energy sources in the long term 5. The limitation of water consumption; increase in energy efficiency through multiple technical solutions 6. The reduction in waste generation 7. Collaboration with partner organizations to advance waste reduction and enhance recycling efficiency (e.g., textiles) 8. Recycling of discarded products and materials 9. Sorting of all waste based on defined categories 10. Closed waste-water system and treatment of waste water ashore
Product use/life extension	1. Use of energy-efficient LED lamps 2. The application of life cycle thinking 3. Use of reusable cutlery and utensils 4. The minimization of the use of disposable items and the consumption of disposable packaging materials 5. The repair of old products instead of buying new products 6. Keeping old products in use and collaboration with partner organizations
Sharing and sharing platforms	-
Product-as-a-service and product-service systems	-

.

3.4. Finnlines

The identified 10R approaches for Finnlines included, for example, investment in fleet renewal and clean and new technologies, as well as ecological choice of commodities (related to the R0 principle). The findings related to the identified approaches related to the 10Rs in the online materials of Finnlines are presented in

Table 10. The identified 10R approaches of Finnlines.

10Rs	Identified 10R Approaches
Replacement of products or making of products redundant (R0)	1. Gradual development of new technologies and alternative fuels [100] 2. Ecological choice of commodities (e.g., materials used in the design of ship interiors, chemicals and food assortments) [101] 3. Investment in clean technologies and emission-free port calls to combat climate change and its impacts [101,102] 4. Investment in fleet renewal [103] 5. Change of propeller blades and installation of bulb rudders (reduction in water resistance and energy savings) [103] 6. Use of new hybrid vessels with technology to save energy and minimize emissions, such as high-powered battery banks, an air lubrication system under the keel, solar panels and connection to on-shore power [103] 7. Investment in modern vehicles and equipment [104]
Rethinking of products (R1)	1. Support of the transition towards greener shipping and participation in the development of low-emission maritime transport [100] 2. Gradual development of new technologies and alternative fuels [100] 3. Taking part in societal activities (e.g., decision-making and research) and collaboration with stakeholders [100] 4. The reduction of material footprint through digitalization and automation [101] 5. Ecological choice of commodities (e.g., materials used in the design of ship interiors, chemicals and food assortments) [101] 6. Investment in clean technologies and emission-free port calls to combat climate change and its impacts [101,102] 7. Life cycle approach to the environmental effects of the whole transport chain [101] 8. Continuous investigation and testing of energy-saving innovations [101] 9. Verified passenger-specific carbon dioxide emission figures [105] 10. Preference for environmentally friendly products [106] 11. Auditing of suppliers and assessment of their sustainability [106] 12. Investment in modern technologies and vehicles as a part of port and stevedoring operations [102] 13. Collaboration with flag and port state administration, customers, personnel, owners, port operators, classification society, contractors and inhabitants of harbor and fairway areas in environmental matters [102] 14. Overall development of a sustainable transport system with emphasis on adaptability, flexibility and smart approaches considering continuously changing needs and trends [102] 15. Continuous renewal and development of fleet based on latest technologies and innovations [104] 16. Continuous dialogue with customers, stakeholders and employees [104] 17. Installation of exhaust gas cleaning systems [102,103]
Reduction in the use of resources in the manufacturing and use of products (R2)	1. Use of eco/energy-efficient vessels [100,102] 2. High utilization rates on routes and in vessels (ro-pax concept) [100] 3. Gradual development of alternative fuels [100] 4. Smart use of resources as part of operations [100] 5. The reduction in energy use and environmental effects of cargo and passenger operations [101,102] 6. The reduction of material footprint through digitalization and automation [101] 7. Ecological choice of commodities (e.g., materials used in the design of ship interiors, chemicals and food assortments) [101] 8. Investment in clean technologies and emission-free port calls to combat climate change and its impacts [101] 9. Life cycle approach to the environmental effects of the whole transport chain [101,102] 10. Continuous investigation and testing of energy-saving innovations [101] 11. Route optimization [103] 12. Regular cleaning of the underwater hull of all ships to reduce friction and fuel consumption [103] 13. Responsible use of natural resources [107] 14. Investigation of methods to reduce consumption and waste [106]
Reuse of products (R3)	1. Reuse as part of operations [100] 2. Reuse of waste and processing of waste into material [104]
Repair of products (R4)	1. Retrofitting of existing vessels [103]
Refurbishment of products (R5)	1. Retrofitting of existing vessels [103] 2. Lengthening of ro-ro vessels (reduction in emissions per cargo unit) [103]
Remanufacturing of products (R6)	1. Retrofitting of existing vessels [103] 2. Lengthening of ro-ro vessels (reduction in emissions per cargo unit) [103]
Repurposing of products and their parts (R7)	-
Recycling of materials (R8)	1. Recycling as part of operations [100] 2. The maximization of waste recycling [106] 3. The recycling of metal, glass, paper and cardboard as raw material for industry [100,106] 4. Ship recycling, including inventory of hazardous materials [108]
Recovery of materials (R9)	1. Recycling as part of operations [100] 2. The maximization of waste recycling [106] 3. The utilization of biowaste in nutrient production [100,106] 4. The recycling of metal, glass, paper and cardboard as raw material for industry [100,106] 5. Ship recycling, including inventory of hazardous materials [108] 6. Waste recovery and processing of waste into materials [104] 7. The separation of hazardous waste and its delivery to a designated container in the port [104]

. In addition, a life cycle approach to the environmental effects of the whole transport chain and auditing of suppliers and assessment of their sustainability were among the identified approaches related to the R1 principle. The identified approaches related to the R2 principle comprised, e.g., the reduction of material footprint through digitalization and automation and route optimization. Reuse as part of operations and reuse of waste, including the processing of waste into material, were identified as being related to the R3 principle.

The retrofitting of existing vessels was identified as an approach that is related to the R4-R6 principles. The identified approaches related to the R5 and R6 principles also comprised the lengthening of ro-ro vessels. No approaches were identified related to the R7 principle. The identified approaches related to the R8 principle encompassed, e.g., recycling as part of operations and ship recycling, including inventory of hazardous materials. In addition, the identified approaches related to the R9 principle included, e.g., waste recovery, the utilization of biowaste and processing of waste into materials.

The identified approaches related to the CE principles encompassed, for example, reuse as part of operations (circulation of products and materials), the reduction of material footprint through digitalization and automation (elimination of waste and pollution) and ecological choice of commodities (regeneration of nature). All the identified approaches related to the CE principles are presented in

Table 11. The identified approaches related to the CE principles.

CE Principles	Identified Approaches Related to the CE Principles
Circulation of products and materials	1. Smart use of resources as part of operations 2. Reuse as part of operations 3. Reuse of waste and processing of waste into material 4. Retrofitting of existing vessels 5. Recycling as part of operations and the maximization of waste recycling 6. The recycling of metal, glass, paper and cardboard as raw material for industry 7. Ship recycling, including inventory of hazardous materials
Elimination of waste and pollution	1. Gradual development of new technologies and alternative fuels 2. Investment in clean technologies and emission-free port calls to combat climate change and its impacts 3. Change of propeller blades and installation of bulb rudders (reduction in water resistance and energy savings) 4. Use of new hybrid vessels with technology to save energy and minimize emissions, such as high-powered battery banks, an air lubrication system under the keel, solar panels and connection to on-shore power 5. Investment in modern vehicles and equipment 6. Support of the transition towards greener shipping and participation in the development of low-emission maritime transport 7. The reduction of material footprint through digitalization and automation 8. Life cycle approach to the environmental effects of the whole transport chain 9. Continuous investigation and testing of energy-saving innovations 10. Verified passenger-specific carbon dioxide emission figures 11. Collaboration with flag and port state administration, customers, personnel, owners, port operators, classification society, contractors and inhabitants of harbor and fairway areas in environmental matters 12. Installation of exhaust gas cleaning systems 13. Use of eco/energy-efficient vessels 14. The reduction in energy use and environmental effects of cargo and passenger operations 15. Route optimization 16. Regular cleaning of the underwater hulls of all ships to reduce friction and fuel consumption 17. Investigation of methods to reduce consumption and waste 18. Reuse as part of operations 19. Reuse of waste and processing of waste into material 20. Lengthening of ro-ro vessels (reduction in emissions per cargo unit) 21. Recycling as part of operations and the maximization of waste recycling 22. The recycling of metal, glass, paper and cardboard as raw material for industry 23. Ship recycling, including inventory of hazardous materials 24. The separation of hazardous waste and its delivery to a designated container in the port
Regeneration of nature	1. Ecological choice of commodities (e.g., materials used in the design of ship interiors, chemicals and food assortments) 2. The utilization of biowaste in nutrient production

. In addition, the identified approaches related to the CE business models included, for example, (1) reuse as part of operations (circular supply models, supply chains and inputs), (2) reuse of waste and processing of waste into material (resource recovery) and (3) reuse as part of operations (product use/life extension). No approaches were identified for sharing and sharing platforms or product-as-a-service and product-service systems. All the identified approaches related to the CE business model are presented in

Table 12. The identified approaches related to the CE business models.

CE Business Models	Identified Approaches Related to the CE Business Models
Circular supply models, supply chains and inputs	1. Smart use of resources as part of operations 2. Reuse as part of operations 3. Reuse of waste and processing of waste into material 4. Retrofitting of existing vessels 5. Recycling as part of operations and the maximization of waste recycling 6. The recycling of metal, glass, paper and cardboard as raw material for industry 7. Ship recycling, including inventory of hazardous materials
Resource recovery	1. Use of new hybrid vessels with technology to save energy and minimize emissions, such as high-powered battery banks, an air lubrication system under the keel, solar panels and connection to on-shore power 2. The reduction of material footprint through digitalization and automation 3. Life cycle approach to the environmental effects of the whole transport chain 4. Continuous investigation and testing of energy-saving innovations 5. Collaboration with flag and port state administration, customers, personnel, owners, port operators, classification society, contractors and inhabitants of harbor and fairway areas in environmental matters 6. Use of eco/energy-efficient vessels 7. The reduction in energy use and environmental effects of cargo and passenger operations 8. Route optimization 9. Regular cleaning of the underwater hulls of all ships to reduce friction and fuel consumption 10. Investigation of methods to reduce consumption and waste 11. Reuse of waste and processing of waste into material 12. Lengthening of ro-ro vessels (reduction in emissions per cargo unit) 13. The utilization of biowaste in nutrient production 14. Recycling as part of operations and the maximization of waste recycling 15. The recycling of metal, glass, paper and cardboard as raw material for industry 16. Ship recycling, including inventory of hazardous materials 17. The separation of hazardous waste and its delivery to a designated container in the port
Product use/life extension	1. Reuse as part of operations
Sharing and sharing platforms	-
Product-as-a-service and product-service systems	-

.

3.5. Wasaline

The identified 10R approaches related to the R0 principle encompassed, for example, investments in sustainability and novel technological solutions, whereas the identified approaches related to the R1 principle comprised, e.g., use of more sustainable materials and innovative vessel development. The findings related to the identified approaches related to the 10Rs in the online materials of Wasaline are presented in

Table 13. The identified 10R approaches of Wasaline.

10Rs	Identified 10R Approaches
Replacement of products or making of products redundant (R0)	1. Investments in sustainability (e.g., engines with lower emissions) [109] 2. Pilot project (Green Corridor Fridays), including the use of certified biogas and additional payments by customers [109] 3. Use of intelligent heating, ventilation and lighting on board [109] 4. Vessel machinery that runs on a dual fuel and battery solution [109] 5. Use of sustainable materials (e.g., recyclable tabletops and carpets) [109] 6. Cooperation with local companies and use of local raw materials [109] 7. The reduction of garbage at the source (e.g., minimization of packaging on board) and recycling, including the use of recyclable packaging as needed [109] 8. Investments in sustainability initiatives (e.g., technical vessel modifications, shore power and efficient terminal operations) [110] 9. Working towards fuel diversity (e.g., renewable, future and alternative fuels and e-fuel) [111] 10. Local suppliers of food [111]
Rethinking of products (R1)	1. Investments in sustainability (e.g., engines with lower emissions) [109] 2. Cooperation with sustainability networks and suppliers [109] 3. Allocation of more resources to sustainability projects [109] 4. Pilot project (Green Corridor Fridays), including the use of certified biogas and additional payments by customers [109] 5. Use of intelligent heating, ventilation and lighting on board [109] 6. Intelligent use of water [109] 7. Vessel machinery that runs on a dual fuel and battery solution [109] 8. Use of sustainable materials (e.g., recyclable tabletops and carpets) [109] 9. Enhanced focus on resource- and energy-efficient operations [109] 10. Cooperation with local companies and use of local raw materials [109] 11. Striving towards zero emissions and continuous optimization of crossings, arrivals, loading and departures to save fuel and reduce emissions [109] 12. Use of recyclable packaging as needed [109] 13. Working with multiple partners to achieve climate neutrality and green shipping corridors (zero-emission routes) [109,111] 14. Investments in sustainability initiatives (e.g., technical vessel modifications, shore power and efficient terminal operations) [111] 15. Working towards fuel diversity (e.g., renewable, future and alternative fuels and e-fuel) [111] 16. Local suppliers of food [111] 17. Climate compensation fee as an option to offset the carbon footprint of journeys (operating with biogas and batteries) [112,113]
Reduction in the use of resources in the manufacturing and use of products (R2)	1. Investments in sustainability (e.g., engines with lower emissions) [109] 2. Pilot project (Green Corridor Fridays), including the use of certified biogas and additional payments by customers [109] 3. Use of intelligent heating, ventilation and lighting on board [109] 4. Intelligent use of water [109] 5. Optimized energy consumption [109] 6. Vessel machinery that runs on a dual fuel and battery solution [109] 7. Use of sustainable materials (e.g., recyclable tabletops and carpets) [109] 8. Use of shore power in ports [109] 9. Continuous reduction of environmental footprint [109] 10. Enhanced focus on resource- and energy-efficient operations [109] 11. Cooperation with local companies and use of local raw materials [109] 12. Striving towards zero emissions and continuous optimization of crossings, arrivals, loading and departures to save fuel and reduce emissions [109] 13. Use of recyclable packaging as needed [109] 14. Working with multiple partners to achieve climate neutrality and green shipping corridors (zero-emission routes) [109,111] 15. Investments in sustainability initiatives (e.g., technical vessel modifications, shore power and efficient terminal operations) [110] 16. Working towards fuel diversity (e.g., renewable, future and alternative fuels and e-fuel) [111] 17. Local suppliers of food [111] 18. Garbage management, including reduction at the source (e.g., minimization of packaging on board) [109]
Reuse of products (R3)	1. Use of sustainable materials (e.g., recyclable tabletops and carpets) [109] 2. Use of recyclable packaging as needed [109]
Repair of products (R4)	-
Refurbishment of products (R5)	-
Remanufacturing of products (R6)	1. Use of sustainable materials (e.g., recyclable tabletops and carpets) [109]
Repurposing of products and their parts (R7)	-
Recycling of materials (R8)	1. Use of sustainable materials (e.g., recyclable tabletops and carpets) [109] 2. Onboard waste management by the crew [109] 3. Waste sorting according to multiple categories [109] 4. Recycling and use of recyclable packaging as needed [109]
Recovery of materials (R9)	1. Use of sustainable materials (e.g., recyclable tabletops and carpets) [109] 2. Onboard waste management by the crew [109] 3. Waste sorting according to multiple categories [109] 4. Recycling and use of recyclable packaging as needed [109]

. In addition, the identified approaches related to the R2 principle included, e.g., the continuous reduction of environmental footprint and a focus on resource- and energy-efficient operations. The identified approaches related to the R3 principle encompassed, e.g., the use of sustainable materials (such as recyclable tabletops and carpets) and the use of recyclable packaging as needed. In addition, the identified approach related to the R6 principle was the use of sustainable materials. No approaches were identified for the R4, R5 and R7 principles. The identified approaches related to the R8 principle comprised, e.g., recycling and use of recyclable packaging as needed, whereas the identified approaches related to the R9 principle included, e.g., onboard waste management by the crew and waste sorting according to multiple categories.

The identified approaches related to the CE principles encompassed, for example, the use of sustainable materials that can be recycled (circulation of products and materials), the minimization of packaging on board (elimination of waste and pollution) and the use of sustainable materials (regeneration of nature). All the identified approaches related to the CE principles are presented in

Table 14. The identified approaches related to the CE principles.

CE Principles	Identified Approaches Related to the CE Principles
Circulation of products and materials	1. Use of sustainable materials (e.g., recyclable tabletops and carpets) 2. Enhanced focus on resource- and energy-efficient operations 3. Recycling and use of recyclable packaging as needed
Elimination of waste and pollution	1. Investments in sustainability (e.g., engines with lower emissions) 2. Pilot project (Green Corridor Fridays), including the use of certified biogas and additional payments by customers 3. Use of intelligent heating, ventilation and lighting on board 4. Vessel machinery that runs on a dual fuel and battery solution 5. Use of sustainable materials (e.g., recyclable tabletops and carpets) 6. The reduction of garbage at the source (e.g., minimization of packaging on board) and recycling, including the use of recyclable packaging as needed 7. Investments in sustainability initiatives (e.g., technical vessel modifications, shore power and efficient terminal operations) 8. Working towards fuel diversity (e.g., renewable, future and alternative fuels and e-fuel) 9. Intelligent use of water 10. Striving towards zero emissions and continuous optimization of crossings, arrivals, loading and departures to save fuel and reduce emissions 11. Recycling and use of recyclable packaging as needed 12. Working with multiple partners to achieve climate neutrality and green shipping corridors (zero-emission routes) 13. Climate compensation fee as an option to offset the carbon footprints of journeys (operating with biogas and batteries) 14. Optimized energy consumption 15. Use of shore power in ports 16. Continuous reduction of environmental footprint 17. Garbage management, including reduction at the source (e.g., minimization of packaging on board) 18. Waste sorting according to multiple categories
Regeneration of nature	1. Use of sustainable materials (e.g., recyclable tabletops and carpets)

. In addition, the identified approaches related to the CE business models included, for example, (1) an enhanced focus on resource-efficient operations (circular supply models, supply chains and inputs), (2) optimized energy consumption (resource recovery) and (3) the use of intelligent heating, ventilation and lighting on board (product use/life extension). No approaches were identified for sharing and sharing platforms or product-as-a-service and product-service systems. All the identified approaches related to the CE business model are presented in

Table 15. The identified approaches related to the CE business models.

CE Business Models	Identified Approaches Related to the CE Business Models
Circular supply models, supply chains and inputs	1. Use of sustainable materials (e.g., recyclable tabletops and carpets) 2. Enhanced focus on resource- and energy-efficient operations 3. Recycling and use of recyclable packaging as needed
Resource recovery	1. Use of intelligent heating, ventilation and lighting on board 2. Vessel machinery that runs on a dual fuel and battery solution 3. Use of sustainable materials (e.g., recyclable tabletops and carpets) 4. The reduction of garbage at the source (e.g., minimization of packaging on board) and recycling, including the use of recyclable packaging as needed 5. Investments in sustainability initiatives (e.g., technical vessel modifications, shore power and efficient terminal operations) 6. Working towards fuel diversity (e.g., renewable, future and alternative fuels and e-fuel) 7. Intelligent use of water 8. Striving towards zero emissions and continuous optimization of crossings, arrivals, loading and departures to save fuel and reduce emissions 9. Recycling and use of recyclable packaging as needed 10. Working with multiple partners to achieve climate neutrality and green shipping corridors (zero-emission routes) 11. Climate compensation fee as an option to offset the carbon footprint of journeys (operating with biogas and batteries) 12. Optimized energy consumption 13. Use of shore power in ports 14. Continuous reduction of environmental footprint 15. Garbage management, including reduction at the source (e.g., minimization of packaging on board) 16. Waste sorting according to multiple categories
Product use/life extension	1. Use of intelligent heating, ventilation and lighting on board
Sharing and sharing platforms	-
Product-as-a-service and product-service systems	-

.

3.6. Arctia

The identified 10R approaches related to the R0 principle encompassed, for example, the promotion of CE, including the use of rental equipment in customer projects, whereas the identified approaches related to the R1 principle comprised, e.g., life cycle-efficient products and new business opportunities associated with the green transition. The findings related to the identified approaches related to the 10Rs in the online materials of Arctia are presented in

Table 16. The identified 10R approaches of Arctia.

10Rs	Identified 10R Approaches
Replacement of products or making of products redundant (R0)	1. The promotion of CE, including use of rental equipment in customer projects [114] 2. The use of operating models that support CE [114] 3. Life cycle-efficient products (e.g., buoys) [114] 4. Smart fairway infrastructure and digital technology [114] 5. Use of renewable energy sources (where possible) [114] 6. Environmental investments (e.g., specific operating modes to ensure more reliable monitoring and optimization of fuel consumption in varying conditions) [114] 7. The use of substitute refrigerants in onboard refrigeration systems (to replace ozone-depleting refrigerants) [114]
Rethinking of products (R1)	1. The promotion of CE, including recycling of materials, use of side streams to reduce the consumption of raw materials and use of rental equipment in customer projects [114] 2. The use of operating models that support CE [114] 3. Sustainable maritime services [114] 4. Contribution to the maintenance of stocks of critical supplies of the society [114] 5. New business opportunities associated with the green transition [114] 6. Life cycle-efficient products (e.g., buoys) [114] 7. Research cooperation with universities [114] 8. Sustainability management, monitoring (e.g., performance) and reporting [114] 9. Materiality analysis [114] 10. Smart fairway infrastructure and digital technology [114] 11. The CO2 roadmap to reduce emissions (e.g., modernization of fleet) [114] 12. Digitalization to optimize overall transport emissions in the long term [114] 13. Environmental investments (e.g., specific operating modes to ensure more reliable monitoring and optimization of fuel consumption in varying conditions) [114] 14. The use of substitute refrigerants in onboard refrigeration systems (to replace ozone-depleting refrigerants) [114] 15. Continuous improvement, including the development of products and services based on customer and stakeholder feedback [115]
Reduction in the use of resources in the manufacturing and use of products (R2)	1. The promotion of CE, including recycling of materials, use of side streams to reduce the consumption of raw materials and use of rental equipment in customer projects [114] 2. The use of operating models that support CE [114] 3. Energy efficiency [114] 4. The CO2 roadmap to reduce emissions (e.g., modernization of fleet) [114] 5. Digitalization to optimize overall transport emissions in the long term [114] 6. Environmental program (supplier management, waste recycling and reuse, the reduction in energy consumption and lower environmental risks) [114] 7. Environmental investments (e.g., specific operating modes to ensure more reliable monitoring and optimization of fuel consumption in varying conditions) [114] 8. The measurement of carbon footprints associated with waste management operations and offsetting of the measured emissions through certified afforestation projects by the waste management contractor [114] 9. The consideration of environmental aspects in decision-making and operations [115] 10. Systematical measurement of environmental footprint [115] 11. The setting of environmental targets annually [115]
Reuse of products (R3)	1. Reuse of waste (including port collection of waste and transport to reuse facilities) [114]
Repair of products (R4)	-
Refurbishment of products (R5)	-
Remanufacturing of products (R6)	-
Repurposing of products and their parts (R7)	-
Recycling of materials (R8)	1. The promotion of CE, including recycling of materials and use of side streams to reduce the consumption of raw materials [114] 2. Waste management to support CE [114] 3. Waste recycling and reuse [114]
Recovery of materials (R9)	1. The promotion of CE, including use of side streams to reduce the consumption of raw materials [114] 2. Enhanced sorting and recovery of all waste from ships and sites [114] 3. Monitoring and reporting of waste volumes by site and type [114] 4. Port collection of waste and transport to recycling or reuse facilities [114] 5. Sorting and collection of hazardous waste at all sites [114] 6. Training of employees related to the waste management system [114]

. In addition, the identified approaches related to the R2 principle included, e.g., the use of operating models that support CE and digitalization to optimize overall transport emissions in the long term. The identified approach related to the R3 principle was the reuse of waste. No approaches were identified for the R4–R7 principles. The identified approaches related to the R8 principle encompassed, e.g., the recycling of materials and waste management and recycling to support CE, whereas the identified approaches related to the R9 principle comprised, e.g., enhanced sorting and recovery of all waste from ships and sites.

The identified approaches related to the CE principles encompassed, for example, multiple approaches to promote CE (circulation of products and materials), recycling of materials and the use of side streams (elimination of waste and pollution) and the use of renewable energy sources (regeneration of nature). All the identified approaches related to the CE principles are presented in

Table 17. The identified approaches related to the CE principles.

CE Principles	Identified Approaches Related to the CE Principles
Circulation of products and materials	1. The promotion of CE, including recycling of materials, use of side streams to reduce the consumption of raw materials and use of rental equipment in customer projects 2. The use of operating models that support CE 3. Life cycle-efficient products (e.g., buoys) 4. The promotion of CE, including recycling of materials, use of side streams to reduce the consumption of raw materials and use of rental equipment in customer projects 5. Sustainability management, monitoring (e.g., performance) and reporting 6. Materiality analysis 7. Waste recycling and reuse of waste (including port collection of waste and transport to reuse facilities) 8. Waste management to support CE
Elimination of waste and pollution	1. Life cycle-efficient products (e.g., buoys) 2. Use of renewable energy sources (where possible) 3. Environmental investments (e.g., specific operating modes to ensure more reliable monitoring and optimization of fuel consumption in varying conditions) 4. The use of substitute refrigerants in onboard refrigeration systems (to replace ozone-depleting refrigerants) 5. The promotion of CE, including recycling of materials, use of side streams to reduce the consumption of raw materials and use of rental equipment in customer projects 6. Materiality analysis 7. The CO2 roadmap to reduce emissions (e.g., modernization of fleet) 8. Digitalization to optimize overall transport emissions in the long term 9. Energy efficiency 10. Waste recycling and reuse of waste (including port collection of waste and transport to reuse facilities) 11. The reduction in energy consumption 12. The measurement of carbon footprints associated with waste management operations and offsetting of the measured emissions through certified afforestation projects by the waste management contractor 13. Systematical measurement of environmental footprint 14. Waste management to support CE 15. Enhanced sorting and recovery of all waste from ships and sites 16. Monitoring and reporting of waste volumes by site and type 17. Sorting and collection of hazardous waste at all sites
Regeneration of nature	1. Life cycle-efficient products (e.g., buoys) 2. Use of renewable energy sources (where possible) 3. The promotion of CE, including recycling of materials and use of side streams to reduce the consumption of raw materials

. In addition, the identified approaches related to the CE business models included, for example, (1) the use of operating models that support CE (circular supply models, supply chains and inputs), (2) enhanced sorting and recovery of all waste from ships and sites (resource recovery), (3) life cycle-efficient products (product use/life extension) and (4) the promotion of CE, including the use of rental equipment in customer projects (this is related to both sharing and sharing platforms and product-as-a-service and product-service systems). All the identified approaches related to the CE business model are presented in

Table 18. The identified approaches related to the CE business models.

CE Business Models	Identified Approaches Related to the CE Business Models
Circular supply models, supply chains and inputs	1. The promotion of CE, including recycling of materials, use of side streams to reduce the consumption of raw materials and use of rental equipment in customer projects 2. The use of operating models that support CE 3. Life cycle-efficient products (e.g., buoys) 4. The promotion of CE, including recycling of materials, use of side streams to reduce the consumption of raw materials and use of rental equipment in customer projects 5. Sustainability management, monitoring (e.g., performance) and reporting 6. Materiality analysis 7. Waste recycling and reuse of waste (including port collection of waste and transport to reuse facilities) 8. Waste management to support CE
Resource recovery	1. The promotion of CE, including recycling of materials, use of side streams to reduce the consumption of raw materials and use of rental equipment in customer projects 2. Life cycle-efficient products (e.g., buoys) 3. Use of renewable energy sources (where possible) 4. Environmental investments (e.g., specific operating modes to ensure more reliable monitoring and optimization of fuel consumption in varying conditions) 5. Sustainability management, monitoring (e.g., performance) and reporting 6. Materiality analysis 7. The CO2 roadmap to reduce emissions (e.g., modernization of fleet) 8. Digitalization to optimize overall transport emissions in the long term 9. Energy efficiency 10. Waste recycling and reuse of waste (including port collection of waste and transport to reuse facilities) 11. The reduction in energy consumption 12. The measurement of carbon footprints associated with waste management operations and offsetting of the measured emissions through certified afforestation projects by the waste management contractor 13. Systematical measurement of environmental footprint 14. Waste management to support CE 15. Enhanced sorting and recovery of all waste from ships and sites 16. Monitoring and reporting of waste volumes by site and type 17. Sorting and collection of hazardous waste at all sites
Product use/life extension	1. Life cycle-efficient products (e.g., buoys)
Sharing and sharing platforms	1. The promotion of CE, including use of rental equipment in customer projects
Product-as-a-service and product-service systems	1. The promotion of CE, including use of rental equipment in customer projects

.

3.7. Bore

The identified approach related to the R0 principle was sustainable shipping, including rotor sail technology, voyage optimization system, scrubbers, frequency drives, LED lighting and combinatory mode technology. The findings related to the identified approaches related to the 10Rs in the online materials of Bore are presented in

Table 19. The identified 10R approaches of Bore.

10Rs	Identified 10R Approaches
Replacement of products or making of products redundant (R0)	1. Sustainable shipping, including rotor sail technology, voyage optimization system, scrubbers, frequency drives, LED lighting and combinatory mode technology [116]
Rethinking of products (R1)	1. Long-term thinking for sustainability [117] 2. Sustainable shipping, including rotor sail technology, voyage optimization system, scrubbers, frequency drives, LED lighting and combinatory mode technology [116] 3. Continuous improvement and improvement of operations (including environmental aspects) [117,118]
Reduction in the use of resources in the manufacturing and use of products (R2)	1. The reduction of environmental footprint [117] 2. The improvement of fuel efficiency and reduction in fleet emissions [117] 3. Sustainable shipping, including rotor sail technology, voyage optimization system, scrubbers, frequency drives, LED lighting and combinatory mode technology [116] 4. Continuous improvement and improvement of operations (including environmental aspects) [117,118]
Reuse of products (R3)	-
Repair of products (R4)	-
Refurbishment of products (R5)	-
Remanufacturing of products (R6)	-
Repurposing of products and their parts (R7)	-
Recycling of materials (R8)	-
Recovery of materials (R9)	-

. The identified approaches related to the R1 principle comprised, e.g., long-term thinking for sustainability and continuous improvement of operations, whereas the identified approaches related to the R2 principle included, e.g., the improvement of fuel efficiency and the reduction of environmental footprint. No approaches were identified for the R3–R9 principles.

The identified approaches related to the CE principles encompassed, for example, technology that promotes more sustainable shipping (elimination of waste and pollution). No approaches were identified for the circulation of products and materials or the regeneration of nature. All the identified approaches related to the CE principles are presented in

Table 20. The identified approaches related to the CE principles.

CE Principles	Identified Approaches Related to the CE Principles
Circulation of products and materials	-
Elimination of waste and pollution	1. Sustainable shipping, including rotor sail technology, voyage optimization system, scrubbers, frequency drives, LED lighting and combinatory mode technology 2. Continuous improvement and improvement of operations (including environmental aspects) 3. The reduction of environmental footprint 4. The improvement of fuel efficiency and reduction in fleet emissions
Regeneration of nature	-

. In addition, the identified approaches related to the CE business models included, for example, (1) the reduction of environmental footprint (resource recovery) and (2) the use of LED lighting (product use/life extension). No approaches were identified for circular supply models, supply chains and inputs; sharing and sharing platforms; or product-as-a-service and product-service systems. All the identified approaches related to the CE business model are presented in

Table 21. The identified approaches related to the CE business models.

CE Business Models	Identified Approaches Related to the CE Business Models
Circular supply models, supply chains and inputs	-
Resource recovery	1. Sustainable shipping, including rotor sail technology, voyage optimization system, scrubbers, frequency drives, LED lighting and combinatory mode technology 2. Continuous improvement and improvement of operations (including environmental aspects) 3. The reduction of environmental footprint 4. The improvement of fuel efficiency and reduction in fleet emissions
Product use/life extension	1. Sustainable shipping (e.g., LED lighting)
Sharing and sharing platforms	-
Product-as-a-service and product-service systems	-

.

3.8. ESL Shipping

The identified approaches related to the R0 principle encompassed, for example, investment in the best available ship technology as well as fleet renewal and environmental upgrading of the existing ships. The findings related to the identified approaches related to the 10Rs in the online materials of ESL shipping are presented in

Table 22. The identified 10R approaches of ESL shipping.

10Rs	Identified 10R Approaches
Replacement of products or making of products redundant (R0)	1. Fleet renewal and environmental upgrading of the existing ships [119] 2. Investment in best available ship technology (shift from fossil to non-fossil fuels) [119] 3. Hybrid vessels equipped with battery packs and shore power connection [120] 4. LNG-powered bulk carriers [120] 5. Renewable fuels (e.g., co-processed marine fuel oil and e-fuel hub for the production of hydrogen fuels) [120] 6. Sustainable procurement of products and services [121] 7. Investments in sustainable innovation [122]
Rethinking of products (R1)	1. Fleet renewal and environmental upgrading of the existing ships [119] 2. Roadmap towards fossil-free shipping and target of net-zero operations [119] 3. Investment in best available ship technology (shift from fossil to non-fossil fuels) [119] 4. Hybrid vessels equipped with battery packs and shore power connection [120] 5. LNG-powered bulk carriers [120] 6. Renewable fuels (e.g., co-processed marine fuel oil and e-fuel hub for the production of hydrogen fuels) [120] 7. Reporting of carbon dioxide emissions [120] 8. Fossil-free vessels [121] 9. The development of digital solutions to promote sustainable shipping (e.g., fleet scheduling optimizer software) [121] 10. Double materiality analysis [121] 11. Sustainable procurement of products and services [121] 12. The reduction of the environmental footprint [121] 13. Supplier management [121] 14. Use of environmental performance indicators, including fuel consumption, energy efficiency, emissions, purchased energy, energy consumption, air quality and ecological impacts [121] 15. The increase in positive impacts and reduction in negative impacts [122] 16. Investments in sustainable innovation [122]
Reduction in the use of resources in the manufacturing and use of products (R2)	1. Fleet renewal and environmental upgrading of the existing ships [119] 2. Roadmap towards fossil-free shipping and target of net-zero operations [119] 3. Investment in best available ship technology (shift from fossil to non-fossil fuels) [119] 4. Hybrid vessels equipped with battery packs and shore power connection [120] 5. LNG-powered bulk carriers [120] 6. Renewable fuels (e.g., co-processed marine fuel oil and e-fuel hub for the production of hydrogen fuels) [120] 7. The decrease in carbon footprint [120] 8. The reduction of emissions and fuel consumption (correct timing of hull cleaning) [120] 9. The reporting of carbon dioxide emissions [120] 10. Double materiality analysis [121] 11. Sustainable procurement of products and services [121] 12. The reduction in the environmental footprint [121] 13. The use of environmental performance indicators, including fuel consumption, energy efficiency, emissions, purchased energy, energy consumption, air quality and ecological impacts [121] 14. The increase in positive impacts and reduction in negative impacts [122] 15. Investments in sustainable innovation [122]
Reuse of products (R3)	-
Repair of products (R4)	-
Refurbishment of products (R5)	-
Remanufacturing of products (R6)	-
Repurposing of products and their parts (R7)	-
Recycling of materials (R8)	1. Recycling and waste management [122] 2. Garbage management plans in vessels [121]
Recovery of materials (R9)	1. Sorting of all waste and use of waste statistics [121] 2. Waste water discharge to shore [121] 3. Minimization of the amount of grey water [121] 4. Management of waste water [121] 5. Ballast water treatment systems [120]

. The identified approaches related to the R1 principle comprised, e.g., the development of digital solutions and the application of environmental performance indicators. In addition, the identified approaches related to the R2 principle included, e.g., sustainable procurement of products and services. No approaches were identified for the R3–R7 principles. The identified approaches related to the R8 principle encompassed, e.g., recycling and waste management, whereas the identified approaches related to the R9 principle comprised, e.g., sorting of all waste and management of waste water.

The identified approaches related to the CE principles encompassed, for example, double materiality analysis (circulation of products and materials) and environmental upgrading of ships (elimination of waste and pollution). No approaches were identified for the regeneration of nature. All the identified approaches related to the CE principles are presented in

Table 23. The identified approaches related to the CE principles.

CE Principles	Identified Approaches Related to the CE Principles
Circulation of products and materials	1. Double materiality analysis 2. Recycling and waste management 3. Sorting of all waste and use of waste statistics
Elimination of waste and pollution	1. Fleet renewal and environmental upgrading of the existing ships 2. Investment in best available ship technology (shift from fossil to non-fossil fuels) 3. Hybrid vessels equipped with battery packs and shore power connection 4. LNG-powered bulk carriers 5. Renewable fuels (e.g., co-processed marine fuel oil and e-fuel hub for the production of hydrogen fuels) 6. Sustainable procurement of products and services 7. Investments in sustainable innovation 8. Roadmap towards fossil-free shipping and target of net-zero operations 9. Reporting of carbon dioxide emissions 10. Fossil-free vessels 11. The development of digital solutions to promote sustainable shipping (e.g., fleet scheduling optimizer software) 12. Double materiality analysis 13. The reduction in the environmental footprint 14. Use of environmental performance indicators, including fuel consumption, energy efficiency, emissions, purchased energy, energy consumption, air quality and ecological impacts 15. The increase in positive impacts and reduction in negative impacts 16. The decrease in carbon footprint 17. The reduction of emissions and fuel consumption (correct timing of hull cleaning) 18. Ballast water treatment systems 19. The reporting of carbon dioxide emissions 20. Recycling and waste management 21. Sorting of all waste and use of waste statistics 22. Waste water discharge to shore 23. Minimization of the amount of grey water 24. Management of waste water
Regeneration of nature	-

. In addition, the identified approaches related to the CE business models included, for example, (1) recycling, sorting of waste and double materiality analysis (circular supply models, supply chains and inputs) and (2) investment in best available ship technology (resource recovery). No approaches were identified for product use/life extension, sharing and sharing platforms, or product-as-a-service and product-service systems. All the identified approaches related to the CE business model are presented in

Table 24. The identified approaches related to the CE business models.

CE Business Models	Identified Approaches Related to the CE Business Models
Circular supply models, supply chains and inputs	1. Double materiality analysis 2. Recycling and waste management 3. Sorting of all waste and use of waste statistics
Resource recovery	1. Fleet renewal and environmental upgrading of the existing ships 2. Investment in best available ship technology (shift from fossil to non-fossil fuels) 3. Hybrid vessels equipped with battery packs and shore power connection 4. LNG-powered bulk carriers 5. Renewable fuels (e.g., co-processed marine fuel oil and e-fuel hub for the production of hydrogen fuels) 6. Sustainable procurement of products and services 7. Investments in sustainable innovation 8. Roadmap towards fossil-free shipping and target of net-zero operations 9. Reporting of carbon dioxide emissions 10. Fossil-free vessels 11. The development of digital solutions to promote sustainable shipping (e.g., fleet scheduling optimizer software) 12. Double materiality analysis 13. The reduction in the environmental footprint 14. Use of environmental performance indicators, including fuel consumption, energy efficiency, emissions, purchased energy, energy consumption, air quality and ecological impacts 15. The increase in positive impacts and reduction in negative impacts 16. The decrease in carbon footprint 17. The reduction of emissions and fuel consumption (correct timing of hull cleaning) 18. Ballast water treatment systems 19. The reporting of carbon dioxide emissions 20. Recycling and waste management 21. Sorting of all waste and use of waste statistics 22. Waste water discharge to shore 23. Minimization of the amount of grey water 24. Management of waste water
Product use/life extension	-
Sharing and sharing platforms	-
Product-as-a-service and product-service systems	-

.

3.9. Meriaura Group

The identified approaches related to the R0 principle encompassed, for example, investments in CE and clean technology (e.g., emphasis on an ecosystem based on closed circulation), whereas the identified approaches related to the R1 principle comprised, e.g., biofuel made of recycled raw materials. The findings related to the identified approaches related to the 10Rs in the online materials of the Meriaura Group are presented in

Table 25. The identified 10R approaches of the Meriaura Group.

10Rs	Identified 10R Approaches
Replacement of products or making of products redundant (R0)	1. Investments in CE and clean technology including bioenergy solutions and an ecosystem based on closed circulation (use and recycling of waste, waste energy, nutrients and carbon dioxide) and use of waste-based oils [123,124] 2. Development and implementation of new sustainable forms of energy [123,124] 3. Biofuel made of recycled raw materials (waste-based bio-oil) [123,124] 4. The development of more environmentally friendly ships and transport solutions to achieve 100% carbon and greenhouse gas neutrality (e.g., hybrid propulsion concept that combines battery technology and sustainably produced bio-oil) [123,124] 5. Use of renewable and carbon-neutral electricity [124]
Rethinking of products (R1)	1. Investments in CE and clean technology, including bioenergy solutions and an ecosystem based on closed circulation (use and recycling of waste, waste energy, nutrients and carbon dioxide) and use of waste-based oils [123,124] 2. Contribution to a sustainable society based on CE and clean energy [123] 3. Renewable energy- and energy efficiency-related projects offshore and on land [123,124] 4. Increased use of renewable energy [123,124] 5. Decreased carbon dioxide emissions [123,124] 6. The development and implementation of new sustainable forms of energy [123,124] 7. Biofuel made of recycled raw materials (waste-based bio-oil) [123,124] 8. The minimization of the environmental footprint of the fleet [123] 9. The promotion of carbon-neutral maritime traffic, including calculation and reporting of CO2 emissions [123,124] 10. The development of more environmentally friendly ships and transport solutions to achieve 100% carbon and greenhouse gas neutrality (e.g., hybrid propulsion concept that combines battery technology and sustainably produced bio-oil) [123,124] 11. The reduction in fuel consumption, including route optimization, fuel monitoring, training of personnel, real-time visualization and connection of fleet and digitalized route planning [123] 12. The reduction and assessment of the environmental impact of operations [124,125] 13. The calculation of the emissions of shipping operations based on full life cycles of vessels [124,125] 14. The use of renewable and carbon-neutral electricity [124] 15. Double materiality analysis [124] 16. Consideration of the carbon footprint of sea freight [124]
Reduction in the use of resources in the manufacturing and use of products (R2)	1. Investments in circular economy and clean technology, including bioenergy solutions and an ecosystem based on closed circulation (use and recycling of waste, waste energy, nutrients and carbon dioxide) and use of waste-based oils [123,124] 2. Contribution to a sustainable society based on circular economy and clean energy [123] 3. Biofuel made of recycled raw materials (waste-based bio-oil) [123,124] 4. The minimization of the environmental footprint of the fleet [123] 5. The development of more environmentally friendly ships and transport solutions to achieve 100% carbon and greenhouse gas neutrality (e.g., hybrid propulsion concept that combines battery technology and sustainably produced bio-oil) [123,124] 6. The reduction in fuel consumption, including route optimization, fuel monitoring, training of personnel, real-time visualization and connection of fleet and digitalized route planning [123] 7. The reduction and assessment of the environmental impact of operations [123,125] 8. Use of renewable and carbon-neutral electricity [124]
Reuse of products (R3)	-
Repair of products (R4)	-
Refurbishment of products (R5)	-
Remanufacturing of products (R6)	-
Repurposing of products and their parts (R7)	-
Recycling of materials (R8)	1. Biofuel made of recycled raw materials (waste-based bio-oil) [123] 2. The improvement of recycling [125] 3. Waste management plan and sorting of waste [124]
Recovery of materials (R9)	1. Discharge of ship sewage into port reception facilities [123] 2. Further treatment of ship-generated waste [125] 3. Waste management plan and sorting of waste [124]

. No approaches were identified related to the R3–R7 principles. The identified approaches related to the R8 principle included, e.g., the improvement of recycling, whereas the identified approaches related to the R9 principle encompassed, e.g., further treatment of waste generated in ships.

The identified approaches related to the CE principles encompassed, for example, investments in CE (circulation of products and materials), biofuel made of recycled raw materials (waste-based bio-oil) (elimination of waste and pollution) and the development and implementation of new sustainable forms of energy (regeneration of nature). All the identified approaches related to the CE principles are presented in

Table 26. The identified approaches related to the CE principles.

CE Principles	Identified Approaches Related to the CE Principles
Circulation of products and materials	1. Investments in CE and clean technology, including bioenergy solutions and an ecosystem based on closed circulation (use and recycling of waste, waste energy, nutrients and carbon dioxide) and use of waste-based oils 2. Biofuel made of recycled raw materials (waste-based bio-oil) 3. The improvement of recycling 4. Waste management plan and sorting of waste
Elimination of waste and pollution	1. Investments in CE and clean technology, including bioenergy solutions and an ecosystem based on closed circulation (use and recycling of waste, waste energy, nutrients and carbon dioxide) and use of waste-based oils 2. Development and implementation of new sustainable forms of energy 3. Biofuel made of recycled raw materials (waste-based bio-oil) 4. The development of more environmentally friendly ships and transport solutions to achieve 100% carbon and greenhouse gas neutrality (e.g., hybrid propulsion concept that combines battery technology and sustainably produced bio-oil) 5. Use of renewable and carbon-neutral electricity 6. Renewable energy- and energy efficiency-related projects offshore and on land 7. Increased use of renewable energy 8. Decreased carbon dioxide emissions 9. The minimization of the environmental footprint of fleet 10. The promotion of carbon-neutral maritime traffic, including calculation and reporting of CO2 emissions 11. The reduction in fuel consumption, including route optimization, fuel monitoring, training of personnel, real-time visualization and connection of the fleet, digitalized route planning, and minimization of ballast 12. The reduction in and assessment of the environmental impact of operations 13. The calculation of the emissions of shipping operations based on full life cycles of vessels 14. Double materiality analysis 15. Consideration of the carbon footprint of sea freight 16. The improvement of recycling 17. Waste management plan and sorting of waste 18. Discharge of ship sewage into port reception facilities 19. Further treatment of ship-generated waste
Regeneration of nature	1. Investments in CE and clean technology, including bioenergy solutions and an ecosystem based on closed circulation (use and recycling of waste, waste energy, nutrients and carbon dioxide) and use of waste-based oils 2. Development and implementation of new sustainable forms of energy 3. Biofuel made of recycled raw materials (waste-based bio-oil) 4. Increased use of renewable energy

. In addition, the identified approaches related to the CE business models included, for example, (1) investments in CE and clean technology, including energy solutions and an ecosystem based on closed circulation (circular supply models, supply chains and inputs), and (2) the development of more environmentally friendly ships and transport solutions (resource recovery). No approaches were identified for product use/life extension, sharing and sharing platforms, or product-as-a-service and product-service systems. All the identified approaches related to the CE business model are presented in

Table 27. The identified approaches related to the CE business models.

CE Business Models	Identified Approaches Related to the CE Business Models
Circular supply models, supply chains and inputs	1. Investments in CE and clean technology, including bioenergy solutions and an ecosystem based on closed circulation (use and recycling of waste, waste energy, nutrients and carbon dioxide) and use of waste-based oils 2. Biofuel made of recycled raw materials (waste-based bio-oil) 3. The improvement of recycling 4. Waste management plan and sorting of waste
Resource recovery	1. Investments in CE and clean technology, including bioenergy solutions and an ecosystem based on closed circulation (use and recycling of waste, waste energy, nutrients and carbon dioxide) and use of waste-based oils 2. Development and implementation of new sustainable forms of energy 3. Biofuel made of recycled raw materials (waste-based bio-oil) 4. The development of more environmentally friendly ships and transport solutions to achieve 100% carbon and greenhouse gas neutrality (e.g., hybrid propulsion concept that combines battery technology and sustainably produced bio-oil) 5. Use of renewable and carbon-neutral electricity 6. Renewable energy- and energy efficiency-related projects offshore and on land 7. Increased use of renewable energy 8. Decreased carbon dioxide emissions 9. The minimization of the environmental footprint of the fleet 10. The promotion of carbon-neutral maritime traffic, including calculation and reporting of CO2 emissions 11. The reduction in fuel consumption, including route optimization, fuel monitoring, training of personnel, real-time visualization and connection of fleet, digitalized route planning, and minimization of ballast 12. The reduction in and assessment of the environmental impact of operations 13. The calculation of the emissions of shipping operations based on full life cycles of vessels 14. Double materiality analysis 15. Consideration of the carbon footprint of sea freight 16. The improvement of recycling 17. Waste management plan and sorting of waste 18. Discharge of ship sewage into port reception facilities 19. Further treatment of ship-generated waste
Product use/life extension	-
Sharing and sharing platforms	-
Product-as-a-service and product-service systems	-

.

3.10. Alfons Håkans

The identified approach related to the R0 principle was investment in modern and eco-friendly technologies, whereas the identified approach related to the R1 principle encompassed, for example, enhanced focus on sustainability, covering business operations, partners, practices and ecosystem development. The findings related to the identified approaches related to the 10Rs in the online materials of Alfons Håkans are presented in

Table 28. The identified 10R approaches of Alfons HÃkans.

10Rs	Identified 10R Approaches
Replacement of products or making of products redundant (R0)	1. Investment in modern and eco-friendly technologies [126]
Rethinking of products (R1)	1. Sustainable business operations [126] 2. The minimization of environmental impacts associated with all aspects of operations [126] 3. The reduction of emissions [126] 4. The improvement of energy efficiency [126] 5. Investment in modern and eco-friendly technologies [126] 6. Route optimization [126] 7. The implementation of sustainable practices covering the whole fleet and all logistics processes [126] 8. Sustainable ecosystem, covering society, community and the environment [126] 9. Collaboration and partnerships with organizations, industry experts and local communities as part of a sustainability strategy to collectively address sustainability challenges, exchange knowledge and share best practices [126]
Reduction in the use of resources in the manufacturing and use of products (R2)	1. The minimization of environmental impacts associated with all aspects of operations [126] 2. The improvement of energy efficiency [126] 3. Investment in modern and eco-friendly technologies [126] 4. Route optimization [126] 5. The implementation of sustainable practices covering the whole fleet and all logistics processes [126]
Reuse of products (R3)	-
Repair of products (R4)	-
Refurbishment of products (R5)	-
Remanufacturing of products (R6)	-
Repurposing of products and their parts (R7)	-
Recycling of materials (R8)	-
Recovery of materials (R9)	-

. The identified approaches related to the R2 principle comprised, e.g., route optimization. No approaches were identified related to the R3–R9 principles.

The identified approaches related to the CE principles encompassed, for example, route optimization and the reduction of emissions (elimination of waste and pollution) and the development of a sustainable ecosystem (regeneration of nature). No approaches were identified for circulation of products and materials. All the identified approaches related to the CE principles are presented in

Table 29. The identified approaches related to the CE principles.

CE Principles	Identified Approaches Related to the CE Principles
Circulation of products and materials	-
Elimination of waste and pollution	1. Investment in modern and eco-friendly technologies 2. The minimization of environmental impacts associated with all aspects of operations 3. The reduction of emissions 4. The improvement of energy efficiency 5. Investment in modern and eco-friendly technologies 6. Route optimization 7. The implementation of sustainable practices covering the whole fleet and all logistics processes
Regeneration of nature	1. Sustainable ecosystem, covering society, community and the environment 2. Collaboration and partnerships with organizations, industry experts and local communities as part of a sustainability strategy to collectively address sustainability challenges, exchange knowledge and share best practices

. In addition, the identified approaches related to the CE business models included, for example, (1) investment in modern and eco-friendly technologies (resource recovery) and (2) collaboration and partnerships with organizations, industry experts and local communities (sharing and sharing platforms). No approaches were identified for circular supply models, supply chains and inputs, product use/life extension, or product-as-a-service and product-service systems. All the identified approaches related to the CE business model are presented in

Table 30. The identified approaches related to the CE business models.

CE Business Models	Identified Approaches Related to the CE Business Models
Circular supply models, supply chains and inputs	-
Resource recovery	1. Investment in modern and eco-friendly technologies 2. The minimization of environmental impacts associated with all aspects of operations 3. The reduction of emissions 4. The improvement of energy efficiency 5. Investment in modern and eco-friendly technologies 6. Route optimization 7. The implementation of sustainable practices covering the whole fleet and all logistics processes
Product use/life extension	-
Sharing and sharing platforms	1. Sustainable ecosystem covering society, community and the environment 2. Collaboration and partnerships with organizations, industry experts and local communities as part of a sustainability strategy to collectively address sustainability challenges, exchange knowledge and share best practices
Product-as-a-service and product-service systems	-

.

3.11. Rederi AB Nathalie

The identified approach related to the R0 principle was a continuous search for environmentally friendly substitutes, whereas the identified approaches related to the R1 principle encompassed, for example, the promotion of more sustainable industry with partners and the promotion of greener transport. The findings related to the identified approaches related to the 10Rs in the online materials of Rederi AB Nathalie are presented in

Table 31. The identified 10R approaches of Rederi AB Nathalie.

10Rs	Identified 10R Approaches
Replacement of products or making of products redundant (R0)	1. Continuous search for environmentally friendly substitutes covering a broad range of aspects from conventional chemicals to planned hybrid technology for new building projects [127]
Rethinking of products (R1)	1. Sustainable culture within the company [127] 2. Continuous improvement of environmental performance [127] 3. The promotion of more sustainable industry with all associated business partners [127] 4. Participation in local actions and initiatives related to the environment [127] 5. The promotion of greener transport [127] 6. The preservation of common resources for the future [127] 7. The reduction of emissions, covering all vessels [127] 8. Weather routing and speed optimization [127] 9. Continuous search for environmentally friendly substitutes, covering a broad range of aspects from conventional chemicals to planned hybrid technology for new building projects [127] 10. The minimization of energy consumption in all actions related to company operations (e.g., employee transport and switching off illumination) [127]
Reduction in the use of resources in the manufacturing and use of products (R2)	1. Continuous improvement of environmental performance [127] 2. The promotion of more sustainable industry with all associated business partners [127] 3. The promotion of greener transport [127] 4. The preservation of common resources for the future [127] 5. Weather routing and speed optimization [127] 6. Continuous search for environmentally friendly substitutes, covering a broad range of aspects from conventional chemicals to planned hybrid technology for new building projects [127] 7. The minimization of energy consumption in all actions related to company operations (e.g., employee transport and switching off illumination) [127]
Reuse of products (R3)	-
Repair of products (R4)	-
Refurbishment of products (R5)	-
Remanufacturing of products (R6)	-
Repurposing of products and their parts (R7)	-
Recycling of materials (R8)	1. The increase in recycling [127]
Recovery of materials (R9)	1. Waste sorting [127] 2. Ballast water management plan covering all vessels [127]

. The identified approaches related to the R2 principle comprised, e.g., weather routing and speed optimization. No approaches were identified related to the R3–R7 principles. The identified approach related to the R8 principle was the increase in recycling, whereas the identified approach related to the R9 principle was waste sorting.

The identified approaches related to the CE principles encompassed, for example, enhanced recycling and waste sorting (circulation of products and materials), a continuous search for environmentally friendly substitutes (elimination of waste and pollution) and participation in local actions and initiatives related to the environment (regeneration of nature). All the identified approaches related to the CE principles are presented in

Table 32. The identified approaches related to the CE principles.

CE Principles	Identified Approaches Related to the CE Principles
Circulation of products and materials	1. The increase in recycling 2. Waste sorting
Elimination of waste and pollution	1. Continuous search for environmentally friendly substitutes, covering a broad range of aspects from conventional chemicals to planned hybrid technology for new building projects 2. Continuous improvement of environmental performance 3. The promotion of greener transport 4. The reduction of emissions covering all vessels 5. Weather routing and speed optimization 6. Ballast water management plan covering all vessels 7. The minimization of energy consumption in all actions related to company operations (e.g., employee transport and switching off illumination) 8. The increase in recycling 9. Waste sorting
Regeneration of nature	1. Participation in local actions and initiatives related to the environment

. In addition, the identified approaches related to the CE business models included, for example, (1) waste sorting and enhanced recycling (circular supply models, supply chains and inputs) and (2) weather routing and speed optimization (resource recovery). No approaches were identified for product use/life extension, sharing and sharing platforms, or product-as-a-service and product-service systems. All the identified approaches related to the CE business model are presented in

Table 33. The identified approaches related to the CE business models.

CE Business Models	Identified Approaches Related to the CE Business Models
Circular supply models, supply chains and inputs	1. The increase in recycling 2. Waste sorting
Resource recovery	1. Continuous search for environmentally friendly substitutes, covering a broad range of aspects from conventional chemicals to planned hybrid technology for new building projects 2. Continuous improvement of environmental performance 3. The promotion of greener transport 4. The reduction of emissions, covering all vessels 5. Weather routing and speed optimization 6. Ballast water management plan covering all vessels 7. The minimization of energy consumption in all actions related to company operations (e.g., employee transport and switching off illumination) 8. The increase in recycling 9. Waste sorting
Product use/life extension	-
Sharing and sharing platforms	-
Product-as-a-service and product-service systems	-

.

4. Discussion

The comparison of the results indicates that, for example, the following approaches were typical for the associated 10Rs: (1) investment in and use of alternative technologies (e.g., clean and climate-smart technology), as well as the replacement of necessary packaging and disposable materials (with ecological alternatives based on renewable or recycled materials) (R0); (2) the use of new and more sustainable products and solutions; (3) replacement of products and resource and energy efficiency (R2); reuse of materials (R3); recycling of various materials and sorting of waste (R8); and recycling of biowaste and treatment of waste water (R9). Very few approaches were typically identified for the R4–R7 principles.

A previous regional study in Finland that included many maritime sectors (e.g., shipping and port actors) concluded that (1) the principles of CE (10Rs) are considered to be important by most companies; (2) recycling and recovery of materials are perceived as particularly important by companies; (3) companies considered that the refurbishment, reuse and repair of products are very important or important; (4) important management approaches comprise business ecosystems, CE strategy and goals, and the development of markets for recycled and recovered products and parts; (5) important CE assessment and measurement approaches include an increase in recycled contents in products, recovery, reduction in disposable products, prevention of premature obsolescence, recycling, waste minimization and utilization of waste as a raw material; and (6) important CE reporting approaches comprise reporting in the whole supply and value chain, with continuous reporting of CE as a part of the online communication of companies and the definition of best practices and the best available techniques for CE [64].

The following approaches related to the 10Rs were quite unique: (1) the creation of circular material flows, including the circulation of raw materials into new products (R3, R6, R8 and R9); (2) recycling of biowaste to produce biogas (R9); (3) the simultaneous increase in CE practices and support of communities (e.g., reuse of items from ships, offices and hotels, such as furniture, technical equipment, textiles, soft furnishings, bedding, decorations, lamps and food outside the company) (R2); (4) the repair of old products instead of buying new products (R4); (5) keeping old products in use and collaboration with partner organizations (R5); (6) collaboration with partner organizations to advance waste reduction and enhance recycling efficiency (e.g., textiles) (R6); (7) the reduction and monitoring of food loss, covering the whole supply chain and including the application of the main waste categories (R9); (8) retrofitting of existing vessels (R4–R6); (9) lengthening of ro-ro vessels (reduction in emissions per cargo unit) (R6); (10) ship recycling, including inventory of hazardous materials (R8); (11) pilot projects (Green Corridor Fridays), including the use of certified biogas and additional payments by customers (R0–R2); (12) the use of sustainable materials (e.g., recyclable tabletops and carpets) (R3 and R6); (13) the promotion of CE, including the use of side streams to reduce the consumption of raw materials (R1–R2 and R8 and R9) and the use of rental equipment in customer projects (R0); and (14) the development of a sustainable ecosystem, covering society, community and the environment, encompassing, e.g., collaboration and partnerships with organizations, industry experts and local communities as part of a sustainability strategy to collectively address sustainability challenges, exchange knowledge and share best practices (rethinking of products).

Previous studies have concluded that (1) CE strategies such as eco-design, reuse, repair, remanufacturing, recycling and refurbishment could help to achieve resource efficiency [56]; (2) the development and application of tools could assist port managers to both identify essential environmental aspects and continuously improve the environmental performance of ports, including the associated creation of broader benefits to the whole port sector [128]; (3) tools such as sustainability indexes covering institutional, economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development can be applied to assessment and benchmarking to provide information for port authorities and stakeholders [129]; and (4) international orientations and front-runner positions are important, including an emphasis on proactive leadership, innovativeness and life cycle thinking [51].

The comparison of the results indicates that, for example, the following approaches were typical for the CE principles: (1) the promotion of CE, including circulation of materials as well as reuse and recycling (circulation of products and materials); (2) the reduction of waste and minimization of emissions (elimination of waste and pollution); and (3) more sustainable and environmentally friendly products and raw materials, as well as recycling of biowaste (regeneration of nature). Very few approaches were typically identified for the regeneration of nature.

Previous studies have shown that (1) the circularity transition can support the sustainability of the maritime industry and actions, for instance, industry-wide campaigns to create awareness are necessary, covering, e.g., the identification of appropriate strategies and technological solutions as well as the contributions of stakeholders to promote circular end-of-life applications [54]; (2) sustainable maritime supply chains are about integrating maritime organizational units such as ports and shipping companies covering the entire supply chain [20]; and (3) life cycle thinking and assessment are considered to be very important for the development of an industrial and cross-company ecology and symbiosis in the seafaring sector, encompassing a focus on, e.g., full life cycle assessment of products and comprehensive supply chain assessments with other actors [51].

The following approaches related to the CE principles were quite unique: (1) the repair of old products instead of buying new products and keeping old products in use and collaboration with partner organizations (circulation of products and materials); (2) lengthening of ro-ro vessels (reduction in emissions per cargo unit) (elimination of waste and pollution); (3) recycling of biowaste to produce biogas (regeneration of nature); (4) retrofitting of existing vessels (circulation of products and materials); (5) ship recycling, including inventory of hazardous materials (circulation of products and materials and elimination of waste and pollution); (6) pilot projects (Green Corridor Fridays), including the use of certified biogas and additional payments by customers (elimination of waste and pollution); (7) the use of sustainable materials (e.g., recyclable tabletops and carpets) (related to all the three principles); (8) the promotion of CE, including the use of side streams to reduce the consumption of raw materials and the use of rental equipment in customer projects (related to all three principles); (9) life cycle-efficient products (e.g., buoys) (regeneration of nature); (10) the development of a sustainable ecosystem, covering society, community and the environment, including, e.g., collaboration and partnerships with organizations, industry experts and local communities as part of a sustainability strategy to collectively address sustainability challenges, exchange knowledge and share best practices (regeneration of nature); and (11) participation in local actions and initiatives related to the environment (regeneration of nature).

Previous studies have concluded that (1) the development of secondary ports (e.g., for logistics, transport, storage, transshipment and industrial activities) can advance and they can be major partners in circular supply chains in accordance with the overall CE model [130]; (2) circular city models can be promoted within the city–port context, encompassing a focus on, e.g., sustainable approaches to seas and marine resources [31]; (3) the use of indicators could provide information on the environmental performance of the European port sector, including evaluation of the overall sectoral progress and benchmarking against the EU average as well as reporting by various ports to their stakeholders [131]; and (4) port cities need to advance CE transition and promote sustainability, encompassing environmental, economic and social aspects [132].

The comparison of the results indicates that, for example, the following approaches were typical for the CE business models: (1) the promotion of CE as well as reuse and recycling of materials (circular supply models, supply chains and inputs); (2) resource and energy efficiency (resource recovery); (3) the use of alternative technology (e.g., LED lights) and reusable items (product use/life extension). Very few approaches were typically identified for sharing and sharing platforms and product-as-a-service and product-service systems.

Previous studies have shown that (1) multiple practices should be used to evaluate sustainable port development, including a holistic approach to sustainable development (covering environmental, social and economic dimensions) and consideration of all stakeholders in sustainable port development [133]; (2) sustainable supply chain management covering internal sustainable development and external sustainable collaboration have positive effects on and linkages with the sustainability performance of ports [134]; (3) the sustainability of ports can be advanced through the development and application of port sustainability indicators covering environmental, social and economic aspects [135]; and (4) companies in the seafaring sector are willing to promote CE (e.g., through the development of new business models, sectoral guidelines and best practices) [14].

The following approaches related to the CE business models were quite unique: (1) the simultaneous increase in CE practices and support of communities (e.g., reuse of items from ships, offices and hotels, such as furniture, technical equipment, textiles, soft furnishings, bedding, decorations, lamps and food outside the company) (circular supply models, supply chains and inputs); (2) the repair of old products instead of buying new products and keeping old products in use, as well as collaboration with partner organizations (circular supply models, supply chains and inputs and resource recovery); (3) retrofitting of existing vessels (circular supply models, supply chains and inputs); (4) lengthening of ro-ro vessels (reduction in emissions per cargo unit) (resource recovery); (5) ship recycling, including inventory of hazardous materials (circular supply models, supply chains and inputs and resource recovery); (6) use of sustainable materials (e.g., recyclable tabletops and carpets) (circular supply models, supply chains and inputs); (7) the promotion of CE, including the use of side streams to reduce the consumption of raw materials and the use of rental equipment in customer projects; (8) the utilization of life cycle-efficient products (e.g., buoys) (product use/life extension); (9) the promotion of CE, including the use of rental equipment in customer projects (sharing and sharing platforms and product-as-a-service and product-service systems); and (10) the development of a sustainable ecosystem covering society, community and the environment, encompassing, e.g., collaboration and partnerships with organizations, industry experts and local communities as part of a sustainability strategy to collectively address sustainability challenges, exchange knowledge and share best practices (sharing and sharing platforms).

Previous studies have concluded that (1) ports can be linked to and take advantage of circular city concepts and tools to promote overall sustainable development in the context of port–city interconnectedness [136]; (2) the sustainability of maritime shipping and sustainable maritime logistics can be promoted through informed decision-making in maritime supply chains, considering environmental sustainability jointly with competing objectives [137]; (3) specific development processes can create, for example, indicator systems for the measurement, reporting and monitoring of port sustainability and involve multiple stakeholders, such as researchers and port and industry representatives [135]; (4) sustainable practices at the ship–port interface can be advanced through the development of new technologies and digitalization investments, with due focus on the overall ecosystem [138]; and (5) port sustainability can be advanced through more systematic supply chain perspectives on cargo movement systems instead of a narrow focus on single operational aspects of ports [27].

5. Conclusions

The findings of this study suggest that many of the 10Rs are included in and integrated into the online reporting and associated materials of shipping companies in the form of multiple approaches. These reports and materials are mostly related to sustainability, responsibility and environmental management. Most of the identified approaches are related to the following 10R principles: (1) replacement of products or making of products redundant (R0); (2) rethinking of products (R1); and (3) reduction in the use of resources in the manufacturing and use of products (R2). Only a few approaches could be identified related to the reuse of products (R3), the recycling of materials (R8) and the recovery of materials (R9). There were typically no or only a few approaches related to the repair of products (R4), the refurbishment of products (R5), the remanufacturing of products (R6) and the repurposing of products and their parts (R7). For many companies, there were no identified approaches related to the R3–R7 principles.

Regarding the CE principles, the findings of this study suggest that quite a number of approaches were identified related to the circulation of products and materials and that many approaches were identified for the elimination of waste and pollution. Typically only a few approaches were identified related to the regeneration of nature. Regarding the CE business models, the findings suggest that quite a number of approaches were identified related to circular supply models, supply chains and inputs and that many approaches were identified for resource recovery. Only a few approaches were identified related to product use/life extension, sharing and sharing platforms, and product-as-a-service and product-service systems.

Based on these findings, it can be recommended that shipping companies place more emphasis on the aspects of CE that are linked to keeping products, components and materials in circulation, such as repair, reuse, refurbishment, remanufacturing, upgrading, retrofitting and repurposing. In addition, more focus is needed on, e.g., comprehensive collaboration between ships designers, ship operators and port operators, encompassing all the various actors; the recycling and recovery of all products, components and materials; the building of necessary innovation and business ecosystems; and measures that directly promote the circulation of products and materials, as well as circular supply models, supply chains and inputs. The broader implications of this study for policymaking and societal promotion of CE include, e.g., the need to establish appropriate incentives and regulatory instruments as well as ecosystems to advance CE in this sector. The limitations of this study encompass, e.g., the use of online materials instead of verified managerial and operative actions. Future research should focus on further study on the integration of CE principles (including the 10Rs), strategies and business models into the management, operations and reporting of the shipping industry, covering all actors and broader networks.