Significance of Songbirds for Park Visitors, the Urban Environment and Biodiversity: Example of the Croatian Coastal Belt

Abstract

Urbanisation is a common cause of the loss of biological diversity. The most diverse natural areas in urban centres are city parks. The aim of this study was to examine the importance of songbirds for park visitors, the environment, and biodiversity in cities, based on the example of the Croatian coastal belt. A survey was conducted in the first half of 2024 (survey N = 662). The results show a low degree of basic biological knowledge of the main songbird species present in urban parks along the Croatian coastal belt. Citizens, on average, had a good basic understanding of the relationships between park songbirds and the environment. There were no statistically significant differences between cities of residence concerning basic biological knowledge of the main park songbird species in the Croatian coastal belt (p = 0.076), basic knowledge of the relationships between park songbirds and the environment (p = 0492), interactions between humans and songbirds in parks (p = 0.403), or opinions on conserving park songbird populations (p = 0.115). The final analysis confirmed that there was a statistically significant difference in education levels among participants regarding basic biological knowledge of the main park songbird species in the Croatian coastal belt (p = 0.001), basic knowledge of the relationships between park songbirds and the environment (p = 0.014), interactions between humans and songbirds in parks (p = 0.001), and opinions on conserving park songbird populations (p = 0.041). The dominant role of female respondents also raises the question of why male respondents do not participate in the research, which opens up opportunities for new research that would mainly deal with the topic of gender differences in attitudes towards park birds.

1. Introduction

Urbanisation is a common cause of the loss of biodiversity. However, for some species, urban areas can be an adequate environment for the population to survive and thrive [1]. The main causes of the threat of extinction are fragmentation, degradation, and habitat destruction [2]. The ecology of urban areas is a scientific discipline that requires further research, and the type and scope of information provided by “citizen scientists” has proven to be invaluable [3]. Indeed, some 47 million Americans engage in birdwatching in their free time [4].

Though it is commonly believed that matrices negatively impact species richness, it would appear that the diversity of habitats and heterogeneity in microhabitats contained within urban parks is the most important factor for the total richness of species in those areas [5]. Biodiversity in urban green zones has been examined in detail in multiple ornithological studies, as it is widely known that birds are significant bioindicators of the state of the environment [6]. Accordingly, in order to improve urban biodiversity, special attention in managing urban areas should be given to landscape processes [7].

At the global level, most parks have been developed for recreational purposes, such as paved trails, sporting facilities, and exotic flora, while biodiversity has been long neglected [8]. Celis Diez et al. [9] stressed the need for more detailed studies on the relationships between the perceptions of citizens concerning biodiversity and human well-being in certain Latin American cities, under the effects of urbanisation and a lower share of green areas per capita in comparison with cities of the northern hemisphere. They also stated that increasing citizen knowledge about indigenous species could increase their perceived value, which could, in turn, spur a stronger cultural identity and support the conservation of wild species in urban areas.

Some studies confirmed that the respondents had the greatest knowledge about the most numerous species of birds, exotic and widely distributed in the parks [9].

Most of research so far has shown that autochthonous vegetation is the most desirable for birds in the urban environment for food and shelter [10]. Birds are present in a wide range of habitats all around the world, controlling insect populations, pollinating flowers, spreading seeds, removing dead animals, and changing the environment [11]. Within the urban environment, it is important to attract and retain non-commensal bird species, i.e., those for which the urban environment is foreign and inhospitable [12].

Jokimäki et al. [13] stated that 21% of European nesting birds successfully nest in European city centres. Of those, the species nesting in or on buildings have a diverse diet, while 40% of bird species that nest in trees typically eat seeds and fruits. According to the Atlas of Nesting Birds [4], about 100 bird species nest in the area of the City of Zagreb, while the urban area of the City of Osijek also has a high richness of wild bird species [14]. Clergeau [15] showed that urbanisation can cause reduced abundance of bird species that nest on the ground and those that prefer shrubby habitats. The research by [16] highlighted the capacity of birds to adapt to various types of urban areas, based on environmental conditions, including interactions between humans and birds. Variations in species richness and the density of bird populations in urban parks and green areas are often significant. The reasons behind these differences, and whether or not all migratory groups are equally affected, are still poorly understood [17].

Yang et al. [18] analysed the interactions between bird populations and the vegetation of microhabitats in the Binjiang forest park. They quantified the richness of bird species, their abundance, and their behaviour. Then, they correlated these indices with the richness of plant species and the structure and density of the vegetation.

Migratory birds are a natural reservoir for and carriers of the bird flu virus [19]. Salmonellosis is also one of the most important zoonoses around the world. Infections can result in economic losses in the poultry industry and expenses to the public health system [20]. Bacteria of the genera Salmonella and Campylobacter continue to endanger human health [21]. The transfer of microorganisms by migratory birds is still insufficiently understood [22]. Birds can be hosts of zoonotic tularemia, caused by the species Francisella tularensisis [23]. More research on microorganisms in birds is required on a larger sample size, particularly at gathering and feeding sites [24].

The first detailed information about birds in the Croatian area was published by Ettinger and Gjurašin, with new findings presented by Brehm and Naumann [25]. Research on bird migration and bird ringing in Croatia began by 1910 [25]. To date, 231 bird species have been recorded in Croatia, a very high number on the European scale. Of these, the ratio of endangered species is quite high, given the small surface area of Croatia, because of the threats facing most habitats and anthropogenic pressures throughout the country [26]. For birds, the sea surface between the mainland and the island does not represent a barrier to their flight.

The distinctive features of island populations and communities of animal species and their exceptional vulnerability require a specific approach in researching islands. The larger the island, the more bird species are found [2]. The total number of bird species recorded to date on the island of Šolta (59 km²) is 132 species, with 2 subspecies [27], while Cres is home to more than 200 bird species, the highest number of all the Adriatic islands [28].

This work provides unique original research dealing with the theme of urban studies (sociological approach) on songbirds in Croatia and beyond. It does not include exact ornithological studies of observation and counting of birds, but it includes years of indirect and direct experiences of the second author of this work (an ornithophile) about the most significant (most common, environmentally beneficial, most beautiful, and mostly protected) park songbird species in the field, along with a review of the recent literature. It also includes other experiences of experts regarding the presence of the included birds at selected locations (e.g., societies for the protection and breeding of birds that are active in all cities within the research area).

When we observe differences by human gender, there is a prevailing belief among us that women have more sensitivity towards environmental and nature protection issues, while men, especially those of middle and older age, are less interested in the same. This also depends on educational background. According to research by Lee et al. (2014) [29], men more frequently reported that birdwatching enhances their understanding of bird behaviour, while women placed greater importance on birdwatching in terms of personal relaxation, enjoyment, and recreation. This demographic segment was given special importance in our research. It should be noted that in workshops for sustainable development conducted by schools and associations, women are more often the leaders and educators.

The aim of this study was to examine the significance of songbirds for park visitors, the environment, and biological diversity in cities, using the example of cities in the Croatian coastal belt.

2. Urban Vegetation and Birds—Review of the Previous Research

The most nature-rich areas in urban centres are city parks, comprising significant centres of urban biodiversity. The most important factors for this biodiversity are park size and habitat diversity within the park [30]. According to some research [9], the abundance of birds in urban areas is a significant factor in identifying some species. Gray and Van Heezik [31] showed that indigenous plant species are not necessarily adequate sources of food for indigenous birds.

Da Silva and Rodrigues Silva [32] found that a smaller abundance of large fruit-eating birds in forest areas near trails influences the process of seed dispersal. Park managers are expected to care for the management and use of trail networks for seed dispersal. The fruit diet of birds was researched by [33] in the Wythamwood forest in Oxford (1979–1980). Birds were fed with ripe fruit from the end of August to early May. Observations were performed on a daily transect, which showed that the fruits were preferred by tits and thrushes [33]. Cruz et al. [34] found that the Eurasian blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla L.) was the main spreader of native and alien seeds in all seasons. Craves [35] documented 46 bird species that consumed the seeds of European buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) and alder buckthorn (Frangula alnus) in North America and discussed which species were best for spreading those seeds.

The planting of flower species (such as those from the family Asteraceae) should be encouraged in home gardens and on public grounds, as their seeds are food for several species of finches (Carduelis carduelis L., Serinus serinus L., etc.) (Figure 1).

A study on the diet and feeding behaviour of the naturalised yellow-headed Amazon (Amazona oratrix), the turquoise-fronted Amazon (Amazona aestiva xanthopteryx), and their hybrids was conducted in the city of Stuttgart [36]. Of the 64 plant species included in the study, 37 were native and 27 were alien species of trees and shrubs. They found that food sources were widely available for these naturalised populations and, therefore, were not a limiting factor for population growth.

Some European parks, such as Rimski Park in Romania, are particularly important for resident bird species, especially during winter months [37]. Prestes [38] examined the behavioural models of species based on the intensity of human use of those areas and highlighted the importance of creating bird shelters within urban parks. Celis Diez et al. [9] compared species richness of birds in public green areas in the city of Santiago, Chile, and the knowledge of the local population on the diversity of birds [9]. Fires in open areas that affect the vegetation of edge urban zones can be a threat to nearby parks. Fires largely degrade ecosystems and their stability, which further reduces biodiversity [39]. For the purpose of better understanding the parameters of ignition and burning of a certain plant species, research on fire control is required [40]. This can also be performed during landscaping projects.

Leveau [41] showed that urbanisation encourages the seasonal homogenisation in bird communities in urban parks, thus influencing the presence of migratory species. Clergeau et al. [42] studied the bird communities in Rennes, France, and concluded that bird diversity was highest in the most distant suburbs and lowest in the city centre.

During the migratory period, some 130 species of migratory birds fly over Croatia, some passing along the Adriatic islands from the direction of Europe to Africa and back [43]. Some research on the behaviour of European birds has shown that their flight behaviour, measured as the flight initiation distance when approached by a human, significantly differed between bird individuals inhabiting different structures, parks, and cemeteries. The results showed that birds in parks take flight starting at a larger distance than birds in cemeteries. We also present research on some other bird behaviours in parks. Stagoll et al. [44] examined the role of tall native trees for birds in urban parks in Canberra, Australia, and concluded that they have a positive impact on bird diversity.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Study Area

The selected songbirds that are the main object of this paper are presented in the table shown in Figure 2, which inhabit the parks along the Croatian coast from southern Croatia (Dubrovnik) to Istria (Pula). In terms of vegetation, the Mediterranean region is composed of the steno-Mediterranean vegetation zone, eu-Mediterranean vegetation zone, and sub-Mediterranean vegetation zone [45]. The main analyses examined the participants’ basic biological knowledge of the main songbird species in the Croatian coastal area, the participants’ basic knowledge about the relationship between park songbirds and the environment, interactions between humans and songbirds in parks, and the participants’ opinions on maintaining songbird populations in parks.

3.2. Studied Species

The scientific and Croatian names of birds found in Croatia are based on the Rječnik standardnih hrvatskih ptičjih naziva [Dictionary of standard Croatian bird names], published by the Croatian Academy of Science and Arts, Department of Ornithology (2018) [46], and Heinzel [47]. The main biological and ecological traits of the selected songbird species are described below.

The European goldfinch (Cro. Češljugar) (Carduelis carduelis L.) is the most prominent of the finches and is recognisable by its black, white, and red head. Its wings are black and white with yellow wing stripes. Its underside is whitish, and its tail is black. Its song is bell-like and twittering. It has a similar habitat to the European greenfinch. Its length is 12 cm [47]. It nests in trees twice per season from April to June and lays four eggs [48].

The European greenfinch (Cro. Zelendur) (Chloris chloris L.) is the largest yellow-green finch, with pale yellow wing markings. Its underside is yellow, and its beak is large. Females have a darker colouration. Its song is trilling. It inhabits parks, orchards, suburbs, forest edges, gardens, and more [47]. It nests two to three times per season, from April to July, in a nest made of different grasses and branches, lined with fine feathers and hairs. Females lay from four to six eggs [48].

The European serin (Cro. Žutarica) (Serinus serinus L.) is yellow to yellowish-green, with darker stripes and a yellow underside. The head and chest of the males are yellow. Its beak is thick and very short. The young have dark stripes. Its song is a buzzing trill. It is found in orchards, gardens, at forest edges, and in city parks. Its length is up to 11.5 cm [47]. It nests from April to June, twice in a small nest, and females lay three to five eggs [48].

The chaffinch (Cro. Zeba) (Fringilla coelebs L.) is the most common European finch and is recognisable by a white spot on its shoulder. In males, the cap is grey-blue, the back is pinkish-brown with a chestnut-coloured cape and a green underside. Its song is clear with a fink, fink note. It is found in forests, thickets, on arable lands, and in city parks and gardens. Its length is up to 15 cm [47]. It nests once a year, from April to July. Its round nest is built of grass, feathers, and animal hair and positioned high in a tree. Females lay four to five bluish eggs [49].

The great tit (Cro. Velika sjenica) (Parus major L.) is an easily recognisable bird, with a black and white head, pale yellow-green nape, and black chin that extends along the entire length of its pale-yellow underside. Its song is diverse and squeaky. It is found in forests, thickets, orchards, gardens, and parks. Its length is up to 13 cm [47]. It nests in tree hollows and bird houses. It lays from 3 to 18 eggs [50] and nests once or twice a year [51].

The blackbird (Cro. Kos) (Turdus merula L.) is one of the most common bird species in Europe. The feathers of males are completely black, with a pale orange-yellow beak. Females are dark brown, while the young are brownish-red with a black beak. Its song is frilly and pleasant. Its habitats are forested areas, gardens, orchards, and city parks. Its length is up to 25 cm [47]. It nests two to three times, from March to September, and lays three to five eggs [49].

The mentioned songbirds are present in our coastal parks (by song and appearance) in almost all seasons. During the distinctly short and cold period that we have almost not experienced in the last 10 years because of climate change, most males chirp and have shorter song phrases.

Along the coast and in the studied cities, these bird species prefer public city parks for their habitat. This was stated in the recent landscape literature (compilation of authors [52]; Bojanić Obad Šćitaroci and Obad Šćitaroci [53]; Dorbić and Temim [54]; and Marić and Viđen [55]).

In the European Union, nature conservation and the accompanying legislation have been developed in alignment with the most important international conventions on biological diversity. The key European strategic document for the period to 2020 is the European Union Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. Croatia can boast having a high level of conserved nature, and, pursuant to the Nature Protection Act (OG 80/13), there are 420 areas under national protection [56]. The hunting of songbirds was prohibited in Croatia (then the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia) by the Hunting Act adopted on 27 April 1893 [57]. Later, in 1945, birds were protected as part of the Act on the Protection of Cultural Monuments and Natural Rarities [58]. Today, their protection is guaranteed under the Nature Protection Act [59,60,61,62]. Pursuant to Article 151, paragraphs 2 and 3, and Article 85, paragraph 3 of that Act, the minister of environmental protection and nature issued the Ordinance on strictly protected species (OG 144/13 [63]; 73/16 [64]).

The entry of this Ordinance into force overturned the previous Ordinance on the proclamation of wild species as protected and strictly protected (OG 99/09 [65]), where the blackbird and chaffinch were in the category of protected species. The new Ordinance only has the category of strictly protected.

Of the six bird species included in this study, four are listed as strictly protected pursuant to this Ordinance:

Carduelis carduelis (L.), European goldfinch, nesting population, LC, BE2, Article 5 BD.

Carduelis chloris (L.), European greenfinch, nesting population, LC, BE2, Article 5 BD.

Serinus serinus (L.), European serin, nesting population, LC, BE2, Article 5 BD.

Parus major (L.), great tit, nesting population, LC, BE2, Article 5 BD.

BD refers to the Birds Directive: Directive 2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds (codified version) (SL L 20, 26. 1. 2010).

BE2 refers to the listing of the species in Annex II of the Convention on the protection of European wild species and natural habitats (Bern Convention).

LC refers to the IUCN category of threat: least concern.

3.3. Survey

The survey sample (N = 662) was heterogenous and included participants from the following Croatian coastal cities: Dubrovnik (N = 104), Split (N = 82), Šibenik (N = 78), Zadar (N = 72), Rijeka (N = 219), and Pula (N = 104). The survey was conducted in the first half of 2024. The sex structure of the survey was 564 females and 98 males. Because of the large age range of the participants (from 16 to 99 years), three categories were formed. The first category included ages from 16 to 38 years (N = 199), the second category included ages from 39 to 50 years (N = 308), and the third category included ages over 50 years (N = 155). In terms of education level, the participants could list one of five categories: no qualifications, primary school, secondary school, higher education (college), university qualifications (bachelor, academy, master’s, or doctorate). No participants stated the no qualifications category, so this category was included in the table but not in the statistical analysis. The categories included in the statistical analysis were as follows: primary school (N = 19), secondary school (N = 226), college (N = 93), and university (N = 324). The methods used in this research were as follows: theoretical analysis method, survey, and descriptive analytics (statistics).

This research was conducted online with a Google Forms survey. The respondents were familiar with the rules for filling out the questionnaire, and each respondent voluntarily answered the survey. The cities where this research was conducted were selected by systematic selection, and the respondents were selected by random selection. The Google survey consisted of four dimensions: basic biological knowledge about the main songbird species of the Croatian coastal belt (with illustrations of birds) (48 questions), basic knowledge of the relationship between park songbirds and the environment (25 questions), interactions between humans and songbirds in parks (19 questions), and opinions on maintaining park songbird populations (16 questions). When filling out the survey, the participants were instructed to perceive these dimensions exclusively for the areas of city parks and gardens (implying all public and private park areas) for the city in which they live. The survey was anonymous; the participants were informed that the survey would be used for scientific purposes, and they were asked to respond as honestly and objectively as possible to ensure precise and objective research results. After completion of the survey, the collected data were entered and analysed using the IBM SPSS program (version 26). For the analysis, descriptive statistics (minimum and maximum values, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, skew, kurtosis, 95% confidence intervals) and inferential non-parametric statistics (Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests) were used. Cronbach’s alpha was used to confirm the reliability of all dimensions. Basic biological knowledge of the main songbird species in the Croatian coastal belt Cronbach’s α = 0.942), basic knowledge of the relationship between park songbirds and the environment (Cronbach’s α = 0.949), and conserving park songbird populations (Cronbach’s α = 0.953) showed high reliability. Interactions between humans and park songbirds showed good reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.788). The results showed that the dimensions were reliable for conducting further research.

3.4. Study Hypotheses

H1—The participants have basic biological knowledge about the main songbird species in parks in the Croatian coastal belt.

H2—The participants have basic knowledge of the relationships between park songbirds and the environment.

H3—The participants express positive emotions about park songbirds.

H4—The participants express a positive opinion about maintaining park songbird populations.

H5—There is a statistically significant difference between the sexes of the participants in their basic biological knowledge of the main species of songbirds in parks in the Croatian coastal belt, their basic knowledge of the relationships between park songbirds and the environment, the interactions between humans and park songbirds, and their opinions on maintaining park songbird populations.

H6—There is a statistically significant difference between age groups of the participants in their basic biological knowledge of the main species of songbirds in parks in the Croatian coastal belt, their basic knowledge of the relationships between park songbirds and the environment, the interactions between humans and park songbirds, and their opinions on maintaining park songbird populations.

H7—There is a statistically significant difference between cities of residence in the basic biological knowledge of the main species of songbirds in parks in the Croatian coastal belt, the basic knowledge of the relationships between park songbirds and the environment, the interactions between humans and park songbirds, and the opinions on maintaining park songbird populations.

H8—There is a statistically significant difference between education levels in the basic biological knowledge of the main species of songbirds in parks in the Croatian coastal belt, the basic knowledge of the relationships between park songbirds and the environment, the interactions between humans and park songbirds, and the opinions on maintaining park songbird populations.

4. Results

Table 1. Minimum and maximum values, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, 95% confidence interval, skew, kurtosis, results of the normal distribution test, and Cronbach’s α.

	Min	Max	M	SD	95% CI Lower/ Upper	Skew	Kurt	K-sz	p	Cronbach’s α
Basic biological knowledge of the main songbird species in the Croatian coastal belt	48	96	75.08	10.73	74.2871 / 75.8443	−0.699	−0.055	0.953	0.00	0.942
Basic knowledge of the relationship between park songbirds and the environment	25	125	98.83	17.79	97.5438 / 100.1148	−1.452	3.007	0.894	0.00	0.949
Interactions between humans and park songbirds	19	37	27.69	3.37	27.4562 / 27.9592	−0.452	−0.217	0.973	0.00	0.788
Conserving park songbird populations	16	80	66.93	12.26	65.9957 / 67.8413	−1.883	4.284	0.882	0.00	0.953

shows that the data are negatively asymmetric for each variable and mostly leptokurtic, except for those variables pertaining to the relationship between park songbirds and the environment, which is platykurtic. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for all variables showed a significant deviation from the normal population (p < 0.05). Since most variables deviated from the normal distribution, a non-parametric statistical analysis was performed. In addition to the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, the analysis was also performed using bootstrap confidence intervals and standard deviations of dimensions. The results show a precise assessment of the reliability of arithmetic means based on the values of narrow confidence intervals and variability, indicating a deviation from the normal distribution. If all indicators are taken into account, the use of non-parametric statistics is justified. Basic biological knowledge of the main songbird species in the Croatian coastal belt, basic knowledge of the relationship between park songbirds and the environment, and conserving park songbird populations show high reliability (Cronbach’s α > 0.9). Interactions between humans and park songbirds shows good reliability (Cronbach’s α > 0.7)

H1. 

The participants have basic biological knowledge about the main songbird species in parks in the Croatian coastal belt.

In examining

Table 2. Descriptive indicators of the basic biological knowledge of the main species of songbirds in parks in the Croatian coastal belt.

Basic Biological Knowledge of the Main Songbird Species in Parks in the Croatian Coastal Belt					Total
European goldfinch	Yes		No
	F	%	f	%
Are you familiar with the EUROPEAN GOLDFINCH?	574	86.7%	88	13.3	662	100%
Did you know that the EUROPEAN GOLDFINCH has a dark head, red face, white bellow, and brown sides?	351	53%	311	47%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird has a pleasant and melodic song?	501	75.7%	161	24.3%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird eats harmful larvae on park plants during the young-raising period?	270	40.8%	392	59.2%	662	100%
Did you know that this species is a common inhabitant in Croatian parks?	344	52%	318	48%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird species prefers specific plant species for habitat and food?	143	21.6%	519	78.4%	662	100%
Did you know that this species nests in native species of ornamental plants?	236	35.6%	426	64.4%	662	100%
European greenfinch	Yes		No		Total
	F	%	f	%
Are you familiar with the bird species EUROPEAN GREENFINCH?	163	24.6%	499	75.4%	662	100%
Did you know that the male EUROPEAN GREENFINCH is larger and has an olive-green body with yellow zones?	128	19.3%	534	80.7%	662	100%
Did you know that this species has a trilling song?	151	22.8%	551	77.2%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird species eats harmful larvae off of park plants during the young-raising period?	122	18.4%	540	81.6%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird is a common resident in Croatian city parks?	109	16.5%	553	83.5	662	100%
Did you know that this bird species prefers specific plant species for its habitat and food sources?	96	14.5%	556	85.5%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird species nests in native ornamental plant species?	89	13.4%	573	86.6%	662	100%
Do you think that this species is strictly protected by law?	222	33.5%	440	66.5%	662	100%
European serin	Yes		No		Total
	F	%	f	%
Are you familiar with the bird species EUROPEAN SERIN?	200	30.2%	462	69.8%	662	100%
Did you know that the male EUROPEAN SERIN has a yellow-green body with yellow zones?	168	25.4%	494	74.6%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird has a buzzing and trilling song?	160	24.2%	502	75.8%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird species is closely related to the canary?	120	18.1%	542	81.9%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird species is a common inhabitant in Croatian city parks?	117	17.7%	545	82.3%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird species prefers specific plant species for its habitat and food sources?	86	13%	576	87%	662	100%
Did you know that this species nests in native ornamental plant species?	101	15.3%	561	84.7%	662	100%
Do you think that this species is strictly protected by law?	185	27.9%	477	72.1%	662	100%
Chaffinch	Yes		No		Total
	F	%	f	%
Are you familiar with the bird species CHAFFINCH?	540	81.6%	122	18.4%	662	100%
Did you know that the male CHAFFINCH is pinkish-brown on its back, with a grey-blue cap and chestnut cape?	334	50.5%	328	49.5%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird species has a clear song?	395	59.7%	267	40.3%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird species eats harmful larvae off of park plants during the young-raising period?	270	40.8%	360	59.2%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird species is a common inhabitant in Croatian city parks?	302	45%	360	54.4%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird species prefers specific plant species for its habitat and food sources?	192	29%	470	71%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird species nests in native ornamental plant species?	227	34.3%	435	65.7%	662	100%
Do you think that this species is strictly protected by law?	188	28.4%	474	71.6%	662	100%
Great tit	Yes		No		Total
	F	%	f	%
Are you familiar with the bird species GREAT TIT?	533	80.5%	129	19.5%	662	100%
Did you know that the GREAT TIT has a black-white head, olive green back, and yellow belly with a black line?	432	65.3%	230	34.7%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird has diverse and squeaky songs?	294	44.4%	368	55.6%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird species eats harmful larvae off of park plants during the young-raising period?	286	43.2%	376	56.8%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird species is a common inhabitant in Croatian city parks?	367	55.4%	295	44.6%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird species prefers specific plant species for its habitat and food sources?	207	31.3%	455	68.7%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird species nests in native ornamental plant species?	269	40.6%	393	59.4%	662	100%
Do you think that this species is strictly protected by law?	184	27.8%	478	72.2%	662	100%
Blackbird	Yes		No		Total
	F	%	f	%
Are you familiar with the bird species BLACKBIRD?	658	99.4%	4	0.6%	662	100%
Did you know that the male BLACKBIRD has an intensive black-coloured body and a yellow beak?	648	97.9%	14	2.1%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird species has a pleasant, frilly song?	596	90%	66	10%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird species eats harmful larvae off of park plants during the young-raising period?	448	67.7%	214	32.3%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird species is a common inhabitant in Croatian city parks?	599	90.5%	63	9.5%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird species prefers specific plant species for its habitat and food sources?	314	47.4%	348	52.6%	662	100%
Did you know that this bird species nests in native ornamental plant species?	457	69%	205	31%	662	100%
Do you think that this species is strictly protected by law?	176	26.6%	486	73.4%	662	100%

f represents the number of values that are repeated in a given answer.

through the affirmative answer yes, it is evident that the participants knew the most about the blackbird and least about the European serin. Analysing the knowledge overall, of the total 48 questions, only 16 were predominantly yes answers, indicating a low level of basic biological knowledge of the main species of songbirds in parks in the Croatian coastal belt. Therefore, this hypothesis was not confirmed.

The participants showed a strong knowledge of the most popular songbird in Croatia, the European goldfinch. In recent years, this bird has been bred as a canary in captivity both in Croatia and elsewhere, creating a large number of hybrids and lovely crosses with canaries and other related finches [66,67,68]. The European greenfinch is also a popular bird for keeping and breeding, whereas the European serin is less often kept or bred [69]. Native to Eurasia and North Africa, the European goldfinch has successfully been introduced to the Azores Islands, Cape Verde Islands, Australia, New Zealand, Uruguay, Argentina, Bermuda, and the USA, but its introduction was not successful in Canada or South Africa [70]. These results may be associated with education about birds during childhood, when new information is easily mastered and behaviours shaped. Children of preschool age begin to develop positive habits in their attitudes towards animal and plant species, which can be highly important for their attitudes towards nature in the future [71]. According to Marguš [72], pupils in the first and fourth grades had the best knowledge of protected animals. According to Boothman Milanković [73], at the end of primary education, a pupil should have sound knowledge of native flora and fauna. Over the past 15 years, knowledge of birds in Croatia has increased substantially, thanks to scientific efforts, organised bird ringing camps, publication of popular science papers, and the role of bird lovers and bird watchers [4]. Bird watching has become a popular pastime on all continents, from parks and homes to the seashore and rivers, and even the highest mountain plateaus [74]. Tourism trends have shown that people are increasingly accepting the idea of taking active vacations and exploring, which includes visits to natural sites and rarities [75]. Increasing knowledge about songbirds can also be accomplished by local ecological societies through various education sessions about birds in preschools and schools.

H2. 

The participants have basic knowledge of the relationships between park songbirds and the environment.

Table 3. Descriptive indicators for basic knowledge of the relationship between park songbirds and the environment.

Basic Knowledge About the Relationship Between Park Songbirds and the Environment	M	SD
Songbirds are significant bioindicators (organisms suitable for indicating the presence of and action of individual harmful compounds in the environment).	4.19	1.039
Songbirds are an integral biological element and segment of city parks.	4.53	0.961
The life of songbirds in city parks depends on the availability and condition of trees and shrubs.	4.51	0.974
Native conifer species or alien conifer species are important habitats for songbirds in city parks.	4.19	1.041
The abundance and diversity of bird species in city parks depends on the abundance and diversity of woody plant species.	4.31	0.997
The life of songbirds in city parks is completely reliant on humans.	3.72	1.157
The life of songbirds in city parks depends on landscape architects.	3.78	1.165
The life of songbirds in city parks depends on horticulture and forest experts.	3.96	1.078
Native fruit tree species are significant for the life of songbirds in city parks (as a habitat, for nesting, feeding, etc.).	4.02	1.026
Native ornamental plant species are significant for the life of songbirds in city parks (as habitat, for nesting, feeding, etc.).	4.07	1.028
Weed plant species are significant for the life of songbirds in city parks (e.g., for feeding).	3.80	1.085
Songbirds in city parks are dependent on water.	4.24	1.044
Songbirds in city parks are dependent on the soil.	3.94	1.099
Songbirds in city parks are dependent on feeding over the winter (bird feeders).	3.91	1.094
Songbirds in city parks are dependent on landscaping of surfaces.	3.87	1.048
The life of songbirds in city parks is dependent on the position of the park.	3.69	1.039
The life of songbirds in city parks is dependent on the climate.	4.03	0.994
The life of songbirds in city parks is dependent on environmental pollution.	4.29	1.023
The life of songbirds in city parks is dependent on noise levels.	4.11	1.023
The life of songbirds in city parks is dependent on volunteers and bird protection societies.	3.50	1.085
Songbirds in city parks are undesirable because they transmit certain zoonoses (groups of infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans, and vice versa).	2.12	1.203
Songbirds are important for the reproduction and growth of trees and shrubs in city parks.	3.82	1.109
Songbirds are important for the reproduction and growth of ornamental orchards in city parks.	3.74	1.104
Songbirds are important for protecting plants from pests in city parks.	4.25	0.997
Songbirds are important for spreading seeds of different cultivated plants in city parks.	4.14	1.017

M—arithmetic mean; SD—standard deviation.

shows that the participants had a good basic knowledge of the relationships between park songbirds and the environment; therefore, the hypothesis is confirmed. It can, however, be observed that the participant’s knowledge is somewhat weaker in terms of the statement that songbirds are not desired in city parks because they can transmit zoonoses (groups of infectious diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans).

When designing an urban park, it is important to consider ecological dynamics that imply information about the survival of native vegetation and a balance with native biological diversity [10]. Some research, such as [76] on the conservation and management of bird diversity in urban areas, has shown that green areas should be enlarged, with a higher diversity of native plant species. Some birds are strictly tied to conifers, such as the red crossbill (Loxia curvirostra L.), or to deciduous trees, such as the hawfinch (Coccothraustes coccothraustes L.), which feeds on seeds of the European nettle tree (Celtis australis L.) during the autumn and winter.

Batisti and Dodaro [77] found that increasing the availability of adult trees and predators of some synanthropic species (such as the crow (Corvus sp.) in parks led to a higher density and biomass of primary and secondary nesting birds of medium to large size).

In addition to crows, squirrels (Sciuridae) pose a problem for songbirds, as they destroy eggs and kill young birds, and they have no natural predators. Once a nest is destroyed, the parents no longer return to that area to nest.

The life of a songbird in a park is tied to climate change, a subject of constant discussion. The position of certain trees in a park is also very important for songbirds, particularly during the reproductive period, as birds seek out peace and security when caring for eggs and raising young. At least during the summer period, birds in a park should have access to watering pools, while in the winter, they should have access to bird feeders containing seeds. Any fertilisers or plant protection compounds should be applied directly, so as to avoid harming bird populations. Small areas with weeds that are food sources for songbirds should also be left.

Noise in the urban environment negatively impacts bird populations [78]. This can also be remedied by planting appropriate plant species that absorb sound (such as the cherry laurel Prunus laurocerasus L.). During the winter months, volunteers and bird protection societies can help songbirds by installing and filling feeders.

In addition to the standard tree species, ornamental fruit species have long been used in gardens and parks around the world in free form and with a larger diversity than in production orchards [79]. Songbirds are indirectly important for the reproduction of ornamental fruit trees, other trees, and cultivated plants, while they feed on a variety of pest insect species, thereby influencing plant growth. The dispersal of seeds of cultivated plants by songbirds can become an ecological issue if there are invasive plant species in the park.

H3. 

The participants express positive emotions about park songbirds.

Table 4. Descriptive indicators of positive emotions about park songbirds.

Positive Emotions About Park Songbirds	Yes		No		Total
	F	%	F	%
Do you notice songbirds in city parks?	595	89.9%	67	10.1%	662	100%
Do you first notice the song of songbirds in city parks?	564	85.2%	98	14.8%	662	100%
Do you think that songbirds are important for a full experience of city parks?	640	96.7%	22	3.3%	662	100%
Do you think that songbirds are an important element of city parks?	640	96.7%	22	3.3%	662	100%
Do you think that ornamental plants in city parks are important for songbirds?	115	17.4%	547	82.6%	662	100%
Do you think that songbirds create a feeling of joy for visitors in city parks?	648	97.9%	14	2.1%	662	100%
Do you think that a city park is complete and more complex with songbirds?	634	95.8%	28	4.2%	662	100%
Do you think that bird songs makes people stay in the park for longer?	518	78.2%	144	21.8%	662	100%
Do you know what songbirds feed on in city parks?	310	46.8%	352	53.2%	662	100%
Do you feed songbirds during spring and summer in city parks?	178	26.9%	484	73.1%	662	100%
Do you watch the life of songbirds in city parks during autumn and winter?	288	43.5%	374	56.5%	662	100%
Do you watch the life of songbirds in city parks during spring and summer?	384	58%	278	42%	662	100%
Do you think about the life of songbirds in city parks?	311	47%	351	53%	662	100%
Have you ever tried to plant a tree on your own initiative that would be suitable for the life of songbirds in a city park?	73	11%	589	89%	662	100%
Can you recognise trees and shrubs that are food sources for songbirds in city parks?	212	32%	450	68%	662	100%
Are you familiar with the flower species that are food sources for songbirds in city parks?	143	21.6%	519	78.4%	662	100%
Can you recognise the insects that are food sources for songbirds in city parks?	292	44.1%	370	55.9%	662	100%
Have you learned about the habits and needs of songbirds in city parks?	93	14%	569	86%	662	100%
Have you taught young generations about songbirds in city parks?	182	27.5%	480	72.5%	662	100%

f represents the number of values that are repeated in a given answer.

shows that positive emotions were not fully expressed by the survey respondents. It is positive to note that the participants noticed songbirds and their songs, and that they were happy to see them in parks. However, of the total 19 questions, only 7 questions received a majority positive yes response, while 12 questions received a negative no response. Therefore, this hypothesis is not confirmed.

In order to improve these results, it is necessary to work with children from the earliest ages. Including schools nature conservation programmes results not only in monitoring bird numbers in parks, but also increases pupil sensitivity to natural changes [30]. Characteristic bird songs have a primary role in the mental regeneration of visitors and help in recovery from stress [80]. Jahani et al. [80] conducted an assessment of bird song melodies on the mental health of urban tourists. They found that the warbler (Sylvia) can attract a variety of nature lovers and bird watchers from different parts of Europe. The same was found to be true for tits (Paridae) [81].

H4. 

The participants express a positive opinion on maintaining park songbird populations.

Similar to the data shown in

Table 5. Descriptive indicators of a positive opinion on maintaining park songbird populations.

Positive Opinion on Maintaining Park Songbird Populations	M	SD
Songbirds are dependent on landscape architects, urban foresters, and agriculture experts.	3.88	1.037
Songbird populations can be conserved and be revived in city parks by educating the public and children.	4.29	0.975
Songbird populations can be conserved and revived in city parks with the use of native woody plants and native ornamental plants (for habitat, nesting, feeding, etc.).	4.34	0.934
Songbird populations can be conserved and revived in city parks by revitalising city park vegetation.	4.43	0.949
Songbird populations can be conserved and revived in city parks by repairing fountains and watering pools.	4.37	0.958
Songbird populations can be conserved and revived in city parks by reducing the number of crows.	3.71	1.068
Songbird populations can be conserved and revived in city parks with the installation of bird feeders.	4.29	0.955
Songbird populations can be conserved and revived in city parks with the installation of nesting boxes.	4.23	0.971
Songbird populations can be conversed and revived in city parks through park conservation.	4.17	1.065
Songbird populations can be conserved and revived in city parks through the abidance of the legislation.	4.40	0.995
Songbird populations can be conserved and revived in city parks through European projects.	4.56	0.930
Songbird populations can be conserved and revived in city parks by creating new city parks.	4.40	0.995
Songbird populations can be conserved and revived in city parks by preserving the environment overall.	4.56	0.930
Songbird populations can be conserved and revived in city parks by removing alien invasive tree and shrub species that pose a threat to domestic, native species.	4.07	1.076
For songbirds, city parks with tall adult trees are better.	3.92	0.986
For songbirds, city parks with more shrubs are better.	3.64	1.051

M—arithmetic mean; SD—standard deviation.

, the survey participants expressed a positive opinion about the need to conserve and revive songbird populations in city parks. The participants mostly considered that songbirds can be conserved and revived in city parks through European projects, abidance with the law, and preserving the environment overall. This hypothesis is confirmed.

The participants widely supported the thesis that songbird populations can be effectively conserved and revived in city parks by educating the public and children, which, today, can be conducted by applying for and winning various European projects in the field of environmental protection and nature conservation. In Croatia, several bird protection societies are active and involved in teaching young generations about songbirds. During the winter period, their members install bird houses and install and fill bird feeders with feed to help songbirds survive the winter.

The living area of birds is an important ecological factor, and every species has a special function in conserving the well-being of the environment and humans [10]. In addition to nesting areas, orchards are also important as feeding grounds for birds from neighbouring habitats [82]. In terms of planning, managing, and reviving city green areas, it is necessary to focus on the species and type of vegetation that make up the local biodiversity, primarily native tree species [30]. According to [18], the wealth and diversity of woody plant species was a significant vegetation variable for the richness of bird species, abundance, and diversity. Viličić [83] highlighted the creation of corridors aimed at connecting public areas and private gardens in city centres with the natural environment in the surroundings. Other authors, such as [84], stated that feeding tables increased the species richness and abundance of birds in Finland. A comparison of the bird fauna in several small parks (<10 ha in area) in Zagreb found that those parks with a better developed shrub layer had a higher species richness and higher population densities of nesting birds [85]. The thesis that songbirds could be conserved and revived in city parks with the installation of nesting boxes would mostly refer to birds that primarily feed on insects, such as the great tit.

As previously stated, these songbirds are protected under the Nature Protection Act. Penalties are rigorous, and over the last 20 years, this Act has resulted in a drastic decline in songbird hunting. In an expert book, author Dageta Popović [86] spoke of this tradition, saying “True masters (bird-hunters) of this hunt are the southerners, particularly the Spanish, French and especially Italians. It was from the Italians that this hunting tradition was introduced to our coastal areas. Initially, birds were hunted out of a vital interest (due to hunger and for sale)”. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, songbirds are most threatened by illegal hunting and trade, poisoning, and poor construction of structures that serve in energy generation, which directly impact bird mortality or their habitat destruction [87].

The mentioned research can assist city authorities in improving the management of urban public green spaces and similar areas. This and such research are in line with strategic regulations, and their results are applicable, including The European Green Deal (COM/2019/640 Final) from 11 December 2019 [88], Resolution on Green Infrastructure —Enhancing European Natural Capital, 2013/2663(RSP)) from 15 December 2013 [89], and Urban Agenda for the EU5 from May 2016 [90]. In December 2021, the Government of the Republic of Croatia adopted the “Program for the Development of Green Infrastructure in Urban Areas for the Period 2021 to 2030” (NN 147/21) [91].

Improving the interaction between citizens and songbirds in Croatia and beyond can be achieved through a combination of educational, spatial, urban planning, ecological, and cultural measures. Below, we outline specific strategies based on domestic and international experiences: introducing educational programs in schools about the importance of songbirds for the ecosystem, placing educational panels in parks with information about bird species, workshops and guided tours for birdwatching, setting up birdhouses and drinking stations in parks, connecting local communities with research projects about birds, organising local bird festivals, increasing the number of urban green spaces, especially with indigenous species, etc.

H5. 

There is a statistically significant difference between the sexes in their basic biological knowledge of the main bird species of songbirds in the Croatian coastal belt, their basic knowledge of the relationship between songbirds and the environment, the interactions between humans and songbirds in parks, and their opinions on conserving songbird populations.

The results in

Table 6. Testing of the statistical significance of the difference between the sexes in their basic biological knowledge of the main species of songbirds in the Croatian coastal belt, their basic knowledge of the relationship between songbirds and the environment, the interactions between humans and songbirds in parks, and their opinions on conserving songbird populations.

	Sex	N	M	SD	Mann–Whitney U	p
Basic biological knowledge of the main species of songbirds in the Croatian coastal belt	Male	98	69.67	13.727
	Female	564	76.02	9.846	20,168.00	0.001
Basic knowledge of the relationship between songbirds and the environment	Male	98	93.67	21.689
	Female	564	99.73	16.888	23,329.500	0.014
Interactions between humans and songbirds in parks	Male	98	26.54	3.943
	Female	564	27.89	3.233	22,001.00	0.001
Opinions on conserving songbird populations	Male	98	64.42	13.971
	Female	564	67.36	11.904	24,075.500	0.041
Total	662

indicate that there was a statistically significant difference in responses between the sexes concerning the basic biological knowledge of the main species of songbirds in the Croatian coastal belt (p = 0.001), the basic knowledge of the relationship between songbirds and the environment (p = 0.014), the interactions between humans and songbirds in parks (p = 0.001), and the opinions on conserving songbird populations (p = 0.041). As shown in the table, the female respondents demonstrated greater knowledge and more positive attitudes towards songbirds. Based on these results, the fifth hypothesis is confirmed. The higher number of female respondents is due to the fact that women globally have a greater interest in enjoying nature and parks; therefore, more females filled out the survey.

Research by Liu et al. (2019) [92] presented empirical evidence for the connection between women and nature. In their study, Mandarić and Hunjet (2024) [93] demonstrated that women show a higher level of concern for environmental issues, stronger support for environmental policies, and a more positive outlook on health problems related to environmental issues.

The survey questionnaire in our research was filled out online, and it was sent in equal numbers to men and women, who were clearly more interested in this topic and more willing to complete the received questionnaires. If the survey was sent to only highly educated citizens, it is certain that a larger male population would want to participate in the survey. Women tend to go for walks in the park with friends or with young children and babies, spending more time in such environments rather than at bird exhibitions, which are preferred more by men.

If we look at other aspects of observation, for example, the research by Cooper and Smith (2010) [94], bird watching included both a recreational hobby, “bird watching”, which was more biased towards women in the USA, and a competitive sport, “birding”, which was more biased towards adult men.

According to the research by Lee et al. (2014) [29], men more often reported that bird watching enhanced their understanding of bird behaviour, while women placed greater importance on bird watching in terms of personal relaxation, enjoyment, and recreation.

It is important to note that there is much greater interest in breeding and, therefore, in protecting birds, not only in Croatia but also globally, among men, as they significantly outnumber women as members of Bird Protection and Breeding Associations. They also exhibit birds at ornithological shows, where men are far more present than women, which can be seen in the online catalogues of exhibited birds and breeders around the world.

This paper contributes to the understanding of the role of gender and provides answers for the development of new ecological policies and sustainable development in Croatia and beyond.

H6. 

There is a statistically significant difference between the age groups of the respondents in their basic biological knowledge of the main species of songbirds in the Croatian coastal belt, their basic knowledge of the relationship between songbirds and the environment, the interactions between humans and songbirds in parks, and their opinions on conserving songbird populations.

The results of

Table 7. Testing of the statistical significance of the difference between the age groups of the respondents in their basic biological knowledge of the main species of songbirds in the Croatian coastal belt, their basic knowledge of the relationship between songbirds and the environment, the interactions between humans and songbirds in parks, and their opinions on conserving songbird populations.

	Age	N	M	SD	Kruskal–Wallis	p
Basic biological knowledge of the main species of songbirds in the Croatian coastal belt	16–38	199	76.58	10.149
	39–50	308	77.07	9.575
	Over 50	155	69.20	11.578	51.297	0.000
Total		662
Basic knowledge of the relationship between songbirds and the environment	16–38	199	98.02	16.916
	39–50	308	98.55	17.958
	Over 50	155	100.45	18.557	4.616	0.099
Total		662
Interactions between humans and songbirds in parks	16–38	199	27.93	3.584
	39–50	308	28.07	3.210
	Over 50	155	26.65	3.238	19.670	0.000
Total		662
Opinions on conserving songbird populations	16–38	199	65.08	13.426
	39–50	308	67.30	12.207
	Over 50	155	68.56	12.265	5.061	0.080
Total		662

N—number of respondents; M—arithmetic mean; SD—standard deviation.

show that there is a statistically significant difference between the age groups in the basic biological knowledge of the main species of songbirds in the Croatian coastal belt (p = 0.000) and the interactions between humans and songbirds in parks (p = 0.000). In both cases, the participants between 39 and 50 years old proved to have better biological knowledge of the main species of songbirds in parks, and they had more positive attitudes concerning the interactions between humans and songbirds in parks.

Since there are not enough literary sources that have dealt with this specific topic, based on the results, it can be concluded that individuals in the age group of 39 to 50 belong to the generation of the seventies and eighties of the twentieth century, when many ecological movements began to emerge that focused on the protection and preservation of the human environment. More specifically, these individuals have been environmentally educated from their early childhood through upbringing and education in their families and schools.

Based on the above, it can be concluded that the sixth hypothesis is partially confirmed.

H7. 

There is a statistically significant difference between the cities of residence in the basic biological knowledge of the main bird species of songbirds in the Croatian coastal belt, the basic knowledge of the relationship between songbirds and the environment, the interactions between humans and songbirds in parks, and the opinions on conserving songbird populations.

According to the results shown in

Table 8. Testing of the statistical significance of the difference between the cities of residence of the respondents in their basic biological knowledge of the main species of songbirds in the Croatian coastal belt, their basic knowledge of the relationship between songbirds and the environment, the interactions between humans and songbirds in parks, and their opinions on conserving songbird populations.

	City of Residence	N	M	SD	Kruskal–Wallis	p
Basic biological knowledge of the main species of songbirds in the Croatian coastal belt	Dubrovnik	104	76.88	9.902
	Split	82	73.88	11.782
	Šibenik	78	73.88	12.801
	Zadar	72	73.61	11.260
	Rijeka	219	76.30	9.589
	Pula	107	74.48	10.538	9.980	0.076
Total		662
Basic knowledge of the relationship between songbirds and the environment	Dubrovnik	104	98	19.031
	Split	82	97.50	19.726
	Šibenik	78	97.82	16.474
	Zadar	72	98.54	16.977
	Rijeka	219	99.11	17.359
	Pula	107	101.04	17.518	4.409	0.492
Total		662
Interactions between humans and songbirds in parks	Dubrovnik	104	28.06	3.484
	Split	82	27.53	3.507
	Šibenik	78	27.82	3.995
	Zadar	72	27.16	3.071
	Rijeka	219	27.88	3.010
	Pula	107	27.34	3.590	5.109	0.403
Total		662
Opinions on conserving songbird populations	Dubrovnik	104	67.34	13.060
	Split	82	65.73	13.983
	Šibenik	78	65.71	11.476
	Zadar	72	64.72	12.822
	Rijeka	219	67.64	11.465
	Pula	107	68.36	11.759	8.843	0.115
Total		662

N—number of respondents; M—arithmetic mean; SD—standard deviation.

, there were no significant differences between the cities of residence for any variables: basic biological knowledge of the main species of songbirds in the Croatian coastal belt (p < 0.076), basic knowledge of the relationship between songbirds and the environment (p = 0.492), interactions between humans and songbirds in parks (p = 0.403), and opinions on conserving songbird populations (p = 0.115). Therefore, this hypothesis is not confirmed.

In general, citizens from all the studied coastal towns nurture a love for songbirds (mainly, the finch, greenfinch, goldfinch, siskin, blackbird, etc.), which have been kept in their homes since ancient times. In terms of breeding ornamental birds and ornithophiles, the Split ornithoculture was at the forefront in the last century [69].

H8. 

There is a statistically significant difference between the education levels of the respondents in their basic biological knowledge of the main bird species of songbirds in the Croatian coastal belt, their basic knowledge of the relationship between songbirds and the environment, the interactions between humans and songbirds in parks, and their opinions on conserving songbird populations.

Table 9. Testing of the statistical significance of the difference between the education levels of the respondents in their basic biological knowledge of the main species of songbirds in the Croatian coastal belt, their basic knowledge of the relationship between songbirds and the environment, the interactions between humans and songbirds in parks, and their opinions on conserving songbird populations.

	Education Level	N	M	SD	Kruskal–Wallis	p
Basic biological knowledge of the main species of songbirds in the Croatian coastal belt	No qualifications	0	-	-
	Primary school	19	72.89	14.251
	Secondary school	226	73.67	11.113
	College	93	73.24	12.413
	University	324	76.72	9.456	11.436	0.010
Total		662
	Education level	N	M	SD	Kruskal–Wallis	p
Basic knowledge of the relationship between songbirds and the environment	No qualifications	0	-	-
	Primary school	19	94.84	20.597
	Secondary school	226	98.72	17.680
	College	93	99.58	19.241
	University	324	98.93	17.317	2.084	0.555
Total		662
	Education level	N	M	SD	Kruskal–Wallis	p
Interactions between humans and songbirds in parks	No qualifications	0	-	-
	Primary school	19	27.00	5.022
	Secondary school	226	27.29	3.339
	College	93	26.93	3.553
	University	324	28.23	3.161	15.941	0.001
Total		662
	Education level	N	M	SD	Kruskal–Wallis	p
Opinions on conserving songbird populations	No qualifications	0	-	-
	Primary school	19	57.15	15.287
	Secondary school	226	67.30	12.208
	College	93	68.23	10.687
	University	324	66.87	12.340	10.403	0.015
Total		662

N—number of respondents; M—arithmetic mean; SD—standard deviation.

shows that all the respondents had either primary school, secondary school, college, or university qualifications, and none of the participants stated having no qualifications. The results of this table show that there is a statistically significantly difference between education levels in the basic biological knowledge of the main species of songbirds in the Croatian coastal belt (p = 0.01), the interactions between humans and songbirds in parks (p = 0.001), and the opinions on conserving songbird populations (p = 0.015). In the first two cases, the participants with university qualifications (bachelor, academic, master’s or doctorate), on average, had better biological knowledge of the main songbird species in parks in relation to the remaining categories, while concerning the opinions on conserving songbird populations, those with a college education, on average, had a higher score than the remaining categories. Accordingly, this hypothesis can be considered partially confirmed.

Education represents one component of interconnected variables that shape the views and behaviour of individuals in relation to sustainability. In Croatia, a significant part of the population demonstrates a low level of ecological awareness, and the impact of their general education on fostering ecological knowledge is very important [93]. Environmental education and sustainable development are a societal need from early childhood [95], and it is also necessary in further education [96,97]. Fostering children’s relationships with animals was advocated by Sobel (1996) [98], who emphasised that animals attract children, serving as a source of wonder and inquiry. Coexistence with animals develops responsibilities towards other living beings [95].

5. Conclusions

This study aimed to examine the importance of songbirds for park visitors, the environment, and biological diversity in cities using the example of the Croatian coastal belt. It showed that there is a low degree of basic biological knowledge of the main species of songbirds in parks in the Croatian coastal belt; therefore, the first hypothesis was not confirmed. Citizens, on average, have good basic knowledge of the interactions between park songbirds and the environment; therefore, the second hypothesis was confirmed. In terms of the positive emotions of the respondents to park songbirds, most questions received a negative response; therefore, the third hypothesis was not confirmed. However, it is positive to note that citizens notice songbirds and their songs in parks. Citizens expressed a positive attitude about the need to conserve and revive songbird populations in parks. They consider that songbirds could be conserved and/or revived in city parks through European projects, legislation, and preserving the environment overall; therefore, the fourth hypothesis was confirmed.

The results showed a statistically significant difference based on the sex of the respondents in their basic biological knowledge of the main bird species of songbirds in the Croatian coastal belt (p < 0.001), their basic knowledge of the relationship between songbirds and the environment (p = 0.014), the interactions between humans and songbirds in parks (p = 0.001), and their opinions on conserving songbird populations (p = 0.041). The female respondents had higher knowledge and more positive opinions on park songbirds. Further, in the comparison of the age groups of the respondents, only the variables basic biological knowledge of the main bird species of songbirds in the Croatian coastal belt (p = 0.000) and interactions between humans and songbirds in parks (p = 0.000) were statistically significant. In both cases, the respondents aged 39 to 50 years showed they had better biological knowledge about the main songbird species in the parks of the Croatian coastal belt, and they had a more positive attitude towards the interactions between songbirds in parks and humans; therefore, the sixth hypothesis was partially confirmed. The comparison between the cities of residence found no statistically significant differences in any of the four tested dimensions; therefore, the seventh hypothesis was not confirmed. The final comparison between the education levels of the respondents found statistically significant differences in the dimensions of basic biological knowledge of the main species of songbirds in the Croatian coastal belt (p < 0.01), interactions between humans and songbirds in parks (p = 0.001), and opinions on conserving songbird populations (p = 0.015). In the first two cases, the respondents with university qualifications had, on average, better biological knowledge of the main songbird species in parks and also had a more positive attitude concerning the interactions between humans and songbirds in parks in comparison with the other education categories. For the dimension opinion on conserving songbird populations in parks, the respondents with a college education scored higher than the remaining categories; therefore, the eighth hypothesis was considered to be partially confirmed.

The results outlined above indicate that greater efforts are required at the institutional level to inform citizens about songbirds and their importance for the environment.

This work contributes to the field of urban forestry and environmental sociology, primarily exploring the understanding of the role of gender in obtaining respondents’ answers for the development of new ecological policies and sustainable development in Croatia and beyond. Certain demographic “constraints” from this study may be useful for other researchers in similar studies, as well as practitioners, indicating the multidisciplinarity of the topic itself. One of the benefits of this research can be reflected in the larger number of female respondents, who are known to be more sensitive to nature, the environment, and, subsequently, to songbirds. The results of this research are beneficial for both scientists in natural sciences and urban sociology, as well as for spatial planners and urbanists in enhancing and managing urban green infrastructure. Ethically, the contribution of this work is reflected in the preservation of biodiversity in urban environments through the protection and conservation of park songbirds that should adorn parks for future generations. Improvements in the interaction between citizens and songbirds can be achieved by combining various measures: educational, spatial–urban, ecological, and cultural.