Eutrophication Monitoring for Sustainable Development in Nha Trang Marine Protected Area, Vietnam
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling, Collection, and Analysis
2.2. Data Analysis
2.2.1. EI Calculation
2.2.2. EI Validation
3. Results
3.1. Distribution of Water Quality Parameters
3.2. Classification of Water Quality in Nha Trang Bay
4. Discussion
4.1. EI Approach
4.2. The Weighting Method in the Eutrophication Index
4.3. EI as a Tool for Water Quality Monitoring in MPAs
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | EI | Level | Goods and Services |
---|---|---|---|
Oligotrophic | <0.25 | I | All activities but limiting aquaculture |
Low mesotrophic | 0.25–0.50 | II | Good for swimming, aquaculture, and biodiversity protection |
Mesotrophic | 0.50–0.75 | III | Good for aquaculture, limiting swimming |
High mesotrophic | 0.75–1.00 | IV | Controlling aquaculture and limiting biodiversity, but good for port activities, shipbuilding, and navigation |
Eutrophic | 1.00–2.00 | V | Limiting aquaculture and reducing biodiversity but good for port activities, shipbuilding, and navigation |
Polluted | 2.00–5.00 | VI | Controlling port activities and navigation; no aquaculture |
Heavy polluted | >5.00 | VII | Limiting port activities and navigation |
Parameter | Vietnamese environmental standard (VNES) | Criterion [63] | |
Chl-a (mg m−3) | No data | 1–10 | |
DIN (mgN m−3) | No data | 200–300 | |
DIP (mgP/m−3) | 15 | 15 | |
BOD (mg O2 L−1) | 10 | 1–3 (for COD concentration (used for comparison)) |
Survey Time | Number of Stations/Number of Samples | TSM (g m−3) | Chl-a (mg m−3) | DIN (mgN m−3) | DIP (mgP m−3) | BOD (mgO2 L−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
December 1996 | 11/22 | 4.35 ± 4.37 | 1.33 ± 1.45 | 194 ± 154 | 31.6 ± 13.5 | 0.85 ± 0.33 |
April 1997 | 11/22 | 1.97 ± 1.29 | 0.17 ± 0.11 | 26 ± 15 | 19.9 ± 6.1 | 0.79 ± 0.45 |
November 1997 | 11/22 | 10.64 ± 9.47 | 0.56 ± 0.57 | 81 ± 96 | 19.1 ± 6.7 | 0.65 ± 0.18 |
March 1998 | 11/22 | 1.76 ± 1.07 | 0.23 ± 0.13 | 107 ± 127 | 13.9 ± 10.8 | 0.86 ± 0.31 |
April 2008 | 23/82 | 2.22 ± 1.89 | 0.50 ± 0.29 | 46 ± 73 | 8.9 ± 6.6 | 0.23 ± 0.20 |
July 2013 | 13/45 | 1.57 ± 1.08 | 0.64 ± 0.73 | 64 ± 22 | 10.0 ± 11.3 | 0.49 ± 0.23 |
January 2014 | 13/45 | 1.80 ± 1.92 | 0.75 ± 0.41 | 65 ± 43 | 10.4 ± 11.9 | 1.04 ± 1.18 |
August 2019 | 13/24 | 2.50 ± 2.71 | 0.94 ± 0.60 | 99.19 ± 28.97 | 26.19 ± 14.22 | 0.37 ± 0.16 |
November 2024 | 14/29 | 2.84 ± 1.95 | 1.92 ± 1.67 | 96.64 ± 72.18 | 16.84 ± 13.19 | 0.48 ± 0.23 |
VNES | - | 80 | No data | No data | 15 | 10 |
ECEI | - | No data | 1–10 | 200–300 | 15 | 1–3 |
Period | Wi (sum Wi = 1) | EI | Status | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chl-a | DIN | DIP | BOD | Min | Max | Average | ±SD | ||
December 1996 | 0.264 | 0.338 | 0.041 | 0.357 | 0.30 | 2.68 | 1.07 | 0.58 | V |
April 1997 | 0.270 | 0.263 | 0.170 | 0.297 | 0.20 | 0.86 | 0.44 | 0.18 | II |
November 1997 | 0.378 | 0.276 | 0.278 | 0.068 | 0.29 | 1.34 | 0.72 | 0.29 | III |
March 1998 | 0.199 | 0.322 | 0.250 | 0.229 | 0.21 | 1.75 | 0.65 | 0.33 | III |
April 2008 | 0.121 | 0.408 | 0.382 | 0.089 | 0.17 | 1.15 | 0.40 | 0.24 | II |
July 2013 | 0.415 | 0.076 | 0.243 | 0.266 | 0.20 | 1.18 | 0.59 | 0.28 | III |
January 2014 | 0.212 | 0.354 | 0.296 | 0.138 | 0.30 | 0.81 | 0.47 | 0.13 | II |
August 2019 | 0.245 | 0.252 | 0.234 | 0.251 | 0.21 | 1.26 | 0.55 | 0.24 | III |
November 2024 | 0.244 | 0.252 | 0.262 | 0.242 | 0.23 | 1.94 | 0.46 | 0.34 | II |
Average | 0.261 | 0.282 | 0.239 | 0.215 | 0.17 | 2.68 | 0.59 | 0.20 | III |
Environmental monitoring station | 0.121 | 0.408 | 0.382 | 0.088 | 0.16 | 1.69 | 0.58 | 0.24 | III |
Low tide | 0.116 | 0.475 | 0.400 | 0.009 | 0.14 | 1.60 | 0.55 | 0.24 | III |
High tide | 0.140 | 0.349 | 0.346 | 0.165 | 0.17 | 1.51 | 0.62 | 0.25 | III |
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Minh-Thu, P.; The, H.V.; Ben, H.X.; Hieu, N.M.; Phu, L.H.; Dung, L.T.; Ngoc, P.H.; Linh, V.T.T.; Mien, P.T.; Ha, T.T.; et al. Eutrophication Monitoring for Sustainable Development in Nha Trang Marine Protected Area, Vietnam. Sustainability 2025, 17, 5128. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115128
Minh-Thu P, The HV, Ben HX, Hieu NM, Phu LH, Dung LT, Ngoc PH, Linh VTT, Mien PT, Ha TT, et al. Eutrophication Monitoring for Sustainable Development in Nha Trang Marine Protected Area, Vietnam. Sustainability. 2025; 17(11):5128. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115128
Chicago/Turabian StyleMinh-Thu, Phan, Ho Van The, Hoang Xuan Ben, Nguyen Minh Hieu, Le Hung Phu, Le Trong Dung, Pham Hong Ngoc, Vo Tran Tuan Linh, Pham Thi Mien, Tran Thanh Ha, and et al. 2025. "Eutrophication Monitoring for Sustainable Development in Nha Trang Marine Protected Area, Vietnam" Sustainability 17, no. 11: 5128. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115128
APA StyleMinh-Thu, P., The, H. V., Ben, H. X., Hieu, N. M., Phu, L. H., Dung, L. T., Ngoc, P. H., Linh, V. T. T., Mien, P. T., Ha, T. T., Thang, N. T. X., Vinh, H. T., & Viet Ha, D. (2025). Eutrophication Monitoring for Sustainable Development in Nha Trang Marine Protected Area, Vietnam. Sustainability, 17(11), 5128. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115128