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Article

Life Expectancy and Its Determinants in Selected European Union (EU) and Non-EU Countries in the Mediterranean Region

by
Irina Alexandra Georgescu
,
Adela Bâra
* and
Simona-Vasilica Oprea
Department of Economic Informatics and Cybernetics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, 010374 Bucharest, Romania
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 5103; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115103
Submission received: 1 May 2025 / Revised: 27 May 2025 / Accepted: 29 May 2025 / Published: 2 June 2025

Abstract

In the Mediterranean region, countries grapple with a mix of environmental pressures, such as air pollution and climate vulnerability, alongside economic disparities and migration issues. In this context, we aim to highlight the interaction between migration (NMIG), economic growth (GDP), foreign direct investments (FDI), fossil fuel (FF) usage, consumption from renewables (RENC), CO2 emissions, and life expectancy (LE). This is important for gaining insights into how policies in areas like energy, environment, migration, and FDI influence long-term health outcomes. Our research examines the determinants of LE in two groups of Mediterranean countries (EU-Med8 and Non-EU-Med4) using a panel ARDL approach. The long-run results for Med8 indicate that RENC positively influences LE, while FF has a significant negative effect. Economic growth and migration also play important roles, with GDP positively affecting LE. The error correction term (ECT) confirms convergence toward long-run equilibrium. For Med4, FF consumption and CO2 negatively affect LE, while migration and FDI exhibit mixed results. These findings suggest that while renewable energy transitions benefit LE in EU Mediterranean countries, challenges persist in non-EU countries, where energy infrastructure and investment patterns may not yet support positive health outcomes.
Keywords: life expectancy; migration; foreign investments; pollution; economic growth; panel ARDL life expectancy; migration; foreign investments; pollution; economic growth; panel ARDL

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Georgescu, I.A.; Bâra, A.; Oprea, S.-V. Life Expectancy and Its Determinants in Selected European Union (EU) and Non-EU Countries in the Mediterranean Region. Sustainability 2025, 17, 5103. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115103

AMA Style

Georgescu IA, Bâra A, Oprea S-V. Life Expectancy and Its Determinants in Selected European Union (EU) and Non-EU Countries in the Mediterranean Region. Sustainability. 2025; 17(11):5103. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115103

Chicago/Turabian Style

Georgescu, Irina Alexandra, Adela Bâra, and Simona-Vasilica Oprea. 2025. "Life Expectancy and Its Determinants in Selected European Union (EU) and Non-EU Countries in the Mediterranean Region" Sustainability 17, no. 11: 5103. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115103

APA Style

Georgescu, I. A., Bâra, A., & Oprea, S.-V. (2025). Life Expectancy and Its Determinants in Selected European Union (EU) and Non-EU Countries in the Mediterranean Region. Sustainability, 17(11), 5103. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115103

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