The Potential for Bioeconomy and Biotechnology Transfer and Collaboration Between Colombia and China

Abstract

The bioeconomy and biotechnology sectors present transformative opportunities for sustainable development by harnessing biological resources and promoting innovation. This study investigates the potential for bilateral collaboration between Colombia and China, highlighting their complementary strengths: Colombia’s remarkable biodiversity and China’s advanced technological capabilities and policy frameworks. This article aimed to analyze the current landscape of bioeconomy and biotechnology in both countries, identify key areas for cooperation, evaluate regulatory frameworks, and propose strategies to strengthen bilateral efforts. This paper combines a qualitative approach with an extensive literature review, secondary data analysis, and case studies. The findings indicate that Colombia’s rich biodiversity offers significant opportunities in bioprospecting, biofuels, and agricultural biotechnology. Meanwhile, China’s expertise in bioeconomic innovation can facilitate technological advancements and capacity building. However, these opportunities remain despite challenges such as trade imbalances, regulatory gaps, and cultural differences. Collaborative initiatives focused on bioplastics, bioenergy, and circular economy principles have the potential to diversify Colombia’s exports and enhance its global competitiveness. This study emphasizes that integrating Colombia’s natural resources with China’s technological advancements has the potential to drive innovation, improve participation in global value chains, and foster sustainability. Effective governance, inclusive policies, and strategic investments are crucial to fully realizing this partnership’s transformative potential in tackling global challenges like climate change and food security.

1. Introduction

The emerging sectors of bioeconomy and biotechnology have the potential to revolutionize economies by promoting the sustainable use of biological resources and enhancing the development of innovative technologies. Colombia and China, despite being at different stages of economic development, offer substantial opportunities for exchanging knowledge and technology in these fields, which can facilitate sustainable development and enhance global competitiveness.

As one of the world’s largest and most diverse economies, China has made significant strides in biotechnology by investing in research and development and implementing public policies that foster innovation. In contrast, Colombia, with its remarkable biodiversity, commands a natural competitive edge in cultivating a robust bioeconomy. However, the lack of technological infrastructure and financing has hindered Colombia’s progress in biotechnology. Through bilateral cooperation and strengthening local productive capacities, both countries have the potential to enhance the biotechnology and bioeconomy sectors through knowledge and technology transfer.

Despite these promising opportunities, there remains a significant gap in existing research regarding the bilateral collaboration between China and Colombia in bioeconomy and biotechnology. Most academic efforts have focused either on individual national contexts or on China’s broader cooperation with other Latin American nations, leaving the specific Colombia–China partnership largely unexplored. This gap is particularly critical given the complementary nature of Colombia’s abundant biological resources and China’s technological expertise. The limited attention paid to this bilateral relationship has resulted in insufficient evidence and strategic frameworks for policymakers and industry leaders to effectively guide cooperative initiatives, potentially leading to underutilization of both countries’ full innovation and sustainability potential.

This study aims to fill this existing gap by exploring cooperation in biotechnology and bioeconomy between China and Colombia, particularly addressing circular economy principles, technology transfer, and international R&D collaboration. By integrating these perspectives, this research contributes actionable insights into how intellectual property agreements could mitigate regulatory discrepancies while clarifying responsibilities and facilitating equitable benefit-sharing. Moreover, this study underscores the importance of institutional cooperation and capacity-building to manage these processes effectively. By underlining critical success factors and barriers in this bilateral context, this research seeks to enhance academic understanding and offer recommendations for policy development and strategic international partnerships that promote sustainable economic growth.

2. Materials and Methods

This study employed a mixed-source qualitative approach, analyzing scholarly publications, reports from international organizations (e.g., World Bank, Washington, DC, USA; OECD, Paris, France), and government documents from Colombia and China. This ensured a dual global–local perspective.

Data integration across economics, environmental policy, R&D, and international relations allowed an examination of how technological capacity, resource availability, market dynamics, and policy measures interact.

Sources were chosen based on their credibility, relevance, and currency; potential biases were acknowledged and minimized through triangulation. Data were analyzed thematically using qualitative content analysis to ensure dependable insights.

Data analysis adopted a comparative perspective, contrasting Colombia’s biodiversity-based potential with China’s more advanced technological and policy environment. This involved the examination of specific case studies, trade/investment flow, and existing bilateral cooperation mechanisms to identify points of alignment and areas for possible collaboration.

International policy frameworks (e.g., the Paris Agreement, Paris, France; the Vienna Convention, Vienna, Austria) and governance/development models relevant to the bioeconomy and biotechnology sectors were analyzed to assess how regulatory environments shape sectoral growth, bilateral initiatives, and sustainable development.

Empirical examples, such as circular economy projects, agricultural biotechnology applications, and bilateral vaccine production, grounded the analysis in real-world settings. Case studies were selected based on their representation of how policies and investments influence outcomes in practice.

2.1. The Conceptual Framework of Bioeconomy and Biotechnology

The bioeconomy is characterized as a range of economic activities centered on the sustainable utilization and transformation of biological resources, aiming to advance processes and products that reduce environmental impact. Per an OECD report [1], the bioeconomy has the potential to contribute 10% of the global GDP by 2030, driven primarily by sectors such as agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and renewable energy.

Biotechnology plays a pivotal role in the bioeconomy by harnessing the potential of living organisms to develop innovative products with significant impacts on healthcare, agriculture, and industry. The global biotechnology market reached a value of USD 449 billion in 2020 and is projected to grow at an annual rate of 9.9% through 2028 [2]. In this context, Colombia and China have recognized biotechnology as a strategic driver for economic diversification, increased productivity, and environmental sustainability. Collaboration in these domains would enable the two countries to capitalize on their respective strengths. The advancement of the bioeconomy and biotechnology in Colombia can greatly benefit from scientific diplomacy and international collaboration, particularly with countries like China that have made significant strides in these fields. Scientific diplomacy plays a crucial role in enhancing bilateral relations by fostering partnerships in science, technology, and innovation.

2.2. Scientific Diplomacy for International Collaboration

China’s engagement with the global community in biotechnology is evident through its strategic alignment with international policies, organizations, and initiatives. Since the inception of its reform policy in 1978, China has progressively integrated into the international institutional framework, participating in major global organizations such as the United Nations, the World Health Organization, and the World Trade Organization. This integration demonstrates China’s commitment to environmental governance and sustainable development, as seen in its adherence to treaties like the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [3].

The evolution of China’s biotechnology sector has been characterized by dynamic interactions with foreign entities, transitioning from foreign direct investment (FDI) to bidirectional flows of investment, including greenfield investments and venture capital. FDI has been instrumental in developing Chinese biotechnology by facilitating the transfer of intellectual property rights, integration into global supply chains, and knowledge sharing. In recent years, Chinese investments in the global biotechnology sector have increased rapidly, focusing on regions like North America and Europe to position Chinese companies for growth in both global and domestic markets [4].

China’s international commitments have been amplified through internal initiatives emphasizing non-fossil energy sources, afforestation campaigns, and biodiversity preservation. These efforts are closely linked to its biotechnological agenda, highlighting the role of biotechnology in addressing environmental challenges and fostering sustainable industrial processes. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), launched in 2013 by President Xi Jinping, exemplifies China’s strategy of extending beyond traditional infrastructure development to include biotechnological collaboration and environmental sustainability [4].

An example of the BRI’s impact is the promotion of agricultural biotechnology to improve food security and productivity in countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Uzbekistan. Through entities like China Seed Group Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China), China has introduced hybrid wheat varieties, addressing low wheat productivity in these regions. Collaborative efforts have involved the industrialization of hybrid wheat, field trials, and capacity-building activities, leading to significant increases in cereal production [4].

Another illustration is the BeiDou Satellite System (BDS), which provides high-precision navigation services used in various sectors, including agriculture. By equipping vehicles, drones, and livestock with BDS locators, efficient monitoring and management are achieved, advancing precision agriculture and safety. The adoption of BDS in over 70 countries, particularly those along the Belt and Road, promotes technological integration and operational efficiency in partner countries [4].

China’s investment in biotechnology extends to Latin America, where it has the potential to transform healthcare and technological infrastructure development. In 2021, discussions between Bogotá’s then-mayor and representatives of Walvax Biotechnology aimed to establish joint vaccine production in Colombia, seeking technology transfer for local production of COVID-19 vaccines and other medications [5]. Similar collaborations have occurred throughout the region, with China’s Sinovac signing agreements to establish vaccine production facilities in countries like Chile, Brazil, and Argentina [6].

These investments reflect China’s broader policy of “going abroad” in the pharmaceutical sector, leveraging global opportunities and expanding its influence in the Global South. Chinese investment can strengthen local capacities in research and development, vaccine and medication production, contributing to closing the technological and economic gap [7]. Biotechnological development in Latin America relies on cooperation among various sectors, starting with basic research primarily conducted by public universities [8].

A notable example of deepened collaboration is the 2023 meeting during the 12th Joint Working Group on Biotechnology Cooperation between Cuba and China. This meeting solidified both countries’ commitment to collaboration in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, emphasizing topics such as foreign investment, regulatory frameworks, innovative business models, and intellectual property. The establishment of a joint biotechnology park focuses on developing and producing medicines for China and the ASEAN, highlighting the role of cooperation in strengthening bilateral relations [9]. In February 2024, China’s National Medical Products Administration approved the expanded use of the Cuban drug Nimotuzumab for treating certain cancers, showcasing the tangible outcomes of such collaborations [10].

A comparative analysis indicates a significant divergence in innovation and high-tech performance between China and Colombia. China’s robust research and development infrastructure is exemplified by its impressive ranking in the Global Innovation Index, substantial R&D expenditures, a high density of researchers, and notable patent output—factors that collectively contribute to a vibrant knowledge-based economy (see

Table 1. Economic, R&D, and environmental indicators. China and Colombia. 2023.

Indicator	China	Colombia
Global Innovation Index (GII)	12	66
GDP per Capita, USD PPP	21,290.90	18,693.10
Labor Productivity Growth, %	6	3.1
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), % of GDP	3.8	2
High-Tech Manufacturing, %	48.5	20.9
High-Tech Exports, % of Total Trade	28	1.3
Production and Export Complexity	79.8	51.3
Research and Development (R&D)	60.3	10.7
Researchers, Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) per Million	1584.90	88
Gross R&D Spending, % of GDP	2.4	0.3
Innovation Linkages	43.8	19.9
University–Industry R&D Collaboration	86.8	47.7
Cluster Development Status	91.4	44.2
Patents per Origin per Trillion USD PPP of GDP	52.4	0.5
Research Talent, % in Companies	58.5	2.5
R&D expenditure by Companies, % of GDP	1.8	0.1
Innovation Linkages	43.8	19.9
Research talent, % in Companies	58.5	2.5
Knowledge Creation	71.9	9.7
Knowledge Diffusion	47.2	24
Knowledge Absorption	52.5	43.9
Knowledge Impact	65.5	37.3
Ecological Sustainability	30.7	38.5
Environmental Performance	16.1	39.8

Source: World Intellectual Property Organization, 2024 [4].

). Additionally, China’s capabilities in high-tech manufacturing and exports markedly surpass those of Colombia. In contrast, Colombia exhibits comparatively greater ecological sustainability and environmental performance. These differences highlight China’s strategic emphasis on technological innovation and advanced manufacturing as key drivers of economic growth, while Colombia’s approach underscores an alternative focus on sustainability. Overall, the data reflects distinct national strategies.

3. Results

3.1. Recent International Economic Relations Between China and Colombia

The trade relationship between Colombia and China has experienced significant growth over the last two decades, driven primarily by China’s heightened demand for raw materials and Colombia’s increasing interest in manufactured and technological goods. According to the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism of Colombia, China was ranked Colombia’s second-largest trading partner in 2021, accounting for 16.4% of its imports and 5.8% of its exports. Colombia’s exports to China mainly consist of coal, oil, and coffee, while imports from China encompass machinery, electronic equipment, and chemical products (see Figure 1).

Despite experiencing growth, trade between both nations remains asymmetrical, resulting in a significant trade deficit for Colombia. In 2021, imports from China surpassed USD 12 billion, while exports amounted to approximately USD 4 billion [9]. This trade imbalance highlights Colombia’s reliance on raw material exports and its constrained capacity to export higher value-added products.

The bioeconomy and biotechnology sectors hold the potential to help Colombia reduce its trade deficit by diversifying its export portfolio. This could involve incorporating products with higher technological content and added value, such as biochemicals, pharmaceuticals, biofuels, and processed foods. According to Colombia’s National Development Plan (2020–2024), the bioeconomy is projected to contribute up to 10% of GDP by 2030, indicating its significant potential for expanding the country’s export capacity [11].

Foreign direct investment plays a vital role in the economic ties between Colombia and China. In recent years, China has notably increased its investments in Latin America, with Colombia emerging as a key destination in sectors such as mining, energy, and telecommunications. According to ECLAC (2021), China’s investments in Colombia surpassed USD 5 billion between 2016 and 2020, primarily focusing on infrastructure and energy projects [12].

Historically, the majority of Chinese investment in Colombia has targeted traditional sectors like hydrocarbons. However, there is a rising interest in technological and innovative fields, such as biotechnology and the bioeconomy. Colombia’s rich biodiversity positions it particularly ripe for bioeconomy investment, as it serves as a valuable asset for advancing new technologies and biotech products.

The bioeconomy also enhances Colombia’s appeal to foreign investors in non-extractive industries. Given China’s expertise in industrial biotechnology, it could significantly fund biotechnology ventures in Colombia, particularly those focused on bioenergy and agricultural biotechnology. Investing in such initiatives would contribute to diversifying Colombia’s economy, facilitating technology transfer, and generating employment opportunities in rural and semi-urban regions.

3.2. The Potential of Bioeconomy in Colombia and China

As shown in

Table 2. Global Biodiversity Index by species. Main countries 2022.

No.	Country	Ranking	Birds	Amphibians	Mamals	Reptiles	Plants
1	Brazil	512	1816	693	490	847	34.387
2	Indonesia	419	1723	383	729	773	19.232
3	Colombia	370	1863	812	477	634	24.025
4	China	366	1285	540	622	554	31.362
5	Mexico	342	1861	411	533	655	23.385
6	Peru	337	1816	659	411	229	19.812
7	Ecuador	330	1629	847	465	715	34.387
8	Australia	302	1131	465	715	554	19.324
9	India	292	1212	446	440	512	45
10	EE.UU.	280	1386	531	416	556	30

Source: The Swiftest, 2022 [13].

, Colombia, home to approximately 10% of the world’s total biodiversity [13], possesses a significant competitive advantage in the bioeconomy sector. This rich biological diversity offers immense potential in areas such as bioprospecting, biofuel development, and agricultural biotechnology.

To advance its bioeconomy and biotechnology sectors, Colombia’s participation in global value chains (GVCs) is crucial. GVCs involve the production of goods and services across various locations, with different countries specializing in different stages of production. China plays a significant role in many of these chains, particularly in technology and manufacturing. For Colombia to fully capitalize on the opportunities presented by GVCs, it must build local capabilities to engage in more advanced sectors. This involves transitioning from merely exporting raw biological materials to manufacturing high-value bioproducts that can be seamlessly integrated into international supply networks.

The global bioplastics market is experiencing significant growth due to rising environmental awareness and increasing demand for sustainable materials. The market is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 15% until 2030 [14]. With its abundant biomass and China as a technological partner, Colombia could become a significant player in this emerging market by producing biobased feedstocks and manufacturing bioplastics.

Similarly, the expanding biofuels market presents an opportunity for Colombia to integrate into the global economy. The International Renewable Energy Agency projects that demand for biofuels will increase by 7% annually until 2030, driven by government initiatives to reduce carbon emissions [15]. With China being one of the world’s leading biofuel consumers, Colombia could capitalize on this demand by exporting bioethanol and biodiesel derived from sugar cane and palm oil.

Agriculture, accounting for 6.3% of Colombia’s national GDP [16], holds significant potential for productivity enhancements through biotechnological advancements. Implementing agricultural biotechnology solutions—such as genetically modified (GM) crops and biofertilizers—could lead to improved yields and reduced reliance on agrochemicals, promoting environmental sustainability. However, the adoption of these technologies has been constrained by stringent regulatory frameworks and insufficient investment in research and development.

An analysis of Colombia’s cultivated area reveals a significant prevalence of Traditional Tropical Crops, which account for 30% of the total area. This is followed by cereals at 22.4% and fruits at 19.8%. Oilseeds comprise 14%, and roots and tubers make up 8.9%, while legumes and vegetables are relatively minor, representing 2.5% and 2.4%, respectively (see Figure 2). This distribution highlights the crucial role of tropical agriculture in supporting national food security and export potential. However, the dominance of staple and regionally adapted crops indicates a lack of diversification, which could limit market resilience. Future policies should prioritize crop innovation, sustainable intensification, and adaptive management strategies to balance traditional production with emerging market demands, environmental challenges, and overall agricultural productivity.

By reaffirming its role in the GMO market and expanding exports of enhanced seeds and biopesticides, Colombia can strengthen its position. In 2021, the global market for genetically modified seeds reached USD 23 billion, with China driving demand [17]. The exchange of agricultural knowledge and technologies with China could help Colombia cultivate more resilient and sustainable crops, which could then be marketed to other regions in Latin America and Africa.

China has positioned itself as a frontrunner in the global bioeconomy, with a strong emphasis on agricultural and industrial biotechnology. According to a 2020 report in Nature Biotechnology, China allocated over USD 20 billion to biotechnology research and development in 2019 and has set ambitious targets to lead innovation in this field by 2035 [18]. Its bioeconomy strategy aligns with broader goals for technological self-reliance, underscored by initiatives like “Made in China 2025”.

Advancements in China have facilitated progress in areas such as gene editing, biopharmaceutical manufacturing, and the creation of biodegradable materials. In agriculture, China’s widespread adoption of GM crops has led to substantially increased yields in crops like cotton and soybeans [19].

The mutual exchange of knowledge and technology plays a pivotal role in enhancing the bioeconomy of both nations. Colombia can leverage Chinese expertise and technology to improve its productive capabilities, while China can benefit from accessing Colombian biodiversity to develop new biotechnological products and processes. Colombian agriculture stands to gain from adopting advanced Chinese technologies, including drones for crop monitoring, smart irrigation systems, and disease-resistant GM crops. A 2020 study by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) suggests that implementing advanced agricultural technologies could increase agricultural productivity by 30% in developing countries [20].

Despite China’s leadership in R&D investment—allocating 2.4% of its GDP to this sector in 2020—Colombia’s investment stands at only 0.24% of its GDP [16,21]. Establishing joint bioeconomy research centers could facilitate knowledge transfer and strengthen Colombia’s research capabilities

Collaboration in producing industrial bioproducts, such as bioplastics and biofuels, would enable Colombia to diversify its industrial base and reduce reliance on fossil fuel-derived products. The International Renewable Energy Agency projects that biofuels could contribute 10% of the global energy mix by 2030, presenting a favorable market opportunity for Colombia [15].

3.3. Regulatory Framework and Public Policies

The advancement of bioeconomy and biotechnology requires regulatory frameworks that foster innovation while safeguarding natural resources and biodiversity. In China, the government has embraced a proactive stance on biotechnology, implementing policies that stimulate investment in research and development, facilitate the commercialization of innovations, and support agricultural biotechnology.

In contrast, Colombia has adopted a more cautious approach to biotechnology regulation, imposing stringent restrictions on using GM crops and bioprospecting. However, in 2020, Colombia introduced its National Bioeconomy Strategy, aiming to boost the bioeconomy’s contribution to GDP by up to 10% by 2030. This strategy emphasizes industrial biotechnology, biofuels, and agricultural biotechnology as pivotal growth drivers [22].

Geopolitical considerations may also impact the collaboration between the two countries. China has shown keen interest in extending its influence in Latin America through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative, which involves infrastructure and natural resources investments. As a critical partner of China in the region, Colombia stands to gain from this association in terms of investment in biotechnology and innovation, provided it can uphold a harmonious equilibrium between its national interests and the opportunities presented.

The advancement of the bioeconomy presents social challenges, especially in ensuring fairness and equal access to the benefits of biotechnology. In Colombia, the introduction of biotechnological innovations in the agricultural sector could marginalize small-scale farmers if appropriate inclusion and training policies are not implemented. The progress in agricultural biotechnology must be complemented by educational and support initiatives for farmers to guarantee that these advancements are available to all [12].

Regulatory Challenges for International Cooperation

Domestic institutional frameworks, regulatory traditions, and national security concerns significantly shape international regulatory cooperation in the biotechnology and bioeconomy sectors. These complexities profoundly influence how international agreements are negotiated, ratified, and implemented globally. Domestic institutions frequently determine national responses to international regulatory frameworks such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) [23]. For example, with its fragmented federal system and heightened potential for litigation, the United States encountered internal resistance and substantial regulatory uncertainty surrounding the CBD, especially regarding implications for existing domestic statutes like the Endangered Species Act. Conversely, the United Kingdom, operating under a centralized parliamentary system, managed smoother ratification and implementation processes, thus illustrating how domestic regulatory environments distinctly shape international collaboration outcomes.

Further, OECD’s comparative analysis highlights additional complexity, revealing how diverse organizational structures across member states create fragmentation and regulatory divergence. Challenges in policy coherence, accountability, transparency, procurement processes, and evaluation standards introduce substantial barriers, generating inefficiencies, raising transaction costs, and reducing overall effectiveness [24].

These regulatory hurdles become especially pronounced within South–South cooperation contexts. Developing nations face significant issues arising from divergent institutional frameworks, insufficient capacities for demand-driven approaches, and varying national standards in environmental assessments, human rights adherence, and intellectual property protections. The complexity multiplies further in triangular cooperation models involving developed nations and international organizations, where differing regulatory demands from donors can overshadow beneficiary priorities, complicating alignment and cooperation effectiveness [25].

A key challenge in biotechnology regulation globally is balancing two goals: fostering scientific innovation and maintaining strict biosafety and biosecurity standards. As the biotechnology sector, particularly gene editing technologies like CRISPR, rapidly evolves, it often surpasses current regulatory frameworks. This is clearly illustrated by events such as He Jiankui’s gene-edited babies and various complications with gene therapies worldwide. Such cases reveal significant regulatory shortcomings and highlight the pressing need for synchronized international regulatory efforts [26].

China offers a particularly instructive example, given its rapid evolution of the biotechnology sector over recent decades. Initially, China’s regulatory landscape aimed at fostering innovation through foundational programs like the National Science and Technology Development Program (1978–1985) and the National Biotechnology Development Policy Outline (1985). Yet, the absence of explicit biosafety regulations initially discouraged international partnerships due to uncertainties around intellectual property and risk management [27].

In the mid-1980s, a strong push for institutionalization took place, particularly with initiatives like the 863 Plan (1986) and the Torch Plan (1988), which specifically targeted market-focused research. However, ongoing deficiencies in comprehensive biosafety standards hindered international collaboration. Acknowledging this issue, China launched strict regulatory frameworks, including the Safety Administration of Genetic Engineering (SAGE, 1993), which greatly enhanced transparency and predictability. Nevertheless, the introduction of strict requirements—especially compulsory GMO labeling—created new obstacles for international companies [27].

After 2000, China’s approach to biotechnology regulation encountered significant public pushback, often stemming from misinformation and socio-political concerns, which hindered the commercialization of GMOs. This led to comprehensive reforms beginning in 2015, focusing on improving transparency, predictability, and efficiency. For example, the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA, Beijing, China) established accelerated processes such as the Breakthrough Therapy Designation, which greatly increased China’s appeal for international pharmaceutical partnerships. Additionally, the 2020 Marketing Authorization Holder (MAH) system streamlined entry requirements, facilitating greater global involvement in China’s biotechnology sector [28].

China’s active approach to global biosecurity challenges, underscored during the COVID-19 pandemic, indicates a developing and sophisticated regulatory strategy. This progression establishes China as a key player in both South–South and global cooperative initiatives, demonstrating a deliberate effort to balance national security priorities with the advancement of international biotechnology collaboration [29].

Colombia’s National Strategy for International Cooperation (ENCI 2023–2026) provides a compelling counterpoint, reflecting distinct regulatory idiosyncrasies and institutional contexts. The ENCI aligns explicitly with Colombia’s broader developmental priorities, including peacebuilding, environmental sustainability, and social justice, and adheres closely to global frameworks such as the SDGs and the 2030 Agenda [30]. A distinctive feature of Colombia’s approach is its explicit focus on human rights, territorial needs, gender equality, and feminist international cooperation, emphasizing inclusivity and equity. Unlike China’s stringent focus on biosafety regulations and national security, Colombia highlights social justice, peace, and inclusivity as foundational regulatory principles guiding international cooperation.

Additionally, Colombia utilizes a range of cooperation methods, including traditional Official Development Assistance (ODA), South–South and triangular cooperation, innovative financing tools like blended finance, decentralized cooperation at local government levels, and effective knowledge management strategies. Colombia’s clear focus on regional integration through entities like the Pacific Alliance, ACTO, and CAN highlights its dedication to regional leadership and multilateral collaboration [30]. Nonetheless, regulatory challenges remain primarily associated with persistent internal inequalities, vulnerability to climate crises, and the necessity for institutional strengthening. Colombia’s strategic emphasis on transparency, accountability, and rigorous evaluation systems aligns with global best practices recommended by the OECD and UNDP. Simultaneously, its strong inter-ministerial coordination and decentralized implementation framework distinguish its approach significantly from China’s highly centralized, stringent biotechnology and biosecurity regulatory environment [30].

3.4. Economic Impact of Biotechnology and Bioeconomy in Colombia

The bioeconomy and biotechnology hold significant promise for enhancing productivity and fostering economic growth in Colombia. In the agricultural sector, biotechnology can substantially boost productivity by introducing new crop varieties, biopesticides, and biofertilizers. According to an FAO report in 2020, adopting advanced biotechnologies could lead to a 20% increase in agricultural yields in Latin America, thereby enhancing food security and alleviating rural poverty [20]. By empowering farmers to cultivate crops that are more resilient to pests and climate fluctuations, biotechnology can lead to higher yields and lower production costs, making Colombian agricultural goods more competitive in the global market.

Beyond agriculture, biotechnology opens new prospects in the pharmaceutical industry for developing biological drugs and advanced therapies. A 2021 report by IQVIA indicates that the global biotech drug market reached USD 300 billion in 2020, with an annual growth rate of 12%. Although still an emerging player, Colombia has the potential to become a regional center for biopharmaceutical production, leveraging its scientific expertise and proximity to Latin American and Caribbean markets. Investment in this sector could stimulate high-value job creation and position Colombia as a hub for medical innovation [23].

Developing the bioeconomy also generates direct economic benefits through job creation. It is estimated that the bioeconomy will generate 9 million jobs in Europe [31]. By investing in infrastructure and human capital development, Colombia can adopt a similar model. The industrial biotechnology and bioenergy sectors could become significant sources of employment in rural areas, where unemployment and poverty rates are highest. This not only boosts the economy but also promotes social inclusion and reduces regional disparities.

Strengthening Colombia’s capacity for innovation in biotechnology is crucial for enhancing its competitiveness in the global market. The World Economic Forum projects that biotechnology will be among the sectors with the highest growth potential over the next decade, with diverse applications in agriculture, medicine, and energy. Increasing investment in research and development, fostering public–private partnerships, and enhancing collaboration with international partners like China can accelerate technological advancements and innovation [32].

Industrial biotechnology offers substantial opportunities for Colombia to diversify its economy and promote sustainable development. The production of biochemicals, bioplastics, and biofuels provides more sustainable alternatives to fossil fuel-based products. Industrial biotechnology has the potential to create USD 4 trillion in global economic value by 2040. With its abundant biomass and growing collaboration with China, Colombia is well positioned to become a significant supplier of bioproducts to international markets [33].

The development of the bioeconomy carries significant environmental implications. By focusing on the sustainable use of biological resources, the bioeconomy is a crucial strategy for addressing global environmental challenges such as climate change and biodiversity loss. Advancements in biotechnology can lead to more sustainable agricultural practices, reduction in greenhouse gas emissions through biofuels, and the production of biodegradable materials. This aligns with Colombia’s commitments under international environmental agreements and supports global efforts toward sustainability.

3.5. Economic and Environmental Sustainability

Establishing a sustainable bioeconomy in Colombia presents a chance to align economic growth with environmental preservation. With the world grappling with the effects of climate change, the loss of biodiversity, and the degradation of ecosystems, the bioeconomy is gaining traction as a promising strategy to address these issues by utilizing renewable biological resources and implementing sustainable production practices.

One of the primary obstacles facing the world economy is the imperative to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and restrain the escalation of global temperatures. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that to avoid global warming surpassing 1.5 degrees Celsius, global emissions must be reduced by at least 45% by 2030 [34]. The bioeconomy presents a sustainable substitute for carbon-intensive production methods within this framework.

As shown in

Table 3. GHG emissions by sector Colombia, 2023.

Sector	Total, GHG (%)	Methane (CH4) (%)	Carbon Dioxide (CO2) (%)	Nitrous Oxide (N2O) (%)
Agriculture	34.6	63.5	0.6	83.6
Transportation	16.7	0.4	36.4	0.2
Waste	10.2	22.6	0	2.4
Industrial Combustion	9.9	0.1	21.7	0.6
Fuel Exploitation	9.7	12.6	9.7	0
Energy Industry	6.7	0	14.8	0.3
Processes	7	0	6.1	4.3
Other	5.2	0.8	10.7	8.6

Source: Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, 2024 [35].

, agriculture stands out as Colombia’s primary source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, responsible for 34.6% of the total. It mainly contributes to high levels of methane (63.5%) and nitrous oxide (83.6%). This significant share is likely attributable to enteric fermentation in livestock and processes related to fertilizer application in soils. In comparison, the transportation sector accounts for 16.7% of emissions, primarily linked to carbon dioxide (36.4%), highlighting the importance of fuel combustion. Other sectors, such as waste (10.2%), industrial combustion (9.9%), and fuel exploitation (9.7%), contribute to overall emissions but on a smaller scale. The apparent dominance of agriculture suggests that strategies aimed at reducing methane and nitrous oxide could provide considerable climate benefits, underscoring the need for sustainable land-use practices and technological advancements.

Biotechnology applied in the agricultural sector can enhance productivity while minimizing GHG and air pollutant emissions. For instance, bioengineering techniques can be used to develop crops that are resilient to water and heat stress, aiding farmers in adapting to the effects of climate change. According to a 2019 World Bank study, the integration of biotechnological advancements in agriculture could eventually reduce carbon emissions in the sector by 30% worldwide [35].

Colombia, vulnerable to climate change due to its geographical location and reliance on agriculture and extractive industries, stands to gain significantly from integrating biotechnologies into its export portfolio. Biotechnology implementation has the potential to enhance agricultural productivity, reduce both GHG and air pollutant emissions, promote soil conservation, protect watersheds, and encourage regenerative agricultural practices [35]. China has made substantial investments in clean technologies and reducing its carbon footprint, serving as a strategic ally for Colombia in its transition to a low-carbon bioeconomy. According to a 2020 report by the International Energy Agency (IEA), China is the world’s largest producer of renewable energy (see

Table 4. Energy production by type of energy 2022.

Type of Energy	China		Colombia
	Production (GWh)	%	Production (GWh)	%
Non-Renewable Energy
Coal and Peat	5,355,466	60.51%	5160	5.93%
Nuclear	441,554	4.99%	0	0.00%
Natural Gas	393,042	4.44%	13,894	15.96%
Oil	5948	0.07%	3265	3.75%
Others	28,637	0.32%	0.00	0.00%
Subtotal	6,224,650	70.34%	22,319	25.64%
Renewable Energy
Hydroelectric Energy	1,303,902	14.73%	62,259	71.52%
Wind Energy	763,343	8.63%	74,298	0.09%
Solar Energy	428,163	4.84%	635,215	0.73%
Geothermal Energy	144	0.00%	0	0.00%
Others	129,704	1.47%	1760	2.02%
Subtotal	2,625,256	29.66%	64,728	74.36%
Total Production	8,849,906	100%	87,048	100%

Source: International Renewable Energy Agency [36] and authors’ calculations 2024.

), investing USD 17 billion in biofuels and bioenergy in 2019. Transferring knowledge and technology in renewable energy, especially in utilizing biological waste for energy production, could play a pivotal role in Colombia’s bioeconomy development [36,37].

Colombia’s rich biological diversity is pivotal for bioprospecting and creating cutting-edge biotechnological products. Bioprospecting—exploring biodiversity to discover chemical compounds and genetic materials for use in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, or agriculture—presents an opportunity for economic growth in Colombia [37]. However, it also entails environmental and social risks if not carefully managed. Policies related to the bioeconomy should ensure the fair distribution of benefits from bioprospecting and encourage meaningful involvement of local communities.

In the context of bilateral agreements with China, it is essential to incorporate mechanisms that guarantee the conservation of biological resources and equitable sharing of benefits. China has expressed interest in engaging in bioprospecting in various parts of the world and collaborating with Colombia could serve as a blueprint for sustainable practices. Given these conditions, Colombia must adhere to the legal frameworks established by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing to ensure these activities’ responsible and sustainable conduct [37].

Colombia possesses a significant volume of biological waste from agriculture, livestock, and the forestry industry, presenting an opportunity to create value-added products. As per a report by the Colombian Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, the agroindustry produces approximately 50 million tons of waste each year, a substantial portion of which remains underutilized [38]. This waste holds the potential to be transformed into resources for the development of bioproducts using biorefinery technologies.

One instance involves extracting biofuels from palm oil byproducts. Colombia, as the world’s fourth-largest palm oil producer, yields over 1.6 million tons annually [39,40]. Residues such as mesocarp and fibers can be repurposed for bioethanol and biodiesel production, lessening reliance on fossil fuels and optimizing available resources. This method not only creates economic value but also contributes to waste reduction and environmental sustainability.

An analysis of energy production in 2022 reveals distinct national strategies between China and Colombia. China’s energy mix is predominantly non-renewable, with coal and peat accounting for 60.51% of total production and overall non-renewables making up 70.34%. In contrast, Colombia primarily relies on renewable sources, with 74.36% of its energy derived from renewables, predominantly hydroelectric power at 71.52% (see Table 4). This stark difference highlights China’s focus on high-output fossil fuels to meet its substantial energy demands, while Colombia prioritizes sustainability and environmental stewardship. These insights emphasize the need for tailored energy policies that align with national economic and ecological goals. Ultimately, innovative policies are crucial.

China is at the forefront of advancing industrial biotechnologies and has valuable experience implementing circular economy models that could benefit Colombia. According to a 2020 report by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, the country has successfully implemented over 500 circular economy pilot projects in biotechnology, leading to a substantial reduction in industrial waste and greenhouse gas emissions [41].

3.6. Circular Economy and the Role of Biotechnology

The circular economy is a core principle of the bioeconomy, focused on creating closed-loop systems for production and consumption through reusing, recycling, and regenerating resources. Unlike the conventional linear model of “take, make, and dispose”, the circular economy promotes a system in which waste is converted into valuable resources [15,42,43,44].

The principles of a circular economy follow the design without waste and pollution, where the aim of this principle is to eliminate waste and pollution from the design phase of products and processes. It focuses on reusing or transforming materials to minimize environmental impact, eliminate toxic substances, and decrease the environmental footprints of products.

Also, this principle of keeping products and materials in use promotes extending the lifespans of products through reuse, repair, recycling, and remanufacturing to maximize their value for as long as possible and prevent them from becoming waste prematurely.

Regenerate natural systems: The circular economy aims to reduce harm and generate positive impacts by restoring natural systems. This involves returning nutrients to the soil and incorporating renewable energy in production processes to help regenerate ecosystems and enhance biodiversity while reducing the use of finite resources [42,43,44,45].

Colombia has implemented a National Circular Economy Strategy (2020) to transition the country’s production model to one that is more sustainable and resource-efficient. This approach focuses on prolonging the use of products and materials, with an emphasis on recovering and regenerating them at the end of their useful life. Biotechnology is instrumental in this endeavor, enabling the development of innovative methods for recycling materials and converting organic waste into valuable products [8,38].

For instance, in agribusiness, advanced biotechnology enables the conversion of agricultural waste—such as sugarcane bagasse, banana peels, or palm oil waste—into biofuels, biofertilizers, and bioplastics. According to the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, implementing a circular economy in the agricultural sector can lead to a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and a 30% improvement in water use efficiency [22,38].

Figure 3 illustrates that Colombia’s domestic extraction, which amounts to 400 million tons, is predominantly dependent on non-renewable resources, particularly hydrocarbons (33%) and construction materials (29%). Hydrocarbons make up a significant portion of exports, accounting for 80%, while imports are primarily focused on minerals and industrial materials. Domestic consumption, totaling 305 million tons, is driven mainly by construction materials (48%), underscoring an infrastructure-oriented economy. These data indicate a linear resource flow with limited circularity, as 18 million tons of waste remain unprocessed. To transition toward a sustainable bioeconomy, Colombia must emphasize renewable biomass inputs, enhance resource efficiency, and reduce waste, all of which are essential for ensuring long-term environmental resilience and fostering inclusive, equitable economic development throughout the nation.

An excellent example of the circular economy in Colombia is the use of waste from sugarcane processing to produce energy. Bagasse, which was previously discarded or underutilized, is now employed as biomass for generating electricity within the same processing plants. This approach creates a closed cycle that optimizes resources, as highlighted by Fedebiocombustibles [40]. Not only does this initiative diminish reliance on fossil fuels, but it also reduces the volume of waste generated by the industry.

The construction sector is another critical area where implementing biobased materials, such as bioplastics and biocomposites, can significantly reduce the carbon footprint. The development of sustainable, biobased materials has the potential to slash carbon emissions in Colombia’s construction industry by up to 40% by 2030 [22]. Biotechnology plays an essential role in creating these new materials, which enhance sustainability and offer biodegradability and recyclability.

China has played a leading role in promoting the circular economy globally with its circular economy policy implemented in 2008. China recycled around 65% of its industrial solid waste in 2018 [17,21], and this rate increased to approximately 70% by 2021—a substantially higher rate than most developing countries.

Biotechnology also plays a significant role in China’s circular economy, particularly in organic waste management and bioproduct manufacturing. One prime example is the utilization of agricultural waste for biogas production in rural areas, where crop waste from rice and corn is transformed into sustainable energy. According to the Ministry of Science and Technology of China, biogas production in China reached 14.2 billion cubic meters in 2020 [46], playing a pivotal role in reducing the use of fossil fuels and offering a renewable energy source for rural communities.

Similarly, the bioplastics industry in China has experienced significant growth in recent years, with Chinese companies investing substantially in biotechnology to produce biodegradable plastics from starch, cellulose, and sugarcane waste. According to a report by the China Bio-Industry Association, bioplastic production in China increased by 35% between 2019 and 2021 as part of the country’s efforts to combat plastic pollution and transition towards a more circular economy [21,41,47].

3.6.1. Cooperation in Circular Economy Between China and Colombia

Colombia’s and China’s collaboration in developing the bioeconomy and circular economy holds great potential for both countries. Colombia gains from China’s expertise in implementing extensive circular economy policies, while China can leverage Colombia’s rich biodiversity and biological resources to create pioneering bioproducts.

Knowledge and technology transfer between both countries is crucial to improving Colombia’s capabilities in using biotechnology for the circular economy. China has made significant progress in reusing industrial waste and implementing biotechnological technologies to produce sustainable energy and materials. Colombia can acquire these experiences through technological cooperation agreements and joint projects.

Colombia has a valuable opportunity to share expertise in sustainable natural resource management and biodiversity conservation on the global stage. Collaboration in fields like bioprospecting, advanced biofuel development, and sustainable waste management has the potential to yield mutual economic and environmental advantages.

3.6.2. Case Studies: Implementing Circular Economy in China and Colombia

One of today’s most significant global environmental challenges is managing electronic waste, commonly called “e-waste”. As the world’s leading electronics producer, China has instituted comprehensive policies to oversee the recycling and repurposing of these materials. China successfully recycled approximately 40% of its e-waste in 2021, accounting for nearly 7 million tons [41,48].

China has made significant progress by leveraging biotechnology to extract precious metals and rare earths from discarded electronic devices. Chinese researchers have engineered microorganisms capable of breaking down specific electronic waste components, enabling the recovery of valuable materials like gold, copper, and lithium [26]. This method proves to be more sustainable than conventional extraction techniques and mitigates the environmental impact of mining.

Colombia’s coffee industry is vital to its agricultural sector but produces substantial organic waste. Historically, byproducts like pulp and mucilage were considered low-value and therefore disposed of. However, recent advancements in biotechnology have made it possible to transform these waste materials into valuable resources, including fertilizers, biofuels, and bioplastics.

According to a study conducted by the National Coffee Research Center (Cenicafé), converting coffee waste into biogas can produce enough energy to power coffee farms, leading to a 30% reduction in CO₂ emissions [46]. Furthermore, the application of biotechnology to extract antioxidant compounds and other bioactive ingredients from coffee pulp has created new opportunities for developing cosmetics and food supplements. The above is a compelling example of how the circular economy can bring economic, social, and environmental advantages by repurposing waste into valuable resources.

Environmental sustainability, renewable energy, and the circular economy are crucial for advancing the bioeconomy in the 21st century. Despite facing significant challenges related to ecological degradation and dependence on fossil fuels, Colombia and China are uniquely positioned to lead the transition toward a more sustainable and equitable economy, given their substantial potential.

Colombia’s and China’s collaboration in bioenergy, material recycling, and bioproduct development promises mutual benefit. China can share its expertise in implementing wide-ranging circular economy policies and advancing technologies, while Colombia can offer its rich biodiversity and a deep commitment to sustainable natural resource management. This emphasis on responsible resource management can inspire a sense of shared responsibility in our sustainability initiatives.

The advancement of the bioeconomy is driven by the innovation of new products and technologies, sparking a significant shift in how societies produce, consume, and oversee their resources. This innovative spirit is at the heart of the circular economy, which presents a model that enables the closure of production and consumption cycles, minimizing waste and optimizing the utilization of natural resources.

Colombia’s and China’s collaboration in the bioeconomy sector promises to reshape their economies, rendering them more resilient, sustainable, and inclusive. As both nations forge ahead with adopting sustainable practices and circular economy strategies, the combined efforts stemming from their partnership can yield groundbreaking solutions to urgent global challenges, including climate change, biodiversity decline, and resource depletion.

3.7. Impact of Binational Exchange: Case Studies and Data

It is valuable to analyze case studies and statistics highlighting the success of partnerships to showcase the tangible effects of knowledge and technology exchange in biotechnology and bioeconomy between Colombia and China. Through a 2016 cooperation agreement between the Colombian Agricultural Institute (ICA) and the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China gained access to a wide range of native Colombian plants, enabling it to further research crops resistant to tropical diseases. This exchange resulted from a cooperation agreement signed in 2016 between the Colombian Agricultural Institute (ICA) and the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. In 2017, Colombia utilized Chinese biotechnology to cultivate genetically modified rice and corn crops tailored to local climate conditions. A report from the Colombian Ministry of Agriculture (2020) revealed that adopting these crops led to a 25% increase in yields, contributing to improved food security and a 40% decrease in chemical pesticides. Furthermore, the technology enabled farmers to reduce water consumption by 15%, which is particularly beneficial in regions grappling with water scarcity [38].

Colombia’s abundant sugarcane and palm oil biomass make it a promising hub for biofuel production. In 2019, China and Colombia entered a collaborative agreement to exchange technology for producing advanced biofuels from agricultural waste and organic residues. This partnership, as reported by the Colombian Ministry of Mines and Energy, led to the establishment of a pilot plant in Valle del Cauca, which can produce 50,000 L of bioethanol daily, utilizing Chinese anaerobic digestion and enzymatic refining technologies.

A 2021 report by the International Energy Agency (IEA) noted that this facility has the potential to lower greenhouse gas emissions by 60% compared to traditional fossil fuels. Moreover, the initiative has created over 500 direct and indirect jobs in the area, showcasing the bioeconomy’s ability to stimulate local economic growth [49].

Colombia and China have forged a crucial partnership in medical biotechnology to research vaccines and treatments for infectious diseases. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, Colombia’s participation in clinical trials for the vaccine created by Sinovac, a prominent biotechnology company in China, was instrumental [29]. This collaboration allowed Colombia to access vaccines early on and fostered the sharing of scientific knowledge on vaccine production techniques.

Global cooperation in vaccine development and distribution has boosted vaccination capacity in developing nations [29]. This collaboration has led to improved immunization rates and reduced virus spread. The case underscores the significance of biotechnology in public health and its ability to save lives through international collaboration.

3.8. Challenges for Technology Transfer and Collaboration

Despite the many potential areas for collaboration between Colombia and China in biotechnology and bioeconomy, substantial challenges need to be overcome to ensure lasting success. The potential benefits of this collaboration are immense, but with expertise and commitment, these challenges can be surmounted. Cultural and linguistic disparities may impede effective communication and mutual comprehension in collaborative technological initiatives. Insufficient language proficiency in academic and business contexts could hinder knowledge and technology transfer. Consequently, it is essential to encourage scholarly exchange programs and bilingual training to surmount these obstacles.

Another crucial challenge involves safeguarding intellectual property rights and effectively managing biodiversity. Colombia is one of the most biodiverse countries globally, so it bears a significant responsibility to shield its natural resources from unregulated exploitation. When negotiating with China, it is indispensable to ensure that technology transfer agreements contain provisions that safeguard national interests and ensure the sustainable and ethical utilization of biological resources.

A recent report by the Convention on Biological Diversity serves as the cornerstone in shaping the policy recommendation. It emphasizes the crucial role of access and benefit-sharing (ABS) agreements in ensuring that countries providing biological resources receive equitable compensation for their utilization [23]. Colombia must prioritize the enforcement of these agreements in all its international engagements within the bioeconomy sector.

The economic and technological development gap between Colombia and China presents a significant challenge. China has made remarkable strides in advancing biotechnology, while Colombia grapples with constraints in infrastructure, R&D investment, and human capital formation. To address these discrepancies, Colombia must prioritize public policies to enhance innovation capacity and forge strategic partnerships with global stakeholders.

Challenges for Intellectual Property Rights

Managing intellectual property (IP) rights effectively is vital for the international collaborations between Colombia and China. This importance stems from their distinct regulatory frameworks and commitments to international agreements like the Nagoya Protocol. IP rights play a critical role in determining how benefits from genetic materials and related traditional knowledge are distributed, necessitating comprehensive agreements that clearly define terms of access, commercialization, and benefit-sharing [4,37].

International experiences demonstrate that clearly defined contractual frameworks substantially reduce IP-related conflicts and enhance equitable benefit-sharing. For instance, WIPO and UNEP highlight successful agreements like the partnership between India’s Tropical Botanical Garden & Research Institute and Arya Vaidya Pharmacy, where detailed contractual arrangements effectively protected intellectual property, established clear royalty structures, and acknowledged traditional knowledge holders. Such clarity aligns with the Nagoya Protocol’s prior informed consent (PIC) principles and mutually agreed terms (MATs), promoting transparency and reducing potential disputes [50].

China’s approach to biotechnology regulation further illustrates the complexities involved in managing IP rights internationally. Chinese regulations, particularly concerning human genetic resources (HGRs), enforce rigorous pre-approval processes, require joint ownership of IP developed from genetic resources, and implement strict documentation procedures. High-profile cases involving penalties for non-compliance (e.g., GenScript, Piscataway, NJ, USA; ICON, Dublin, Ireland; BMS China, Shanghai, China) underscore the critical importance of thorough compliance measures [50]. Nevertheless, recent regulatory reforms indicate China’s intention to simplify processes and support international collaboration while maintaining oversight of IP and biosecurity.

Conversely, Colombia’s ENCI prioritizes inclusivity, transparency, and equitable benefit-sharing. Colombia explicitly incorporates biodiversity conservation and protection of traditional knowledge within international cooperation policies, aligning closely with international biodiversity frameworks. The country advocates for clear regulatory standards, community involvement, and territorial approaches that safeguard indigenous knowledge, contrasting with China’s centralized regulatory practices [30].

Given the distinct regulatory frameworks in place, successful collaborations between Colombia and China will rely on the establishment of comprehensive intellectual property agreements from the outset. Contracts should incorporate provisions of the Nagoya Protocol, thereby explicitly delineating benefit-sharing arrangements, joint ownership of intellectual property where applicable, and the recognition of traditional knowledge holders. The utilization of standardized instruments such as MTAs can further elucidate responsibilities, enhance compliance, and reduce the likelihood of conflicts. Moreover, initiatives aimed at joint capacity building and institutional cooperation would promote a deeper mutual understanding of regulatory requirements, thereby strengthening the efficacy of partnerships within the biotechnology and bioeconomy sectors [37,51].

3.9. Future Perspectives and Recommendations

The future of collaboration between Colombia and China in bioeconomy and biotechnology hinges on various factors. Increased investment in research and development is a key to opening its potential, allowing Colombia to leverage China’s expertise and technology. Establishing joint research consortia can be an effective strategy to distribute costs and risks while fostering innovation.

Colombia should prioritize enhancing its local capacities, including infrastructure and human capital development, to ensure successful technology transfer. Technical and scientific training is of utmost importance for effectively adapting and utilizing biotechnology technologies imported from China. Additionally, establishing innovation centers and national laboratories to support the assimilation of these technologies is imperative.

Fostering public–private partnerships to drive the growth of the bioeconomy is indispensable. Public policies should create a conducive environment for investment in biotechnology, while private enterprises should play an active role in advancing and bringing innovations to market. In China, biotechnology companies receive financial backing from the government, whereas such support is currently limited in Colombia. Tax incentives, subsidies, and targeted financing programs could stimulate private investment in the Colombian biotechnology sector.

Regulation plays a crucial role in the advancement of the bioeconomy. Colombia must update its regulatory framework to support the exploration and advancement of cutting-edge biotechnologies while safeguarding its natural resources. Bioprospecting holds significant promise in Colombia, but it must be overseen in a manner that respects and honors the rights of local communities ensuring that their values are at the forefront of any biotechnological advancement.

Implementing inclusive policies that safeguard the most vulnerable communities is essential to ensuring that biotechnology’s benefits are accessible to all members of Colombian society. Biotechnology development initiatives should focus on small- and medium-sized agricultural businesses and indigenous and rural communities. The emphasis should be on enhancing productivity and promoting sustainable practices that protect the environment and secure long-term livelihoods for these communities.

Colombia and China should enhance their engagement in global innovation networks in biotechnology and bioeconomy. This involves bilateral collaboration and multilateral cooperation in international forums, participation in research consortia, and leveraging global financing platforms, such as UN funds or European collaboration. The global expansion of the bioeconomy offers both countries opportunities to become part of global value chains centered on sustainability and biotechnological innovation.

4. Discussion

The findings of this study suggest that Colombia and China hold considerable potential for collaborative advancement in bioeconomy and biotechnology. Combining Colombia’s biodiversity with China’s technological and investment capacity aligns with the broader literature, which highlights that joint efforts facilitate technology transfer, stimulate innovation, and foster inclusive and sustainable value chains [3,4]. Previous studies have emphasized the complementary roles of ecological richness and strategic R&D investments in building a robust bioeconomy [1,20]. Our analysis supports the initial hypothesis that bilateral cooperation can bridge gaps in biotechnological research, development, and commercialization.

When interpreting earlier research, our results emphasize the critical role of policy alignment, regulatory frameworks, and well-structured governance mechanisms in realizing such potential [42,44]. International agreements and policy models, including the Nagoya Protocol and the Paris Agreement, provide foundations to ensure ethical bioprospecting, technology equity, and environmental resilience. While the literature acknowledges that capacity-building through human capital and infrastructure investments can reduce technological asymmetries between developed and emerging economies, our findings suggest that strategic partnerships—such as those aiming to produce vaccines or improve agricultural productivity—can accelerate local innovation and promote sustainable development.

The potential for technology transfer, knowledge exchange, and the co-development of products such as advanced biopharmaceuticals, agricultural inputs, and environmentally sustainable processes is considerable. Through these collaborations, both nations can enhance their economic competitiveness, diversify their export portfolios, attract foreign direct investment, and create high-value jobs. By leveraging China’s strong manufacturing and innovation capabilities alongside Colombia’s rich natural resources and agricultural heritage, there is an opportunity to expand domestic markets and cater to the global demand for green, high-tech products. Moreover, collaborative research can uncover new revenue streams in biobased industries, fostering a mutually beneficial partnership. If executed effectively, Sino-Colombian biotech ventures could serve as a model for broader interregional cooperation, promoting shared prosperity and driving sustainable economic growth. This collaborative approach has the potential to strengthen national innovation systems, enhance human capital, and catalyze long-term economic development.

Also, the potential collaboration between Colombia and China in the fields of biotechnology and bioeconomy presents possible risks and disadvantages. An over-reliance on Chinese technology and investment could impede local capacity building and foster unequal bargaining power, potentially replicating a center-periphery model. Additionally, the exploitation of biodiversity and disputes over intellectual property may give rise to high-dependency dynamics. Furthermore, operational inefficiencies and variations in research and development capabilities could jeopardize project outcomes, causing delays in technology transfer.

As scientific publications and regulations on technology and scientific cooperation between China and Latin America have not extensively focused on China–Colombia collaboration, this field remains relatively underexplored, presenting certain research limitations. For instance, this research may not have sufficiently examined how policy reforms in Colombia’s biopharmaceutical sector could enhance the country’s attractiveness for international collaboration and investment, potentially addressing some of the existing power imbalances in Colombia–China bioeconomy partnerships. Additionally, due to the scope of the research, the paper does not compare the progress in bioeconomy and biotechnology cooperation between China and other strategic partners in the region, such as Mexico or Argentina.

Future research could focus on identifying which specific segments of the bioeconomy—such as biofuels, bioplastics, or pharmaceuticals—are most responsive to bilateral investment and technology-sharing arrangements. Additionally, exploring new models of inclusive participation, where local communities and small producers play active roles in these value chains, may yield insights into how to ensure equitable benefits. Investigations into long-term regulatory harmonization and the socio-environmental impacts of scaling biotechnologies would also be valuable. Overall, this study contributes to a growing body of evidence that strategic international cooperation, guided by robust policy frameworks and ethical considerations, can unlock significant opportunities in bioeconomy and biotechnology, potentially setting a precedent for other regions seeking to balance biodiversity conservation with technological and economic advancement.

5. Conclusions

The collaboration between Colombia and China in the fields of bioeconomy and biotechnology presents substantial opportunities for both nations’ economic, social, and environmental development. The synergy between Colombia’s rich biodiversity and China’s technological expertise provides an ideal setting for exchanging knowledge and joint innovation. Nonetheless, to ensure the success and sustainability of this collaboration, it is vital to address regulatory, cultural, and technological challenges. This requires our collective commitment and engagement, advocating for inclusive policies that ensure the widespread societal benefits of biotechnology.

Enhancing local capabilities, allocating resources to research and development, and establishing fair and transparent regulatory structures will be crucial to ensuring the success of this alliance. Despite facing significant challenges, the future outlook for bioeconomy and biotechnology within the framework of the collaborative efforts between Colombia and China is optimistic. This collaboration can potentially create a lasting impact on the shift towards a more sustainable and competitive economy.

The economic, social, and political analysis of bioeconomy and biotechnology within the framework of the bilateral relations between Colombia and China demonstrates significant potential for mutual development. The synergy between the two countries, with China’s leadership in technology and investment and Colombia’s abundance of biodiversity and natural resources, presents a distinctive opportunity to advance the bioeconomy.

The advancement of the bioeconomy in Colombia has the potential to drive economic growth and create jobs, support environmental sustainability, and safeguard biodiversity. However, realizing this potential requires Colombia to enhance its innovation capacity, encourage investment in research and development, and bolster its regulatory frameworks for biotechnology and a brighter future for both nations.

Cooperation with China in technology transfer, foreign investment, and public policies can expedite the development of Colombia’s bioeconomy. Collaboration in these areas will boost both countries’ economies and effectively confront global challenges such as climate change and food security.