Worries About Air Pollution from the Unsustainable Use of Studded Tires and Cruise Ships—A Preliminary Study on the Relationship Between Worries and Health Complaints Due to Seasonal Pollution
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Air Pollution Measurements in Recruitment Timeframe
2.3. Survey
2.4. Neighborhood Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample
3.2. Air Pollution in Recruitment Timeframe
3.3. Health Complaints and Worries
3.4. Distance from Pollution Sources
4. Discussion
4.1. Worries About Air Pollution from Different Sources
4.2. Worries About Air Pollution and Their Relation to Mental Health Indicators
4.3. Seasonality of Air Pollution and Seasonal Variations in Health and Well-Being
4.4. Challenging Recruitment: Is It the Topic?
4.5. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AUDIT-C | Alcohol User Disorder Identification Test |
BIS | Bergen insomnia scale |
HEAS | Hogg eco-anxiety scale |
HINTS | Health Information National Trends Survey |
NO2 | nitrogen oxide |
PM | particulate matter |
SO2 | sulphur dioxide |
SPAQ | Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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Locations | PM2.5 | PM10 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Oddeyrin: | 466.26 | 509.63 | 611.33 | 653.85 |
Port | 361.69 | 409.55 | 496 | 564.6 |
Main street | 570.83 | 580.38 | 726.66 | 722.12 |
Giljahverfi: | 174.41 | 316 | 242.28 | 366.62 |
Nursery school | 148.27 | 255.7 | 229.92 | 349.69 |
School | 197.07 | 363.15 | 252.52 | 385.92 |
Questionnaire | Median | Min | Max | Mean | SD | n Above Threshold |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seasonality: GSS | 4 | 0 | 15 | 4.71 | 3.91 | n = 5; >10 |
Insomnia: BIS | 10 | 0 | 42 | 10.98 | 9.66 | n = 18 |
Migraine: MIG | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.78 | 1.04 | n = 5; >2 |
Eco-anxiety: HEAS | 1 | 0 | 38 | 4.19 | 6.65 | - |
Alcohol consumption: AUDIT-C | 2 | 0 | 10 | 2.44 | 2.25 | n = 1; >7 |
Caffeine per day | 2 | 0 | 10 | 2.35 | 2.02 | - |
Item | Not at All | a Little | Some | a Lot |
---|---|---|---|---|
Outdoor air pollution | 11 | 18 | 15 | 1 |
Indoor air pollution | 26 | 10 | 9 | 0 |
Air pollution from studded tires | 14 | 14 | 15 | 2 |
Air pollution from cruise ships | 13 | 8 | 16 | 8 |
Seasonality GSS | Insomnia BIS | Migraine MIG | Eco-Anxiety HEAS | Alcohol AUDIT-C | Caffeine per Day | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Worries about air pollution… | rho | p | rho | p | rho | p | rho | p | rho | p | rho | p |
outdoors | 0.09 | 0.568 | 0.43 | 0.003 * | 0.37 | 0.014 | 0.40 | 0.008 | −0.07 | 0.640 | −0.19 | 0.220 |
indoors | 0.24 | 0.113 | 0.31 | 0.036 | 0.57 | 0.00005 * | 0.30 | 0.054 | −0.18 | 0.261 | −0.08 | 0.626 |
from studded tires | 0.01 | 0.940 | 0.25 | 0.100 | 0.31 | 0.039 | 0.48 | 0.001 * | <0.01 | 0.987 | −0.05 | 0.730 |
from cruise ships | −0.03 | 0.881 | 0.22 | 0.146 | 0.46 | 0.001 * | 0.26 | 0.088 | −0.06 | 0.696 | −0.01 | 0.960 |
Item | Spring | Summer | Fall | Winter |
---|---|---|---|---|
Feel best | 22 | 36 | 14 | 6 |
Feel worse | 6 | 1 | 14 | 31 |
Gain the most weight | 4 | 7 | 8 | 28 |
Lose the most weight | 11 | 18 | 7 | 12 |
Sleep most | 4 | 5 | 17 | 29 |
Sleep less | 11 | 30 | 7 | 6 |
Socialize more | 23 | 26 | 16 | 20 |
Socialize less | 4 | 6 | 8 | 29 |
Eat most | 5 | 9 | 7 | 30 |
Eat least | 9 | 13 | 15 | 13 |
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Höller, Y.; Zelinski, L.; Sesseljuson, L.D.; Pálmadóttir, A.D.; Latini, A.; Matthews, A.; Ásmundsdóttir, Á.M.; Guðmundsson, L.S.; Ólafsson, R.P. Worries About Air Pollution from the Unsustainable Use of Studded Tires and Cruise Ships—A Preliminary Study on the Relationship Between Worries and Health Complaints Due to Seasonal Pollution. Sustainability 2025, 17, 4634. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104634
Höller Y, Zelinski L, Sesseljuson LD, Pálmadóttir AD, Latini A, Matthews A, Ásmundsdóttir ÁM, Guðmundsson LS, Ólafsson RP. Worries About Air Pollution from the Unsustainable Use of Studded Tires and Cruise Ships—A Preliminary Study on the Relationship Between Worries and Health Complaints Due to Seasonal Pollution. Sustainability. 2025; 17(10):4634. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104634
Chicago/Turabian StyleHöller, Yvonne, Lada Zelinski, Leon Daði Sesseljuson, Ara Dan Pálmadóttir, Asia Latini, Audrey Matthews, Ásta Margrét Ásmundsdóttir, Lárus Steinþór Guðmundsson, and Ragnar Pétur Ólafsson. 2025. "Worries About Air Pollution from the Unsustainable Use of Studded Tires and Cruise Ships—A Preliminary Study on the Relationship Between Worries and Health Complaints Due to Seasonal Pollution" Sustainability 17, no. 10: 4634. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104634
APA StyleHöller, Y., Zelinski, L., Sesseljuson, L. D., Pálmadóttir, A. D., Latini, A., Matthews, A., Ásmundsdóttir, Á. M., Guðmundsson, L. S., & Ólafsson, R. P. (2025). Worries About Air Pollution from the Unsustainable Use of Studded Tires and Cruise Ships—A Preliminary Study on the Relationship Between Worries and Health Complaints Due to Seasonal Pollution. Sustainability, 17(10), 4634. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104634