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Sustainability
Volume 17
Issue 10
10.3390/su17104585
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Sustainable Infrastructure Development: Integrating Karst Seepage Field Characteristics with Water Inrush Prediction Models of the Qigan Mountain Tunnel

by
Ke Zhang
1,
Binbin Que
2,
Lizhao Liu
2,
Junjie Jiang
2,
Xin Liao
2,3 and
Zhongyuan Xu
2,3,*
1
China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610031, China
2
Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
3
Sichuan Province Engineering Technology Research Center of Ecological Mitigation of Geohazards in Tibet Plateau Transportation Corridors, Chengdu 611756, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4585; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104585 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 9 April 2025 / Revised: 12 May 2025 / Accepted: 15 May 2025 / Published: 16 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Study on Sustainable Geological Disaster Prevention and Control in Engineering)
Versions Notes

Abstract

[Objective] This study aims to assess and predict the risks of water inrush and leakage during tunnel excavation in karst regions, where groundwater intrusion poses serious threats to construction safety and long-term hydrogeological sustainability. [Study area] This study is conducted in the Qigan Mountain, involving detailed hydrogeological surveys and hydrochemical analyses to understand the subsurface conditions. [Methods] Numerical simulation methods are employed to model the regional seepage field distribution under natural conditions and two excavation conditions, using MODFLOW. [Challenges] One of the main challenges is accurately estimating tunnel water inflow under varying geological and hydrological conditions. [Results] The simulation results indicate that under excavation with blocking conditions, tunnel water inflow reaches 31,932 m3/d, whereas without blocking, inflow surges to 359,199 m3/d. In contrast, the theoretical calculation estimates a water inflow of 131,445 m3/d, revealing considerable discrepancies between the methods. [Recommendations] These findings highlight an important point of reference for the prevention of water influx in karst tunnel construction.
Keywords: tunnel; seepage field; numerical simulation; water inrush; groundwater sustainability tunnel; seepage field; numerical simulation; water inrush; groundwater sustainability

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, K.; Que, B.; Liu, L.; Jiang, J.; Liao, X.; Xu, Z. Sustainable Infrastructure Development: Integrating Karst Seepage Field Characteristics with Water Inrush Prediction Models of the Qigan Mountain Tunnel. Sustainability 2025, 17, 4585. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104585

AMA Style

Zhang K, Que B, Liu L, Jiang J, Liao X, Xu Z. Sustainable Infrastructure Development: Integrating Karst Seepage Field Characteristics with Water Inrush Prediction Models of the Qigan Mountain Tunnel. Sustainability. 2025; 17(10):4585. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104585

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Ke, Binbin Que, Lizhao Liu, Junjie Jiang, Xin Liao, and Zhongyuan Xu. 2025. "Sustainable Infrastructure Development: Integrating Karst Seepage Field Characteristics with Water Inrush Prediction Models of the Qigan Mountain Tunnel" Sustainability 17, no. 10: 4585. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104585

APA Style

Zhang, K., Que, B., Liu, L., Jiang, J., Liao, X., & Xu, Z. (2025). Sustainable Infrastructure Development: Integrating Karst Seepage Field Characteristics with Water Inrush Prediction Models of the Qigan Mountain Tunnel. Sustainability, 17(10), 4585. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104585

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