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Article

Digitalisation to Improve Automated Agro-Export Logistics: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis

by
Luis Kevin Cortez-Clavo
,
Maryorie Irania Salazar-Muñoz
and
Rogger Orlando Morán-Santamaría
*
Escuela Profesional de Administración y Negocios Internacionales, Universidad César Vallejo, Avenida Víctor Larco 1700, Trujillo 13001, La Libertad, Peru
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4470; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104470
Submission received: 28 January 2025 / Revised: 10 March 2025 / Accepted: 19 March 2025 / Published: 14 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Driven Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Business Innovation)
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Abstract

:
Digitalisation in logistics has evolved in the search for continuous improvement and optimised processes. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of digitalisation implemented by companies to improve the automated logistics of cross-border trade in the agricultural sector. The research methodology was generated through a bibliometric analysis, exploring the evolution of the state of the art through the Scopus, WOS and Dimensions databases, in order to select relevant empirical studies on digitalisation and automated logistics, using quality criteria and applying the PRISMA flow chart. The results highlighted that since 2017, there have been signs of increased interest from researchers, with authors such as Zoubek, Kumar and Ghobakhloo standing out. This review revealed how digitalisation contributes to the optimisation of costs and time in the logistics chain. Designing public policies allows for a better integration of technologies such as IoT and AI. Three important blocks were identified that have contributed to the effectiveness of digitalisation in automated logistics: the impact of digitalisation on logistics efficiency and the supply chain, technological integration and automation in cross-border logistics, and governance, policies and social considerations in logistics digitalisation. The conclusions reached were that digitalisation has been a fundamental element in improving logistics and making it autonomous within cross-border trade, allowing technology to become integrated and reducing obstacles in the supply chain through digital technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI).

1. Introduction

In recent times, the field of logistics has encountered various issues, including the well-known bottlenecks that have been observed in logistics processes [1]. These bottlenecks have been attributed to either a low digital density or a lack of integration between the various actors involved in the supply chain [2,3,4]. Digitalisation has been identified as a pivotal factor in addressing these challenges [5]. Consequently, contemporary processes have evolved to the ‘Industry 4.0’ paradigm, which is characterised by intelligent digitalisation and the automation of products and processes within the value chain [6]. This has entailed the convergence of the real and virtual domains of manufacturing, wherein products, factories, human beings and objects have been amalgamated through the integration of software into intelligent and distributed systems [7].
In this context, it is imperative to assess the efficacy of digitisation to gain a more profound understanding of the manner in which the implementation of these novel technologies has enhanced cross-border logistics over time [8]. The evolution of digitisation has been identified as a key factor in the enhancement of automated logistics processes within cross-border trade in the agricultural sector [9]. The comprehensive adoption of digital technologies by all actors in the supply chain has optimised efficiency, transparency, sustainability and access to new markets [10,11,12], thereby significantly boosting the competitiveness and development of the agri-food sector at a global level [13,14,15].
In order to achieve a more comprehensive, lucid and profound understanding, it is imperative to delineate the progression of digitalisation, thereby elucidating its significance within corporate entities. Evolution represents a pivotal step in the development of human beings, driving the continuous refinement and adaptation of technologies that seamlessly integrate into our daily lives, thereby enhancing efficiency and generating economic benefits [16]. Technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain and online platforms have thus been instrumental in reshaping the contemporary workplace. Significant technological advancements have been witnessed across various sectors, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, when the most rapid transformations were observed [17,18]. Human beings were compelled to make decisions, initiating ventures with considerable ramifications for various industries. These decisions have contributed to the accumulation of substantial technological expertise [19,20,21].
In the context of theories that have emerged to explain how digitalisation causes an evolution in logistics and makes it more automated, the theory of digital transformation has been highlighted. In certain theories that were particularly noteworthy with respect to the impact of digitalisation on logistics automation, Ref. [22] highlighted the theory of digital transformation. This theory posits that the integration of information technology has precipitated significant alterations and the emergence of novel work environments, thereby giving rise to both solutions and new challenges. A salient example of such a challenge pertains to the reluctance of certain employees to embrace new technologies. Consequently, when contemplating the implementation of digital transformation, it is imperative to assess its potential impact on staff and to explore strategies that could enhance job satisfaction in the face of technological pressures. As Ref. [23] also observe, digital transformation has become a significant form of sustainable development for companies. Utilising automatic learning methodologies, they analyse the multifaceted characteristics that influence digital transformation. The authors further emphasise the pivotal role of organisational forces in digital transformation and the optimisation thereof by companies.
In this regard, it is imperative to acknowledge the seminal contributions of the Ref. [24], who elucidated that innovation is predicated on a perpetual cycle of learning and adaptation to the prevailing environment. The efficacy of this process is contingent upon the dynamic interplay among diverse actors, encompassing individuals, enterprises, and institutions. The concept of innovation has evolved over time. Initially, the concept centred on product innovations; subsequently, it expanded to encompass services, and finally, processes and organisations. This progression reflects a discernible shift towards acknowledging the pivotal role of interaction between companies and their environment in nurturing innovation [25].
Ref. [26], in their study of the agro-export company Agricola Alpamayo S.A., demonstrated that the adoption of ICTs within an agro-export company confers numerous advantages, thereby enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises. These advantages include efficiency, effectiveness, optimisation of resources, and productivity in export operations, thereby maximising the potential of an agro-export company.
The rationale for the article is rooted in the necessity to adapt to both global and local shifts in trade, which have been further catalysed by the COVID-19 pandemic [27]. Digitalisation has engendered greater fluidity in the supply chain, reducing export times by 44% and costs by up to 31%. The present study aims to identify how the evolution of digitalisation can improve the automated logistics of cross-border trade in the agricultural sector, and to identify the technological and strategic solutions that can be implemented to optimise processes and reduce the logistical challenges associated with cross-border trade. This bibliometric analysis seeks to explore how this digital transformation influences the efficiency and optimisation of logistical processes.
To facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the subject, the Ref. [28] expound on the manner in which technological integration within the production and export of agricultural products has yielded favourable outcomes, notwithstanding the adverse ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic. Companies within the Piura region have exhibited a capacity for adaptation, thereby ensuring the maintenance of robust export performance, as substantiated by the substantial correlations observed between production and export dimensions. This finding underscores the resilience and adaptability of companies in navigating adversity and capitalising on emerging opportunities.
Based on the information gathered, the following general problem arises: How effective has the digitalisation implemented by companies been in improving the automated logistics of cross-border trade in the agricultural sector? The following specific questions are also posed: (a) What is the state of the art of the relationship between the digitalisation implemented by companies in the automated logistics of cross-border trade in the agricultural sector? (b) What is the relationship between the digitalisation of automated logistics and cross-border trade in the agricultural sector? (c) Is there convergence in the empirical findings of the researchers?
In this sense, in order to respond to the problems considered, the general objective was defined as knowing the effectiveness of the digitalisation implemented by companies to improve the automated logistics of cross-border trade in the agricultural sector, according to the scientific literature. Likewise, the following objectives are specifically set out: (a) to identify the state of the art of the relationship between the digitalisation implemented by companies in the automated logistics of cross-border trade in the of the agro-sector; (b) to understand the relationship between the digitalisation of automated logistics and cross-border trade in the agro-sector; and (c) to describe convergences in the empirical findings of the researchers.

2. Materials and Methods

The methodology section delineates the process that was selected for the analysis of the literature on the effect of digitisation on automated logistics in cross-border trade in the agribusiness sector. The research approach adopted was of a mixed nature, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative methods, and adopting a non-experimental design with a descriptive scope [29,30,31]. This approach was deemed timely, as it aimed for an organised and structured process, allowing for the identification, evaluation and visualisation of relevant patterns in the literature. A total of studies from the selected databases were identified based on research areas, timeline, authors, and related studies, among others [32,33]. The selection of this approach for this study type is in accordance with the opinions of some researchers, who emphasise that the study should encompass the subsequent elements: the formulation of research questions and objectives, the identification of potential documents using high-impact bibliographic databases in scientific research, and rigorous evaluation for the selection of relevant documents in the research topic, establishment of selection criteria taking into account the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and data extraction and coding that allow for a rigorous evaluation and analysis of scientific documents [34].
Under this approach, the development of the present research focused on two stages—employing bibliometric analysis and systematic review—which together allowed for an in-depth understanding of digitisation in automated logistics. Initially, in the first stage, a content analysis was carried out based on a meta-analysis, focusing on the counting and measurement of publications (quantitative). Then, in the second stage, the in-depth interpretation and understanding of each of the selected documents published in the Scopus, WoS and Dimensions databases took place [35].
Bibliometrics is characterised as encompassing the collection, analysis and interpretation of numerical data using bibliographic data through two main approaches, performance analysis and scientific mapping [35,36]. According to the Ref. [37], this type of bibliometric method is frequently employed in systematic studies because it allows the development of a specific field of study or topic to be assessed.
In the context of the present research, the investigation commenced with a bibliometric perspective, utilising a structured search equation to identify the evolution of the state of the art of the subject of interest. This approach enabled the identification of the most relevant journals and authors that consistently publish current and historical studies. The analysis process was further underpinned by the principles of bibliometrics, with the selection of Bradford’s law ensuring the focus remained on the most relevant journals within the field of study [38,39].
To ensure a structured approach to the research literature review, the PRISMA 2020 (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) model was employed. PRISMA 2020 is one of the most highly recognised tools and is characterised by reviews and meta-analyses of studies. To guarantee transparency and quality, the methodology proposed in the PRISMA 2020 statement has been rigorously followed in the study, ensuring that the methods and results of its studies are adequately reported [40].

2.1. Data

The information sources selected for the in-depth review were the following databases: Scopus, Web of Science (WOS) and Dimensions. The selection of these databases ensured that the search coverage of the identified scientific papers was very representative of the large amount of scientific output, due to the high quality and completeness of the sources. This selection of databases has allowed the information found by the authors to offer a more holistic view of high scientific impact.
The eligibility criteria provide the research inclusion and exclusion criteria considered in the selection of studies relevant to the topic of digitisation in automated cross-border trade logistics. The inclusion criteria firstly encompassed research published between 2017 and 2024, and secondly, research approaches encompassing mixed, qualitative and/or quantitative methods. Research exclusively focused on the research topic with relevant results in the evaluation was also considered. Conversely, the exclusion criteria did not take into account the studies that met the inclusion criteria.

2.2. Procedure

The following section outlines the procedures employed in this study. Initially, a search protocol was developed for Scopus, Web of Science (WOS) and Dimensions. This protocol incorporated keywords and Boolean operators to ensure the relevance and representativeness of scientific articles. The selection of papers was further refined by the inclusion of articles that followed an IMRD structure (Introduction, Method, Results and Discussion, and Conclusions), and those that incorporated the study variables. The Boolean operators utilised are detailed in Table 1.
The search protocol yielded 1346 research studies; however, only 32 of these met the inclusion criteria of being scientific articles. To achieve this, filters were generated, such as years, authors, keywords, topics, etc. The data selection focuses on the evolution of the effectiveness of digitalisation in logistics processes, especially in agro-export companies.
With a commitment to the quality of this article, the research objectives, the research design and the discussion of the results found are studied in depth. It should be emphasised that the selected sources were compiled from the institution’s prominent and freely accessible database sources, along with the Scopus, Web of Science and Dimensions databases being considered in the research, with ‘digitisation’ and ‘automated logistics’ as the main terms. The only resource used in the review was the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, which allowed for the classification of the data obtained on the basis of the PRISMA 2020 scheme.
Data collection was conducted in line with the relevant process of applying the criteria and use of the Boolean operators seen in Table 1, since the objective was to determine the effectiveness of the digitalisation implemented by the companies to improve the automated logistics of cross-border trade in the agricultural sector. For this reason, Ref. reported [41] indicates that PRISMA is a set of guidelines designed to optimise quality and clarity in the preparation of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The PRISMA flow chart used for selection is shown in Figure 1.
The assessment of risk of bias was conducted using a traffic light system, with principles applied to ensure the validity of each selected research result. Green, signifying low risk, indicated that study processes had been executed correctly and that alterations did not affect results. Yellow, signifying moderate risk, indicated that study processes had not been executed optimally and results were unclear. The red colour, signifying high risk, indicated that the study processes had been performed in an erroneous way, inducing weaknesses in the study methodology. This risk assessment allowed for a critical visualisation that contributed to the research and the tools and tools Bibliometrix and VOSviewer [42]. Bibliometrix, developed in R by the R Core Team and the R Foundation for Statistical Computing [43], is a software that requires R and Rstudio to analyse scientific literature and measure subject development. VOSviewer is open source software from Leiden University that creates and visualises bibliometric networks and offers text mining to build co-occurrence networks of key terms [44].
Sustainability 17 04470 g001
Figure 1. PRISMA 2020 flow chart for selecting and including systematic review documents [45].
Figure 1. PRISMA 2020 flow chart for selecting and including systematic review documents [45].
Sustainability 17 04470 g001
The principles of intellectual honesty, rigour, objectivity and impartiality, transparency, respect for intellectual property and responsibility, in compliance with the ‘Code of Research Ethics of the César Vallejo University, version 02; by Resolution of the University Council, guide the authors’ ethical use of the research and the data collected. N° 0659-2024-UCV’ is a code of ethics that was used throughout the development of the scientific article, since, as the main author and co-authors, we carried out all the scientific activity in accordance with the code of ethics of the César Vallejo University (UCV) [46].

3. Results

The results of the study provided a theoretical contribution and a validity of knowledge of the research topic, which led to the use of bibliometrics as part of the inquiry and discovery process. This enabled the identification of solutions or answers to the problem in a non-systematic way [47]. The general descriptive findings through the sequential stages of the PRISMA processing methodology are follows: In phase 1, a total of 1346 articles were found from the period 2017 to 2024, identified through the Scopus search protocol (“digitalization” OR “digitization” OR “digital transformation”) AND (“automation” OR “autom ated logistics” OR “logistics automation”) AND (“agriculture” OR “agroindustry” OR “agro”) AND (“international trade” OR “global trade” OR “cross-border trade”), whereby a total of 281 document records were obtained. In the case of WoS, the protocol TS = (“digitalization” OR ‘digitization’) AND TS = (“automation” OR ‘automation’ OR ‘automated’) AND TS = (“logistics” OR ‘supply chain’) was used, whereby a total of 230 document records were obtained, while for Dimensions, the protocol ‘digitalization’ OR “digitization” AND “logistics” OR “supply chain” AND “automation” OR “automated” was used, identifying a total of 835 documents.
In phase 2, ‘Screening’, following the exclusion of 33 duplicate documents and 343 ineligible documents, a total of 970 records were obtained from the Scopus (28%), WoS (23%) and Dimensions (49%) databases (Figure 2). Of these, only 32 published articles were selected for analysis and underwent a full-text evaluation.
The descriptive bibliometrics results reveal a significant increase in the field of science, with an increasing number of organisations adopting digitisation systems to automate logistics during the period 2017 to 2024. Since the beginning of 2017, the Dimensions database has been particularly prominent, with eight studies, while Scopus has four studies and WoS has two studies. By 2024, the number of studies found in the Dimensions database had increased significantly, reaching 104 studies, while only 46 studies were identified in the Scopus database and 35 studies in WoS, representing increases of 44%, 42% and 51%, respectively, since 2017. In 2023, Dimensions reached a maximum of 107 studies, representing an increase of 15% over the previous year and a steady growth of 35% since 2017. Although the number of studies fell to 104 in 2024, according to the records in the analysed databases, Dimensions accounts for over 50% of the registered studies compared to the other databases. Scopus has demonstrated consistent growth, with a 42% increase in studies since 2017, establishing itself as a reliable source of interest in the subject. Conversely, WoS has exhibited both high and low fluctuations, reaching its maximum record in 2023 with a total of 58 studies, marking an increase of 75% compared to 2017 and 48% compared to the previous year, underscoring heightened interest in logistics digitisation (Figure 3). A comparison of the three databases underscores the necessity for a multifaceted approach, utilising multiple sources to provide a comprehensive overview. The findings reveal a thriving field marked by exponential growth in Dimensions and consistent growth in Scopus and WOS, underscoring the necessity for further research in the realm of digitalisation and automated logistics.
The principal authors contributing to the collection, obtained from the Scopus database, include Zoubek M with six publications and a fractional article index of 2.50. This author produces knowledge on the subject and builds it in collaboration with other authors, indicating leadership. This is in comparison to other authors, such as Klumpp M, Simon M and Woschank M, who have five publications each. However, these authors are no less significant, as they also demonstrate strong collaboration, reaching very representative indices of over 1.60. A diverse group of publications is led by authors with three or four records in this research panorama, with Nitsche B and Telukdarie A standing out, whose indices of 1.58 and 1.50 demonstrate their significant contribution to shared knowledge and consistent willingness to collaborate and contribute significantly to systematic reviews (Figure 4).
In the Web of Science database, the authors Ghobakhloo M and Iranmanesh M are noteworthy for their five publications, although their fractional article indices of 0.95 do not indicate a high level of collaboration. Authors such as Simon M and Zoubek M are also noteworthy for their four publications and fractional article indices of 1.67, which highlight leadership and collaboration, though these vary according to the database. A diverse group of researchers, with two or three publications, show indices ranging from 0.16 to 2.13, with Meshalkin VP standing out with 2.13. The average fractional article index is 0.88, the lowest among the three bases, suggesting less emphasis on collaboration in Web of Science. Scopus stands out for the leadership of Zoubek M and high collaboration, while Dimensions shows balance, with Kumar S and Wang Y being prominent. Web of Science, conversely, exhibits greater diversity in collaboration and less substantial emphasis (Figure 5).
In Dimensions, Kumar S and Wang Y both stand out with only four publications and also show leadership and collaboration, with high fractional article indices of 1.70 and 1.95, respectively, and with Wang Y being the more collaborative author. A diverse group of researchers with two or three publications also enriches the field, with indices ranging from 0.50 to 1.50, with Wang S and Xue L standing out with 1.50. The average fractional article index is 1.00, which is slightly lower than that of Scopus but still evidence of collaboration as a common practice. Authors such as Kumar S, Wang Y, Wang S, Xue L and Zhang X, with indexes above 1.00, highlight the importance of collaboration in this field (see Figure 6). The Dimensions table shows that publications and collaborations drive and contribute to the advancement of research, where the engagement of these authors is constantly evolving (Figure 6).
A geographical analysis of publications in Scopus reveals that Germany leads with 32 publications, with the majority of these publications originating from Germany. This outcome underscores Germany’s favourable environment for exploring automation in logistics digitisation, driven by industry in the context of globalisation. Significant contributions are also evident from European Union countries such as Austria, Sweden and Italy, which make substantial contributions to the existing literature, although the presence of this research in China and India, despite their interest, is less pronounced in Europe (Figure 7). Conversely, in Web of Science, the results are directed towards Oceania, where Australia unmistakably leads in terms of publications registered. This Australian leadership could be attributed to a specialisation or a particular emphasis on supply chain and logistics research in that continent. The Anglo-Saxon influence is also evident in Canada and the United States, where research is concentrated in geographical areas indicative of a consolidated research tradition in these countries. The emergence of Bangladesh, with its production sector experiencing significant growth, highlights an important sector of the country’s economy (Figure 8).
Dimensions, with its comprehensive coverage, presents a global mosaic where diversity is paramount. Albania and Algeria, perhaps less visible in other databases, emerge here with notable strength, signifying a growing interest in logistics digitalisation in regions embracing digital transformation. The persistent presence of Austria, the emergence of Belgium and the prominence of developing countries such as Bangladesh and Brazil reveal narratives of technological adoption and the pursuit of efficiency in varied contexts (Figure 9). This analysis unveils a profound interest in research pertaining to digitisation and automated logistics, underscoring a high level of global interest from authors across diverse global contexts. Each database offers a narrative that illuminates a central theme, exploring a range of knowledge and experiences in the dynamic and constantly evolving field of research.
In the context of Bradford’s Law, it is imperative to emphasise its application in determining the number of journals that must be searched to identify a specific number of relevant articles. In general, journals are organised into ‘zones’ according to the volume of articles they publish. According to this law, as an additional group of articles is searched for, an increasing number of journals need to be consulted. To obtain a more precise estimation, an analysis was conducted utilising the three aforementioned databases. The results obtained from the Scopus database have categorised journals within the field of digitisation and automated logistics. The analysis reveals that journals such as “Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems” have the highest frequency, with 15 related articles, occupying the first place, followed by “Sustainability (Switzerland)”, which registers 7 articles, publications that contribute significantly to this study (Table 2). However, the Web of Science database illustrates that the journal “Sustainability” leads with 13 studies contributing to the topic of digitisation in agro-export logistics, followed by “Applied Sciences-Basel” and “IEEE Access”, which only registered 8 and 6 studies, respectively (Table 3). A similar observation can be made when the Dimensions database is considered. This database also demonstrates a high concentration of journals, thereby enriching the context of this study. The “Springer Series in Supply Chain Management” emerges as the leading journal, with 23 studies contributing to digitisation in agro-export logistics, followed by “Sustainability” with 16 studies (Table 4). The collective analysis of journals published in Scopus, Web of Science, and Dimensions offers a comprehensive perspective, thereby identifying the most influential journals in this domain. In this high-concentration field, authors publishing in the journal “Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems” emphasised that digitisation is a catalyst that enables comprehensive transformation in the logistics field. The studies highlighted that synchronised Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems and operational centres, process automation through the Internet of Things (IoT), sensors and 5G, and the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning are imperative for coordination throughout the supply chain of the agro-export sector and decision-making to optimise timely decisions and routes. The implementation of digitalisation within the supply chain fosters transparency and enhances resilience to external challenges, such as pandemics and the dynamic shifts inherent in the agro-export supply chain.
In order to comprehend Lotka’s law, it is imperative to acknowledge that, in accordance with the bibliometric law, it provides an exhaustive analysis and examines the distribution of productivity among the authors of a scientific field, thereby unveiling the growth in studies emphasising the significance of digitalisation and automation in the agro-export sector’s entire supply chain. The law indicates that a minimum number of authors are responsible for the vast majority of publications, between 3 and 6 articles, while most authors only contribute a limited number of publications, between 1 and 2 articles. The findings underscore that the integration of digital technologies has the potential to enhance operational efficiency and alleviate challenges across the entire agro-export trade logistics chain. To facilitate a more complete understanding of this phenomenon, a comparative analysis of three different databases has been carried out, as outlined in the three key thematic blocks in the analysis such as the influence of digitization on logistics efficiency and supply chain, technological integration and automation in cross-border logistics, and governance, political and social considerations in the digitalisation of logistics (Table 5).
By using the semantic map in our research, we needed to be able to confirm the closeness or relationship that our study categories had with the graph, so we observed the key terms used in the research and the relationships between their authors, journals, sponsors, institutional affiliations and other metadata. This figure was generated using the VOSviewer software version 1.6.20. The software can be downloaded from the following link: https://www.vosviewer.com/download (accessed on 1 January 2025). These results demonstrated that there is a relationship between our topics of interest, such as digitisation, Industry 4.0, logistics, and technology, among others; now, these terms are also generally related in two databases (Scopus and WOS).
As illustrated by Figure 10, a semantic map constructed from the Scopus database, there is a complexity of relationships between key terms in the advancement of the evolution of digitalisation in logistics processes. It was observed that “Industry 4.0” and “Digitalization” act as main central nodes and are closely linked to “Automation”. From these central themes, it was observed that the evolution has extended to a network of technological concepts such as the “Internet of Things” and “Machine Learning”, logistics applications such as “Logistics Process” and “Freight Transportation”, and operational and economic aspects such as “Information Management” and “E-Commerce”. This reveals that digitalisation is changing the management and operation of logistics processes in an automated way.
Figure 11 presents a semantic map generated from Web of Science (WOS) data, illustrating the intricate inter-relationships of terms within the domain of digitalisation of logistics processes. The map positions “Supply Chain Management” at the core, a central theme that is associated with transformative technologies such as “Blockchain” and “Industry 4.0” and ‘Artificial Intelligence’, while a network of terms unfolds around the semantic map, covering both technological dimensions, such as ‘Machine Learning’ and ‘Big Data’; operational ones, such as ‘Traceability’ and ‘Decision Making’; and economic and sectoral ones, such as ‘International Trade’ and ‘Agricultural Sector’. This multifaceted and interconnected nature of digitalisation in this field of study is, thus, evidenced.
The systematic review of the literature has identified three important blocks that have contributed to the evolution of digitalisation in logistics, highlighting their importance in providing deeper knowledge for future research on this topic, which includes digitalisation as an important point for logistics in the future, as can be seen in the Table 6.
Block 1, entitled “Governance, policies and social considerations in the digitalisation of logistics” referring to the authors Butollo [48]; Cancelas et al. [49]; Gizetdinov [50]; Guseva et al. [51]; Huliahina [52]; Marchenko [53]; Mishrif and Khan [54]; Osetskyi et al. [55]; Raamets et al. [56]; Saddique et al. [57]; Supriadi et al. [58] analyzed how governance, public policies and the digitalisation of the logistics sector are involved, together with their social impact. It emphasises that it is of the utmost importance to consider the formulation of policies that promote the integration of digital technologies in the logistics sector and to establish regulatory frameworks that guarantee security and privacy in data management.
Block 2, entitled ‘Technological integration and automation in cross-border logistics’, the authors Beaulieu and Bentahar [59]; Elock and Breka [60]; Garg et al. [61]; Ghobakhloo et al. [62]; Ghobakhloo et al. [63]; Gourlis and Kovacic [64]; Nzama and Telukdarie [65]; Rösch et al. [66], offer a comprehensive overview of the subject. The analysis of the results shows that the integration of advanced technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), can transform cross-border logistics and how these technologies improve the connectivity and automation of freight transport, as well as how artificial intelligence introducing an automatic form of real-time monitoring and efficiency is seen as beneficial.
In Block 3, “Impact of digitalisation on logistics efficiency and the supply chain”, the authors Al-Ababneh et al. [67]; Albarracín [68]; Alherimi et al. [69]; Barba et al. [70]; El Hamdi and Abouabdellah [7]; Escherle et al. [71]; Krstić et al. [72]; Malhotra et al. [73]; Rokicki et al. [74]; Wilsky et al. [75]; Yontar [76]; Zoubek and Simon [77] agreed that digitalisation is an important factor in logistics, as it improves efficiency and allows for a more optimised process within the supply chain, as well as agreeing on how digital technologies optimise response times, reduce costs and improve interaction between different logistics actors.
Table 6. Results of the individual studies.
Table 6. Results of the individual studies.
AuthorsContribution BlockDigitalisation Guidelines for Improving Logistics
Butollo, (2021) [48]; Cancelas et al. (2020) [49]; Gizetdinov, (2024) [50]; Guseva et al. (2021) [51]; Huliahina, (2022) [52]; Marchenko, (2023) [53]; Mishrif and Khan, (2023) [54]; Osetskyi et al. (2024) [55]; Raamets et al. (2024) [56]; Saddique et al. (2023) [57]; Supriadi et al. (2024) [58].Governance, policies and social considerations in logistics digitisation: Examines the implications of digitisation from a governance and policy perspective, as well as its social impact on logistics, highlighting the need to design public policies that favour the implementation of digital technologies in logistics, including automation to improve efficiency and sustainability in the supply chain, as well as the importance of establishing regulations that guarantee the security and proper handling of data in a sector, company, etc. It also analyses how digitalisation can contribute to sustainable development and to the well-being of communities involved in cross-border trade.Development of policy and social considerations in the digitisation of logistics and implementation of digital technologies to optimise logistics processes in the port sector by assessing the geographical implications of digitisation and its impact on the supply chain.
Beaulieu and Bentahar, (2021) [59]; Elock and Breka, (2023) [60]; Garg et al. (2024) [61]; Ghobakhloo et al. (2023) [62]; Ghobakhloo et al. (2024) [63]; Gourlis and Kovacic, (2022) [64]; Nzama and Telukdarie, 2020 [65]; Rösch et al. (2022) [66]. Technological integration and automation in cross-border logistics: Addresses the importance of integrating advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), automation and artificial intelligence to transform cross-border logistics. It looks at studies that explore how these technologies enhance connectivity and automation in the transport of goods, improving traceability, real-time monitoring and operational efficiency in the movement of goods across borders. It considers the adoption of innovations to optimise logistics operations such as the use of routing to improve the supply chain by focusing on maximising performance by identifying factors such as real-time monitoring and resilience.Integrate advanced technologies and automation in cross-border logistics and develop systematic strategies for companies to assess current capacity and prioritise efforts to digitise and strategically align with digital capabilities to enable better supply chain management.
Al-Ababneh et al. (2023) [67]; Albarracín, (2023) [68]; Alherimi et al. (2024) [69]; Barba et al. (2023) [70]; El Hamdi and Abouabdellah, (2022) [7]; Escherle et al. (2023) [71]; Krstić et al. (2022) [72]; Malhotra et al. (2024) [73]; Rokicki et al. (2022) [74]; Wilsky et al. (2022) [75]; Yontar, (2023) [76]; Zoubek and Simon, (2021) [77].Impact of digitalisation on logistics efficiency and the supply chain:
Focusing on how digitisation has a direct impact on logistics efficiency by improving processes within the supply chain, these included studies analyse the implementation of digital technologies to optimise response times, reduce operational costs and improve coordination between different logistics actors. Emphasis is placed on leveraging digital systems to streamline the transport and distribution of products, highlighting improvements in the overall efficiency of the chain and thus also improving efficiency and sustainability in the agri-food sector.		Application of 4.0 technologies to optimise logistics processes and promote sustainable practices to improve logistics efficiency through digitisation in the supply chain by integrating digital marketing and logistics strategies to optimise business performance.

4. Discussion

A review of the extant literature reveals a discernible trend of escalating research and applications of digital technologies in the automated logistics of cross-border trade. The implementation of bibliometric analysis has demonstrated that digitalisation has significantly transformed the supply chain, optimising both efficiency and transparency at every stage of the logistics process. The study identified three distinct categories within the generated data: The first is entitled ‘Governance and digitalisation policies’; the second ’Technological integration and automation in cross-border logistics’; and the third ‘Impact of digitalisation on logistics efficiency’. These three blocks corroborate the growing digital transformation and its multidimensional implications.
The first block, which concentrates on governance and policies, establishes a regulatory framework that not only facilitates the adoption of digitalisation but also ensures the protection and privacy of crucial logistical data. Given the centrality of digital technologies to global logistics, it is essential to promote inclusive and adaptable public policies that drive technological innovation. The bibliometric analysis conducted in conjunction with Bradford’s law underscores the significance of implementing regulations around digitalisation, as highlighted in studies such as those by Mishrif and Khan [54]. These regulations are instrumental in preserving the competitiveness and sustainability of the sector, thereby fostering responsible practices and contributing to its advancement.
The integration of advanced technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI), has been identified as a major driving force behind progress and growth in the realm of autonomous international logistics. The increasing level of interconnection facilitated by these technologies enables real-time monitoring of products, thereby enhancing tracking capabilities. The repercussions of these technologies have various effects, which translate into greater integration between logistics participants and also more agile automation of processes. This assertion is further substantiated by extant research, including the works of Butollo [48] and El Hamdi and Abouabdellah [7], which underscore the pivotal function of technology as the propellant behind digitalisation. This, in turn, has the potential to expedite responsiveness to global demand and mitigate pressing challenges, such as border delays and operational management within the agro-export sector.
In the third block, it is highlighted that digital technologies allow for improved efficiency in the legal field of logistics. This demonstrates that digitisation allows for easy control over the desired times and responses, and also reduces costs, which are essential factors for maintaining competitiveness within the agricultural sector. This finding aligns with the conclusions of previous studies, notably those by Cancelas et al. [49], who explored the impact of system implementation, digital platforms and analytical tools on the effective management of inventories.
In summary, the findings demonstrate that digitalisation not only modifies logistics operations, but also highlights the importance of digital evolution in cross-border logistics and the capacity it has had to modify the agricultural sector and redefine fundamental management within the agricultural export sector, promoting its competitiveness and sustainability in the global market. However, it is crucial to emphasise the accelerating pace of logistics automation, which necessitates the resolution of significant challenges, including organisational resistance and economic and political impediments. These challenges may warrant further investigation in future research. Furthermore, future research should investigate the environmental effects of automation and its contribution to more sustainable trade, which are essential elements in the context of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.

5. Conclusions

Digitalisation has been instrumental in enhancing the efficiency of logistics processes, thereby ensuring autonomy in cross-border trade within the agricultural sector. This development has paved the way for the integration of technology, particularly the implementation of digital technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), which has enabled the evolution and optimisation of logistics processes. This, in turn, has led to a substantial reduction in the impediments that have historically hindered the agricultural supply chain. Digitalisation has facilitated more effective integration between the various actors involved, enhancing data management and facilitating more seamless communication within the chain. Furthermore, it has enabled agro-exporting companies to access new markets, thereby enhancing their competitiveness in a globalised world that is increasingly demanding. This is achieved by adapting to new international demand requirements through digital solutions. Consequently, digitalisation emerges as a pivotal factor in the pursuit of success within the agri-food sector.
The ability to make informed decisions is critical for the growth of companies in this sector, and digital technologies have been instrumental in simplifying the processes of data collection, storage, and analysis, leading to enhanced decision-making capabilities. A notable illustration of this is the utilisation of data management platforms, which enable companies to trace the provenance of products, monitor the status of goods during transportation, and anticipate market demands. This, in turn, facilitates the implementation of smart warehouses, contributing to enhanced order and efficiency. The capacity to analyse data volumes using algorithms leads to a reduction in losses and waste in production and logistics, as well as the identification of new trends and patterns that can be used to improve business strategies. Digitalisation, therefore, has the potential to enhance operational efficiency and provide a competitive advantage to agricultural enterprises by enabling them to adapt to changing market conditions.
However, it is important to acknowledge the challenges associated with the integration of digital technologies in the agricultural sector. These challenges include employee resistance to change, inadequate training, and a lack of resources, particularly among small and medium-sized enterprises, which hinders their ability to adopt advanced technologies and maintain competitiveness in the market. To overcome these challenges, it is crucial that strategies such as training and awareness-raising can be developed to promote a culture of innovation and adaptation. The collaboration between the public and private sectors is instrumental in facilitating access to funding resources, thereby enabling the positive adoption of digital technologies.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, L.K.C.-C.; Methodology, M.I.S.-M. and R.O.M.-S.; Software, L.K.C.-C.; Investigation, L.K.C.-C. and M.I.S.-M.; Data curation, R.O.M.-S.; Writing—original draft, M.I.S.-M.; Writing—review & editing, R.O.M.-S.; Supervision, R.O.M.-S.; Project administration, L.K.C.-C. and M.I.S.-M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The scientific product is an article resulting from the voluntary research of the authors, who are experienced academic researchers. Its objective is to generate and disseminate knowledge to the academic and business community. The authors declare that they have no financial interests or personal relationships that may have influenced the article. Finally, the authors express their gratitude for the funding of the “Digitalización para mejorar la logística automatizada del comercio transfronterizo de las empresas agroexportadoras en la región Lambayeque, Perú, 2024” project with resolution N°015-2024-UCV-VA-ANI/CEP by the Universidad César Vallejo, Peru.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable for studies not involving humans or animals.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Zenodo: Digitalisation RSL Data to improve the automated logistics of agricultural exports: Comprehensive bibliometric analysis. Version 3. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15110777 (Cortez et al., 2025 [42]). The data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) licence.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Figure 2. Share of total publications on digitization in logistics processes identified in Scopus, WoS and Dimensions from 2017 to 2024.
Figure 2. Share of total publications on digitization in logistics processes identified in Scopus, WoS and Dimensions from 2017 to 2024.
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Figure 3. Evolution of publications on the evolution of the digitalisation of logistics processes.
Figure 3. Evolution of publications on the evolution of the digitalisation of logistics processes.
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Figure 4. Main authors contributing to the collection, obtained from the Scopus database.
Figure 4. Main authors contributing to the collection, obtained from the Scopus database.
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Figure 5. Main authors contributing to the collection, obtained from the WOS database.
Figure 5. Main authors contributing to the collection, obtained from the WOS database.
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Figure 6. Main authors contributing to the collection, obtained from the Dimensions database.
Figure 6. Main authors contributing to the collection, obtained from the Dimensions database.
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Figure 7. Publications by country on the evolution of digitalisation in logistics, obtained from the Scopus database.
Figure 7. Publications by country on the evolution of digitalisation in logistics, obtained from the Scopus database.
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Figure 8. Publications by country on the evolution of digitalisation in logistics, obtained from the WOS database.
Figure 8. Publications by country on the evolution of digitalisation in logistics, obtained from the WOS database.
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Figure 9. Publications by country on the evolution of digitalisation in logistics, obtained from the Dimensions database.
Figure 9. Publications by country on the evolution of digitalisation in logistics, obtained from the Dimensions database.
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Figure 10. Semantic map of the relationship between the evolution of the digitalisation of logistics processes, obtained from the open source programme VOSviewer, with metadata from Scopus.
Figure 10. Semantic map of the relationship between the evolution of the digitalisation of logistics processes, obtained from the open source programme VOSviewer, with metadata from Scopus.
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Figure 11. Semantic map of the evolving relationship between the digitisation of logistical processes, obtained from the open source programme VOSviewer, with metadata from WOS.
Figure 11. Semantic map of the evolving relationship between the digitisation of logistical processes, obtained from the open source programme VOSviewer, with metadata from WOS.
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Table 1. Databases used for the systematic literature review.
Table 1. Databases used for the systematic literature review.
DatabaseSearch ProtocolDocuments
Scopus(TITLE-ABS-KEY (digitisation OR digitisation) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (automation OR automated) AND TITLE- ABS-KEY (logistic) AND ALL (international))281
WOSTS = (“digitalization” OR “digitization”) AND TS = (“automation” OR “automated”) AND TS = (“logistics” OR “supply chain”)230
Dimensions“digitalization” OR “digitization” AND “logistics” OR “supply chain” AND “automation” OR “automated”.835
Total, documents1346
Table 2. Bradford law with information obtained from the Scopus database in Bibliometrix.
Table 2. Bradford law with information obtained from the Scopus database in Bibliometrix.
MagazineRankingFrequencyCumulative FrequencyZone
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems11515Zone 1
Sustainability (Switzerland)2722Zone 1
ACM International Conference Proceeding Series3527Zone 1
Applied Sciences (Switzerland)4532Zone 1
IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology5537Zone 1
Lecture Notes in Logistics6542Zone 1
E3S Web of Conferences7446Zone 1
IEEE Access8450Zone 1
Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)9454Zone 1
Logistics10458Zone 1
Logistics ACT11361Zone 1
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering12364Zone 1
Table 3. Bradford law with information obtained from the WOS database in Bibliometrix.
Table 3. Bradford law with information obtained from the WOS database in Bibliometrix.
MagazineRankingFrequencyCumulative
Frequency		Zone
Sustainability11313Zone 1
Applied Sciences-Basel2821Zone 1
IEEE Access3627Zone 1
Computers in Industry4532Zone 1
International Journal of Production Research5537Zone 1
Logistics-Basel6542Zone 1
Technological Forecasting and Social Change7547Zone 1
Journal of Cleaner Production8451Zone 1
Cleaner Logistics and Supply Chain9354Zone 1
Information Systems Frontiers10357Zone 1
Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management11360Zone 1
Production Planning and Control12363Zone 1
Table 4. Bradford law with information obtained from the Dimensions database in Bibliometrix.
Table 4. Bradford law with information obtained from the Dimensions database in Bibliometrix.
MagazineRankingFrequencyCumulative FrequencyZone
Springer Series in Supply Chain Management12323Zone 1
Sustainability21639Zone 1
NA31453Zone 1
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems41063Zone 1
Advances In Logistics, Operations, And Management Science5871Zone 1
SSRN Electronic Journal6879Zone 1
Lecture Notes in Logistics7584Zone 1
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering8488Zone 1
Operations Management Research9492Zone 1
Advanced Studies in Supply Management10395Zone 1
Advances In Economics Management and Political Sciences11398Zone 1
Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research123101Zone 1
Table 5. Lotka’s law, produced using the Scopus, Web of Science and Dimensions databases in Bibliometrix.
Table 5. Lotka’s law, produced using the Scopus, Web of Science and Dimensions databases in Bibliometrix.
SCOPUSWOSDIMENSIONS
N. ArticlesN. AuthorsFreqN. AuthorsFreqN. AuthorsFreq
179092.3%76594.7%115294%
2516.0%344.2%584.8%
3101.2%50.6%80.7%
410.1%20.2%20.2%
530.4%20%00%
610.0011682200%00%
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Cortez-Clavo, L.K.; Salazar-Muñoz, M.I.; Morán-Santamaría, R.O. Digitalisation to Improve Automated Agro-Export Logistics: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis. Sustainability 2025, 17, 4470. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104470

AMA Style

Cortez-Clavo LK, Salazar-Muñoz MI, Morán-Santamaría RO. Digitalisation to Improve Automated Agro-Export Logistics: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis. Sustainability. 2025; 17(10):4470. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104470

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cortez-Clavo, Luis Kevin, Maryorie Irania Salazar-Muñoz, and Rogger Orlando Morán-Santamaría. 2025. "Digitalisation to Improve Automated Agro-Export Logistics: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis" Sustainability 17, no. 10: 4470. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104470

APA Style

Cortez-Clavo, L. K., Salazar-Muñoz, M. I., & Morán-Santamaría, R. O. (2025). Digitalisation to Improve Automated Agro-Export Logistics: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Analysis. Sustainability, 17(10), 4470. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104470

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