The Assessment of Attitudes towards Retirement from a Psychosocial Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Hypothesis
- (1)
- The scale toward retirement must exhibit an adequate index of self-internal consistency.
- (2)
- It is expected to confirm the existence of the four dimensions proposed in the ARS scale: leisure, economy, status, and health by means of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with adequate reliability for all the factors (internal consistency).
- (3)
- People with a high level of self-esteem will achieve higher scores in the ARS, and consequently, a significant relationship between results given by the ARS scale and self-esteem will exist.
- (4)
- People with a high level of self-efficiency will achieve a better score in the ARS, and hence, a positive and significant relationship between the obtained score in the ARS and general self-efficiency will exist.
- (5)
- People with a high level of self-regulation will achieve a high score in the ARS. Therefore, a positive and significant relationship between the obtained score in the ARS and self-regulation will exist.
- (6)
- People with a good general state of health will exhibit better attitudes toward retirement. Hence, a negative and significant correlation between the obtained score given by the GHQ and the score given by the ARS will be obtained since a high score in the GHQ means a worse health state.
- (7)
- People with a high level of job irritation will exhibit a worse attitude towards retirement. Therefore, a negative and significant correlation between irritation and the obtained ARS score will be obtained.
- (7.1.)
- A negative and significant correlation between cognitive irritation and the obtained score in the ARS will exist.
- (7.2.)
- A negative and significant correlation between emotional irritation and the obtained score in the ARS will exist.
- (8)
- People with a high level of fatigue will exhibit a worse attitude towards retirement. Therefore, the fatigue state will have a negative and significant relationship with the ARS score.
- (8.1.)
- The physical fatigue state will have a negative and significant correlation with the ARS score.
- (8.2.)
- The mental fatigue state will have a negative and significant correlation with the ARS score.
- (8.3.)
- The activity reduction state will have a negative and significant correlation with the ARS score.
- (8.4.)
- The motivation reduction state will have a negative and significant correlation with the ARS score.
- (9)
- A positive and significant relationship between the personality dimension included in the FFM and the ARS scores will exist.
- (9.1.)
- People with a high level of extroversion will exhibit a better attitude towards retirement.
- (9.2.)
- People with a high level of emotional stability will exhibit a better attitude towards retirement.
- (9.3.)
- People with a high level of responsibility will exhibit a better attitude towards retirement.
- (9.4.)
- People with a high level of kindness will exhibit a better attitude towards retirement.
- (9.5.)
- People with a high level of openness to experience will exhibit a better attitude towards retirement.
- (10)
- A positive and significant correlation between life satisfaction and the personality dimensions included in the FFM will exist.
- (10.1.)
- A positive and significant correlation between life satisfaction and extroversion will exist.
- (10.2.)
- A positive and significant correlation between life satisfaction and emotional stability will exist.
- (10.3.)
- A positive and significant correlation between life satisfaction and responsibility will exist.
- (10.4.)
- A positive and significant correlation between life satisfaction and kindness will exist.
- (10.5.)
- A positive and significant correlation between life satisfaction and openness to experience will exist.
3. Methods
3.1. Procedures and Measurements
3.1.1. Phase 1—Preliminary Study—Elaboration of the Scale
3.1.2. Stage 2—Final Study
3.2. Sample
3.3. Instrument
3.4. Statistical Analysis
- Tables of frequencies and percentages for qualitative or categorical variables, with the Chi-square test of homogeneity. This test checks if two or more samples are obtained from homogeneous populations according to certain criteria. It was used to check the homogeneity in different variables such as gender, educational level, leisure, etc.
- Contingency tables with a Chi-square test of non-dependence between two qualitative variables were used to determine the existence of a relationship between the two variables. However, this test does not provide the percentage of influence of one variable on the other.
- Exploratory and descriptive analyses of quantitative variables with a goodness-of-fit test were also used. This analysis was used to examine the discrepancy between the observed values and the expected values of the normal Gaussian model (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test), and box plots were used to detect outliers.
- Cronbach’s alpha to calculate the reliability or internal consistency of the measurement instruments, particularly the ARS scale proposed in this study, was used.
- The bivariate correlation test between variables using the Pearson correlation coefficient was used since quantitative variables can be fitted to a normal distribution.
- Significance tests of mean differences:
- ▪
- Student’s t-test: this test is used to estimate the means and proportions of quantitative variables, specifically for the comparative study of sociodemographic data.
- ▪
- ANOVA. This is an analysis of variance to compare several groups in a quantitative variable. This test was applied to contrast the equality of means of three or more independent populations with a normal distribution. In addition, this analysis was used to check the significance of the consistency analysis.
- Mann–Whitney: This test is the non-parametric version of the Student’s t-test, and it was used to confirm the heterogeneity of two samples.
- Friedman: This test is equivalent to the ANOVA test for repeated measurements. This test consists of organizing the data by blocks or rows, substituting them for their respective location, and once ordered, the existence of equal data is examined.
- Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). This technique is used to find out the internal structure of the variables analyzed. As a result, the weight of the items on the a priori proposed factors is obtained. Specifically, this technique is applied to verify the internal structure of the ARS.
- Confirmatory Factor Analysis (AFC). This test is used to find out if the number of factors obtained and their weights are in agreement with what could be expected according to the previously proposed theory in terms of the data obtained through AFE. This multivariate technique aims to corroborate the factors obtained so far through the contrast of hypotheses.
4. Results
4.1. Evidence of Internal Validity
4.2. Internal Consistency Analysis
4.3. Evidence on External Validity
4.4. Analysis of Criterion
5. Discussion
5.1. Hypothesis-Driven Discussion
5.2. Discussion-Driven Objectives
5.3. Limitations of the Study
- To delve further into the analysis of the relationship between personality and life satisfaction. The results found in this present study are not in agreement with those found in the literature.
- To advance the research to verify the effectiveness of intervention programs by using the ARS.
- To use the ARS with other samples to check the generalizability of the scale.
- To investigate the relationship between attitudes towards retirement, through the ARS, and the motivation, reasons, and moment in which the retirement decision is taken, comparing the obtained results with others carried out in this line.
- To include cognitive reserve into the variables to study.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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Model | χ2 | Gl | χ2/df | RMSEA | RMSEA 90% I.C. | CFI | NNFI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 factors | 252.917 ** | 164 | 1.542 | 0.052 | 0.039–0.064 | 0.913 | 0.899 |
1 factor | 692.869 ** | 170 | 4.075 | 0.124 | 0.114–0.133 | 0.490 | 0.430 |
Factor 1 Status | Factor 2 Leisure | Factor 3 Economy | Factor 4 Health | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Item 9 | 0.85 | |||
Item 8 | 0.78 | |||
Item 10 | 0.72 | |||
Item 18 | 0.63 | |||
Item 20 | 0.78 | |||
Item 12 | 0.77 | |||
Item 11 | 0.71 | |||
Item 4 | 0.70 | |||
Item 7 | 0.70 | |||
Item 16 | 0.66 | |||
Item 5 | 0.66 | |||
Item 19 | 0.81 | |||
Item 14 | 0.82 | |||
Item 3 | 0.68 | |||
Item 2 | 0.64 | |||
Item 17 | 0.59 | |||
Item 13 | −0.80 | |||
Item 15 | −0.77 | |||
Item 1 | −0.63 | |||
Item 6 | −0.49 | |||
Overall score on ARS | 0.73 ** | 0.53 ** | 0.65 ** | 0.70 ** |
Variable | Minimum | Maximum | M | SD | Cronbach’s Alpha |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Retirement Attitudes | 3 | 7 | 4.65 | 0.89 | 0.82 |
Free time/Leisure | 1 | 7 | 5.78 | 1.12 | 0.84 |
Economy | 1 | 7 | 3.45 | 1.43 | 0.79 |
Status | 1 | 7 | 4.26 | 1.66 | 0.78 |
Health | 1 | 7 | 4.56 | 1.45 | 0.67 |
Self-efficacy | 1 | 4 | 2.97 | 4.96 | 0.87 |
Self-regulation | 1 | 4 | 2.84 | 0.49 | 0.83 |
Self-esteem | 2 | 4 | 3.35 | 0.46 | 0.73 |
General Health | 0 | 2 | 0.95 | 0.38 | 0.79 |
Fatigue Inventory | 1 | 7 | 2.98 | 1.09 | 0.91 |
General fatigue | 1 | 7 | 3.41 | 1.52 | 0.79 |
Physical fatigue | 1 | 7 | 3.41 | 1.41 | 0.78 |
Mental fatigue | 1 | 7 | 2.87 | 1.32 | 0.74 |
Activity reduction | 1 | 7 | 2.75 | 1.20 | 0.67 |
Motivation Reduction | 1 | 7 | 2.69 | 1.18 | 0.56 |
Extroversion | 19 | 66 | 43.44 | 8.13 | 0.86 * |
Emotional stability | 17 | 71 | 47.18 | 8.71 | 0.86 * |
Responsibility | 16 | 69 | 46.32 | 9.22 | 0.77 * |
Kindness | 10 | 69 | 47.09 | 9.308 | 0.71 * |
Opening experience | 27 | 66 | 49.00 | 8.311 | 0.81 * |
ARS Total | ARS Leisure | ARS Economy | ARS Status | ARS Health | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-efficacy | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.15 * |
Self-regulation | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.10 |
GHQ-Health | −0.16 * | −0.10 | −0.11 | −0.08 | −0.13 |
Self-esteem | 0.18 * | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.15 * | 0.23 ** |
Cognitive irritation | 0.27 ** | −0.06 | −0.28 ** | −0.14 | −0.25 ** |
Emotional irritation | −0.34 ** | −0.25 ** | −0.30 ** | −0.12 | −0.20 * |
Total Irritation | −0.36 ** | −0.20 * | −0.34 ** | −0.15 | −0.26 ** |
General fatigue | −0.13 | −0.09 | −0.16 * | −0.03 | −0.05 |
Physical fatigue | −0.06 | −0.04 | −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.08 |
Mental fatigue | −0.23 ** | −0.10 | −0.19 ** | −0.10 | −0.22 ** |
Activity Reduction | −0.30 ** | −0.16 * | −0.14 * | −0.19 ** | −0.29 ** |
Motivation Reduction | −0.12 | −0.10 | −0.10 | 0.03 | −0.15 * |
MFI Total | −0.23 ** | −0.14 | 0.17* | −0.08 | −0.21 ** |
Extroversion | −0.04 | 0.03 | −0.10 | −0.02 | −0.00 |
Responsibility | 0.20 ** | 0.26 ** | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.07 |
Kindness | 0.19 ** | 0.15 ** | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.13 |
Emotional stability | 0.21 ** | 0.23 ** | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.17 * |
Opening experience | 0.16 * | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.017 * |
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Elvira-Zorzo, M.N.; Merino-Tejedor, E.; Lorenzo, M. The Assessment of Attitudes towards Retirement from a Psychosocial Approach. Sustainability 2024, 16, 1549. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041549
Elvira-Zorzo MN, Merino-Tejedor E, Lorenzo M. The Assessment of Attitudes towards Retirement from a Psychosocial Approach. Sustainability. 2024; 16(4):1549. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041549
Chicago/Turabian StyleElvira-Zorzo, Maria Natividad, Enrique Merino-Tejedor, and Miguel Lorenzo. 2024. "The Assessment of Attitudes towards Retirement from a Psychosocial Approach" Sustainability 16, no. 4: 1549. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16041549