Fertilizer Price Surge in Poland and Beyond: Seeking the Way Forward towards Sustainable Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Materials and Methods
- PFertilizer—change in the model price of fertilizer in the period (2020–2022);
- Gas—change in the price of natural gas in the period;
- Emission—change in the price of GHGE allowance in the period;
- Wheat—change in the price of wheat in the period;
- ProductionFertilizer—change in the production of fertilizer in the period.
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics
4.2. Ammonium Nitrate
4.3. Calcium Ammonium Nitrate
4.4. Urea
4.5. Enriched Superphosphate
4.6. Potassium Salt
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Fertilizer Price (PFertilizer.) | Variables | Coefficient | Std.Error | t-Ratio | p-Value (t) | R-Squared | Adjusted R-Squared | F | p-Value (F) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ammonium Nitrate (PAN) | const | −89.1049 | 11.8638 | −7.511 | 1.64 × 10−13 | 0.937073 | 0.936744 | 2847.995 | 0.000000 |
Gas | 2.88053 | 0.328681 | 8.764 | 1.21 × 10−17 | |||||
Emission | 0.0227417 | 0.00565088 | 4.024 | 6.28 × 10−5 | |||||
Wheat | 0.264571 | 0.0107199 | 24.68 | 2.20 × 10−99 | |||||
ProductionAN | −20.8691 | 4.58416 | −4.552 | 6.17 × 10−6 | |||||
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (PCAN) | const | 10.6091 | 15.7702 | 0.6727 | 0.5013 | 0.894198 | 0.893645 | 1616.374 | 0.000000 |
Gas | 1.78096 | 0.436103 | 4.084 | 4.90 × 10−5 | |||||
Emission | 0.0229189 | 0.00752159 | 3.047 | 0.0024 | |||||
Wheat | 0.271087 | 0.0143255 | 1.92 | 8.39 × 10−66 | |||||
ProductionCAN | −85.7357 | 7.81383 | −10.97 | 4.08 × 10−26 | |||||
Urea (PU) | const | 12.9966 | 15.3233 | 0.8482 | 0.3966 | 0.926991 | 0.926609 | 2428.287 | 0.000000 |
Gas | 1.43523 | 0.423742 | 3.387 | 0.0007 | |||||
Emission | 0.0266930 | 0.00730532 | 3.654 | 0.0003 | |||||
Wheat | 0.344487 | 0.0139155 | 24.76 | 7.80 × 10−100 | |||||
ProductionU | −151.408 | 11.7552 | −12.88 | 1.69 × 10−34 | |||||
Enriched Superphosphate (PES) | const | 192.814 | 16.3941 | 11.76 | 1.80 × 10−29 | 0.770623 | 0.769424 | 642.5313 | 7.6 × 10−243 |
Gas | 2.52996 | 0.355582 | 7.115 | 2.58 × 10−12 | |||||
Emission | 0.0265451 | 0.00696588 | 3.811 | 0.0001 | |||||
Wheat | 0.0698819 | 0.0136079 | 5.135 | 3.58 × 10−7 | |||||
ProductionES | −587.806 | 54.3990 | −10.81 | 1.99 × 10−25 | |||||
Potassium Salt (PPS) | const | 197.687 | 12.9705 | 15.24 | 5.22 × 10−46 | 0.853379 | 0.852805 | 1486.119 | 0.000000 |
Gas | 4.73612 | 0.305369 | 15.51 | 2.20 × 10−47 | |||||
Wheat | 0.0817792 | 0.00935208 | 8.744 | 1.41 × 10−17 | |||||
ProductionPS | −96.9638 | 6.06225 | −15.99 | 6.70 × 10−50 |
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Variable | Mean | SD | Median | Min | Max | Skewness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gas | 17.39 | 10.39 | 13.96 | 6.06 | 46.34 | 0.91 | −0.35 |
Wheat | 1128.30 | 357.09 | 985.00 | 690.00 | 2010.00 | 0.54 | −1.15 |
Emission | 1127.80 | 557.33 | 1110.90 | 306.52 | 2207.50 | 0.10 | −1.53 |
PriceAN | 241.08 | 141.70 | 138.50 | 116.50 | 460.00 | 0.62 | −1.39 |
ProductionAN | 2.11 | 0.36 | 2.14 | 0.89 | 2.62 | −1.19 | 2.04 |
PriceCAN | 232.15 | 145.88 | 130.50 | 109.50 | 520.00 | 0.75 | −1.04 |
ProductionCAN | 1.15 | 0.28 | 1.67 | 0.69 | 2.05 | −1.17 | 2.04 |
PriceU | 295.63 | 170.56 | 190.00 | 141.00 | 614.50 | 0.68 | −1.18 |
ProductionU | 1.06 | 0.18 | 1.081 | 0.45 | 1.32 | −1.17 | 2.02 |
PriceES | 234.60 | 91.46 | 170.50 | 132.00 | 436.00 | 1.05 | −0.10 |
ProductionES | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.26 | −0.51 | 0.44 |
PricePS | 236.76 | 99.44 | 171.50 | 155.00 | 485.00 | 0.98 | −0.45 |
ProductionPS | 1.40 | 0.27 | 1.14 | 0.50 | 1.86 | −0.91 | 1.71 |
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Kowalska, A.; Hałka, M.; Budzyńska, A.; Kicia, M.; Terpiłowski, K. Fertilizer Price Surge in Poland and Beyond: Seeking the Way Forward towards Sustainable Development. Sustainability 2024, 16, 6943. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166943
Kowalska A, Hałka M, Budzyńska A, Kicia M, Terpiłowski K. Fertilizer Price Surge in Poland and Beyond: Seeking the Way Forward towards Sustainable Development. Sustainability. 2024; 16(16):6943. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166943
Chicago/Turabian StyleKowalska, Aleksandra, Mateusz Hałka, Anna Budzyńska, Mariusz Kicia, and Konrad Terpiłowski. 2024. "Fertilizer Price Surge in Poland and Beyond: Seeking the Way Forward towards Sustainable Development" Sustainability 16, no. 16: 6943. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166943
APA StyleKowalska, A., Hałka, M., Budzyńska, A., Kicia, M., & Terpiłowski, K. (2024). Fertilizer Price Surge in Poland and Beyond: Seeking the Way Forward towards Sustainable Development. Sustainability, 16(16), 6943. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16166943