Smell the Perfume: Can Blockchain Guarantee the Provenance of Key Product Ingredients in the Fragrance Industry?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methods
3.1. Analysis of Traceability-Related Claims Made by Brands and Manufacturers of Fragrance Products
3.2. Expert Interviews
3.2.1. Selection of Interview Respondents
3.2.2. Design of Semi-Structured Interviews
- The importance of traceability and transparency in the fragrance supply chain, particularly related to product provenance or origin, ethical or responsible sourcing and sustainability.
- The major complexities or issues that arise in the context of traceability and transparency related to product provenance or origin, sustainability and ethical or responsible sourcing.
- The potential usefulness of blockchain technology in the fragrance industry supply chain for traceability and transparency on provenance or origin, sustainability and ethical or responsible sourcing.
- Whether the implementation of blockchain technology can improve on existing weaknesses and strengthen current fragrance industry supply chain processes.
- The type of blockchain (i.e., private, consortium or public) that may be most suitable for the fragrance industry.
- Whether final customers will trust or value blockchain-enabled transparency and traceability assurances more than certificates issued by fragrance companies, RM suppliers or certifying agencies.
- Whether blockchain technology should be viewed as an addition to existing information systems or a complete disruption.
- The challenges and obstacles that may be experienced by a fragrance company seeking to implement blockchain technology.
4. Analysis of Traceability-Related Claims on Fragrance Products and Raw Materials
5. Analysis of Interview Responses
5.1. Importance of Supply Chain Traceability, Transparency, Provenance, Ethical Sourcing, Authenticity and Sustainability in the Fragrance Industry
5.2. Major Traceability and Transparency Challenges in the Fragrance Sector and the Potential Usefulness and Application of Blockchain Technology Solutions to Address Them
5.3. Industry and End-Consumer Trust in Blockchain-Enabled Traceability and Transparency
5.4. The Type of Blockchain Solution Suitable for the Fragrance Industry and Relationship with Existing Systems
5.5. Challenges in Implementing Blockchain Technology in the Fragrance Industry
6. How Blockchain Can Support the Assurances Made on Fragrance Ingredients and Supply Chains
6.1. Practical Implications for Blockchain-Enabled Traceability in the Fragrance Industry
6.2. Challenges to Realize Blockchain Traceability Solutions in the Fragrance Industry
7. Summary of Findings
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Product | Claims | Classification | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Eau de Parfum Naturelle by Chloé |
|
| [108,109] |
Nomade Eau de Parfum Naturelle by Chloé |
|
| [110] |
Atelier des Fleurs Ylang Cananga by Chloé |
|
| [111] |
My Way Intense by Giorgio Armani |
|
| [19,20] |
To Be Green by Police |
|
| [112] |
Phantom by Paco Rabanne |
|
| [93,113] |
God Is A Woman by Ariana Grande |
|
| [114] |
Downy Premium Parfum Adorable Bouquet Concentrate Fabric Conditioner by Procter & Gamble |
|
| [115] |
Hygiene Expert Care Life Nature Concentrate Fabric Softener Sunrise Kiss by IP One |
|
| [116] |
Skip Essence de la Nature Ecological Liquid Laundry Detergent by Unilever |
|
| [117] |
Seventh Generation Clementine Zest & Lemongrass Dishwashing Liquid by Unilever |
|
| [21] |
Shower Gels by Original Source |
|
| [118] |
SoKlin Liquid Detergent Nature series by Wings |
|
| Claims on the pack of the products |
Downy Nature Fabric Softener Pomegranate and Vanilla by P&G |
|
| [119,120] |
Les Fleurs Du Dechet—I Am Trash By Etat Libre D’orange Paris |
|
| [121] |
Vigilante by St. Rose |
|
| [122] |
Eau de Parfums by Floratropia Paris |
|
| [123] |
Eau de Parfums by Henry Rose |
|
| [92] |
Girl by Rochas |
|
| [124] |
L’interdit Eau de Parfum Rouge by Givenchy |
|
| [90,91] |
Polo Earth by Ralph Lauren |
|
| [125] |
Love Home and Planet products (fabric care, dishwashing, surface cleaner) by Unilever |
|
| [126] |
Love Beauty and Planet products (hand lotion, body mist, body cream, body scrub, hand wash, shampoo, hair conditioner, deodorant stick, hand sanitizer, bath/shower gel, bath bomb) by Unilever |
|
| [127] |
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Claim Category | Meaning |
---|---|
Origin/Provenance (O) | Guaranteeing a specific geographical origin, country, city/urban area, region or location for the product’s source or any constituent element’s source, e.g., vanilla from Madagascar. |
Authenticity (A) 1 | Assurance that the product has been produced (and distributed) by the labelled brand/manufacturer/vendor/retailer, e.g., a genuine branded product from Brand X. |
Material (M) | The product contains a specific ingredient or a proportion of a specific ingredient within it, e.g., contains natural vanilla. |
Quality (Q) | The properties or the ingredient(s) in the product or the properties of the product meet specific quality standards or have specific quality attributes, e.g., 100% natural perfume. |
Upcycling (U) | Use of another industry’s waste to generate valuable fragrance ingredients used in the product, e.g., upcycled cedarwood atlas. |
Processing (P) | The product or its ingredient(s) have been produced or manufactured in a specific way, e.g., alcohol distilled from natural beets. |
Classified or Certified (C) | The product falls into a defined category of product or is certified, accredited, verified by another agency, e.g., certified vegan product. |
Traceable (T) | Assurance that the origin of the product can be identified and checked, e.g., a specific natural ingredient is traceable. |
Environmental Sustainability (SE) | A specific claim that the product or its ingredient(s) or manufacturing and production methods are sustainable environmentally, e.g., minimal impact on the environment. |
Social/Ethical Sustainability (SS) | A specific claim that the product or its ingredient(s) or manufacturing and production methods generate social benefits or meet ethical standards, e.g., ensuring good working conditions. |
Economic Sustainability (SM) | A specific claim that the product or its ingredient(s) or manufacturing and production methods generate economic benefits for those involved in the supply chain or the region from which it comes, e.g., creating local employment. |
Interviewee | Current Role | Previous Industries | Total Years of Work Experience | Knowledge on RM Fragrance Sourcing and Traceability Challenges | Mode of 1st Interview and Length | Mode of Follow-Up Interview(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Interviewee 1 | Head of R&D. Role: The development of raw materials and RM/ingredient sourcing for the FMCG and cosmetics industries. | Fragrance and FMCG | 32 years | Currently working in the raw materials industry, supporting customers with provenance, sustainability and ethical claims. | Face to face for 1 h | Face to face + online |
Interviewee 2 | Head of quality assurance. Role: Quality assurance of fragrances, raw materials and suppliers. | Fragrance and beverages | 33 years | Actively involved in sourcing, quality control and quality assurance of fragrance Raw Materials. | Face to face for 1 h | Face to face + online |
Interviewee 3 | Regional marketing manager. Role: Marketing fragrance solutions to customers in the region. | FMCG and Fragrance | 11 years | Promoting the importance of sustainability, ethical sourcing, and provenance assurance to customers. | Online for 45 min | Online |
Interviewee 4 | Regional R&D director Role: Fragrance R&D and raw material sourcing. | Fragrance and FMCG | 26 years | Strong knowledge on fragrance RMs and associated sourcing, as well as traceability and sustainability. Set up raw materials crisis team to ensure sustained supply when faced with crisis situations. | Online for 1 h | Online |
Interviewee 5 | Senior manager Role: Consumer and product research. | Skin care and cosmetics | 11 years | Actively involved in ensuring sustainability, ethical and provenance claims of FMCG and cosmetics products. | Face to face for 1 h | Face to face |
CLAIM | O | M | Q | U | P | C | T | SE | SS | SM | STOT | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfumes and fine fragrances 14 | 19 | 45 | 13 | 11 | 16 | 14 | 4 | 14 | 12 | 3 | 40 | Total ingredient claims | 58 |
Average claims per product 4.2 | 1.4 | 3.2 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 2.9 | Average claims per ingredient | 2.6 |
Household products and consumer goods 9 | 23 | 34 | 6 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 8 | Total ingredient claims | 36 |
Average claims per product 4.0 | 2.6 | 3.8 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.9 | Average claims per ingredient | 2.2 |
Overall 23 | 42 | 79 | 19 | 11 | 21 | 16 | 4 | 19 | 15 | 3 | 48 | Total ingredient claims | 94 |
Average claims per product 4.1 | 1.8 | 3.4 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 2.1 | Average claims per ingredient | 2.4 |
Topic | Summary of Evidence |
---|---|
Importance of traceability, transparency, provenance, ethical sourcing, authenticity and sustainability |
|
Topic | Summary of Evidence |
---|---|
Major traceability and transparency challenges in the fragrance industry |
|
Potential usefulness of blockchain technology in the industry’s supply chain |
|
Weaknesses of the fragrance supply chain that can be improved by blockchain technology |
|
Greatest potential strengths of blockchain technology |
|
Topic | Summary of Evidence |
---|---|
Customer and end-consumers’ trust in blockchain-enabled transparency and traceability |
|
Topic | Summary of Evidence |
---|---|
Type of blockchain suitable for the fragrance industry |
|
Blockchain as an addition to existing systems or a major disruption |
|
Topic | Summary of Evidence |
---|---|
Challenges and obstacles to implement blockchain technology |
|
Negative effects of blockchain technology |
|
Collaboration opportunity or conflict with regulatory and legal authorities or systems |
|
Awareness of specific initiatives in this area |
|
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
MacCarthy, B.L.; Das, S.; Ahmed, W.A.H. Smell the Perfume: Can Blockchain Guarantee the Provenance of Key Product Ingredients in the Fragrance Industry? Sustainability 2024, 16, 6217. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146217
MacCarthy BL, Das S, Ahmed WAH. Smell the Perfume: Can Blockchain Guarantee the Provenance of Key Product Ingredients in the Fragrance Industry? Sustainability. 2024; 16(14):6217. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146217
Chicago/Turabian StyleMacCarthy, Bart L., Surajit Das, and Wafaa A. H. Ahmed. 2024. "Smell the Perfume: Can Blockchain Guarantee the Provenance of Key Product Ingredients in the Fragrance Industry?" Sustainability 16, no. 14: 6217. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146217