Improving Sustainability of Learning Outcomes: An Empirical Study of Medical Students’ Autonomous Learning
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Research Hypotheses
2.1. Autonomous Learning
2.2. Autonomous Learning and Learning Outcomes
2.3. The Mediating Role of Academic Support and Student Satisfaction
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Data Collection
3.2. Measures
3.2.1. Autonomous Learning Scale
3.2.2. Learning Outcomes Scale
3.2.3. Academic Support Scale
3.2.4. School Satisfaction Scale
3.3. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics
4.2. Structural Equation Model
4.2.1. Item Packaging Analysis
4.2.2. Path Analysis
5. Discussion
5.1. Theoretical Implications
5.2. Practical Implications
5.3. Limitations and Future Research
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measures | M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Learning | 2.897 | 0.516 | 1 | - | - | - |
2. Support | 3.326 | 0.476 | 0.289 ** | 1 | - | - |
3. Satisfaction | 3.325 | 0.627 | 0.330 ** | 0.624 ** | 1 | - |
4. Outcomes | 3.079 | 0.647 | 0.499 ** | 0.499 ** | 0.585 ** | 1 |
Model Pathways | Effect | 95% Confidence Interval | Percentage | |
---|---|---|---|---|
LLCI | ULCI | |||
Learning ⇒ Outcomes | 0.410 *** | 0.339 | 0.481 | - |
Learning ⇒ Support | 0.267 *** | 0.202 | 0.331 | - |
Learning ⇒ Satisfaction | 0.199 *** | 0.128 | 0.269 | -- |
Support ⇒ Satisfaction | 0.761 *** | 0.684 | 0.837 | - |
Support ⇒ Outcomes | 0.238 *** | 0.144 | 0.331 | - |
Satisfaction ⇒ Outcomes | 0.380 *** | 0.308 | 0.452 | - |
Learning ⇒ Support ⇒ Outcomes | 0.063 *** | 0.024 | 0.080 | 15.36% |
Learning ⇒ Satisfaction ⇒ Outcomes | 0.075 *** | 0.035 | 0.087 | 18.29% |
Learning ⇒ Support ⇒ Satisfaction ⇒ Outcomes | 0.077 *** | 0.038 | 0.088 | 18.78% |
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Zhao, L.; Zhu, R.; Cai, X.; Zhang, J. Improving Sustainability of Learning Outcomes: An Empirical Study of Medical Students’ Autonomous Learning. Sustainability 2023, 15, 5668. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075668
Zhao L, Zhu R, Cai X, Zhang J. Improving Sustainability of Learning Outcomes: An Empirical Study of Medical Students’ Autonomous Learning. Sustainability. 2023; 15(7):5668. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075668
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Lei, Ruijie Zhu, Xu Cai, and Junchao Zhang. 2023. "Improving Sustainability of Learning Outcomes: An Empirical Study of Medical Students’ Autonomous Learning" Sustainability 15, no. 7: 5668. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075668
APA StyleZhao, L., Zhu, R., Cai, X., & Zhang, J. (2023). Improving Sustainability of Learning Outcomes: An Empirical Study of Medical Students’ Autonomous Learning. Sustainability, 15(7), 5668. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075668