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Systematic Review

A Systematic Literature Review of Architecture Fostering Green Mindfulness

by
Chaniporn Thampanichwat
*,
Chumporn Moorapun
,
Suphat Bunyarittikit
,
Phattranis Suphavarophas
and
Prima Phaibulputhipong
School of Architecture, Art and Design, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2023, 15(4), 3823; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043823
Submission received: 29 November 2022 / Revised: 4 February 2023 / Accepted: 17 February 2023 / Published: 20 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Architecture, Planning, and Design: Papers from the BEYOND ALL LIMITS 2022 Conference)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Green mindfulness seems to play an important role in promoting sustainability in architecture, but discrete areas of knowledge are still widely unknown. This study aimed to explore the publications that exist on the nexus between green mindfulness and architecture, and to find the architectural features that tend to foster green mindfulness. The study conducted a systematic literature review by searching publications from databases including Scopus, Google Scholar, and Thai Journals Online in September 2022. Five authors—one architectural researcher, two architectural professors, and two architects—independently reviewed the full-length articles to confirm their accuracy and objectivity. Eight articles were selected for examination by descriptive analysis showing the publication year, source, and citations of the articles. Thematic analysis was used to find the characteristics of the architectural atmosphere with the potential for fostering green mindfulness. Finally, only one study was found that was truly concerned with architecture and green mindfulness. This publication showed that mass and volume are associated with biophilic design, fascination with biophilic design, and affiliation with biophilic design. Material and object refer to natural material; light is in reference to natural light; and landscape and viewpoint suggest plants, greenery, and natural views, while details regarding color and sound were not explored.

1. Introduction

In the construction industry, negative impacts on the environment have become more apparent and have been discussed for over 30 years [1,2]. To reduce the harm to nature caused by construction activities, a move towards sustainability in architecture has been raised [3,4]. This has led to increased interest in improving the sustainability of architecture.
A preliminary study found that sustainable development in architecture, also known as eco-design, eco-friendly architecture, earth-friendly architecture, environmental architecture, and natural architecture [5], is the highest goal in aiming to achieve complete sustainability and reduce environmental impact [6,7].
Although various studies have shown the positive performance of sustainable development in architecture [8,9,10], some studies have found that sustainable architecture faces significant uncertainties, as it may consume more energy than nonsustainable buildings [11,12,13,14,15]. These studies show that building sustainable architecture may not solve all the environmental impact problems.
The gap arises because users undertake various activities and different behaviors that are unpredictable in buildings [16]. Buildings do not use energy, but people do [17]. Although appropriate environmental behaviors can significantly reduce energy consumption [18], sustainable building has no impact on environmentally responsible behaviors [19]. Therefore, this study focuses on an architectural building design that enhances users’ environmentally responsible behaviors.
There is a growing body of research conducted on the psychology of human behavior toward sustainability [20]. Several studies have explained mindfulness as a psychological construct that is a variable with a significant relationship to human environmentally friendly behavior [21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29].
Previous studies found that mindfulness affected ecological behavior [26], mindful consumption [30], sustainable behavior, environmental behavior, and environmental consumption [29]. Therefore, mindfulness as a psychological construct seems likely to play an important role in promoting sustainability in architecture.
However, when referring to mindfulness with regard to sustainability, this study will instead use the term “green mindfulness”. The definition of “green mindfulness” is a state of conscious awareness in which individuals are implicitly aware of the context and content of environmental information and knowledge of environmental sustainability [31].
When green mindfulness is a state of conscious awareness [31], it tends to be able to foster architecture. As state mindfulness can be affected by both individual and environmental characteristics [32,33], promoting green mindfulness in building as the determinator of the physical environment, such as in architecture [34], to encourage sustainable behaviors seems possible.
Architecture is about the design of buildings and their surrounding environment, and one of its purposes is to emphasize psychological feelings for the physical environment [35,36,37]. Simultaneously, there is a large number of studies that support architecture’s ability to significantly influence human psychology [38,39,40], and psychological factors such as mindfulness.
From the literature review, it was found that discrete areas of knowledge between architecture and mindfulness still exist [41]. Meanwhile, a previous study suggested that construction professionals should consider the green mindfulness concept when designing sustainable architecture as an agent [42]. This study aims to fill in these gaps.
In examining how to reduce the environmental impact of architecture, it was found that the problem could not only be solved by sustainable building construction, since the behavior of building occupants affects the sustainability of buildings. Thus, when sustainable architecture fails to promote sustainable behavior, this tends to reinforce the psychological factors that are important to sustainable behavior, such as green mindfulness. Additionally, a preliminary study found that the educational gap existing between architecture and green mindfulness, previously recommended to be explored by construction professionals, persisted. The main purpose of this systematic literature review is to review the existing publications related to architecture and green mindfulness to answer the following questions:
Q1: How many publications exist on the nexus between green mindfulness and architecture?
Q2: Which architectural features from these studies tend to foster green mindfulness?

2. Green Mindfulness and Architecture

In this section, to answer the research questions, we provide the necessary foundation by giving some theoretical background to the concept of green mindfulness that relates to architecture and the propensity to foster green mindfulness, as follows.

2.1. Green Mindfulness: A Relevant Concept for Architecture

2.1.1. Definition of Green Mindfulness

The definition of green mindfulness is a state of conscious awareness in which individuals are implicitly aware of the context and content of environmental information and knowledge of environmental sustainability [31].
Although green mindfulness is still a relatively new concept, it stems from a Buddhist idea that originated more than 25 centuries ago [43,44,45]. In 1979, mindfulness was formally introduced into the area of psychology, and it was brought into mainstream society in 1994 by Jon Kabat-Zinn [46,47,48].
According to initial reviews, green mindfulness has recently been defined. Thus, this study was conducted based on the term mindfulness, which laid the foundation for broader discovery. The results relating to sustainability or green mindfulness were then considered later.

2.1.2. Relationship between Mindfulness and Architecture

Considering the diverse origins of mindfulness, its definition is still ambiguous [49]. Some of the research defined mindfulness as a trait according to the perspective of Langer, who developed the Western concept of mindfulness, while others described it as a state in accordance with Brown and Ryan’s research [50,51].
Trait mindfulness is a permanent individual personality trait that is relatively different from others, and it reflects the capability to focus and pay attention to present experiences [52,53]. This type of mindfulness can increase through repetitive mindfulness practice [54,55].
While state mindfulness is a psychological situation that is maintained temporarily only when paying attention to the present [55,56,57], the state of mindfulness is easily distracted; however, it leads people to explore the environment and to be influenced by environmental characteristics [32,50,58].
State mindfulness can be affected by both individual and environmental characteristics [32,33], and people connect to architecture, which is one of the physical environments [1,34]. As green mindfulness is a state of conscious awareness [31], it tends to be able to be fostered by external stimuli, such as architecture [32,42].
Green mindfulness should additionally be defined as state mindfulness. This type of mindfulness can be promoted by the environment around people; thus, it seems likely to be fostered by architecture.
Although green mindfulness is a recently defined concept, it is rooted in mindfulness, which has been studied extensively. Thus, there is a tendency for it to be increased by architecture through the promotion of green mindfulness as a state of mind.
Therefore, in this study, to widen the concept, as some studies were conducted before there was a definition for green mindfulness, the term mindfulness will be used as a substitute for subsequent studies.

2.2. Architecture: For Fostering Green Mindfulness as a State of Mindfulness

2.2.1. Architecture in the Studies of Green Mindfulness

Architecture is about the design of buildings and their surrounding environment to emphasize psychological feelings for the physical environment [35,36,37]. There is a large number of studies that support architecture’s ability to significantly influence human psychology [38,39,40] and psychological factors such as mindfulness.
By considering green mindfulness and its relevance to architecture through its root mindfulness, which tends to be promoted through architecture as a state of mind, it has been found that, despite there being few studies on green mindfulness, in recent years, there has been rapid growth in studies on mindfulness [42,59,60].
The first publication about mindfulness was published in 1982, and the number of publications has exponentially increased since 2006 [61,62]. By the end of 2021, 17,943 articles on mindfulness had been published in journals (Figure 1).
Derived from Baminiwatt and Solangaarachchi (2021), the trends and developments in mindfulness research over 55 years show that 47% of the publications were in the psychology field and 20.8% were in the area of psychiatry. There are no apparent studies on mindfulness associated with architecture in the top 25 research areas of mindfulness [61].
Although the number of studies on mindfulness, which is the fundamental concept underpinning green mindfulness, is increasing rapidly, research into architecture and its association with mindfulness is still inadequate. Thus, this study on the architecture that tends to foster green mindfulness was subsequently included.

2.2.2. Architecture That Tends to Foster Green Mindfulness

This article focusing on the architecture that promotes mindfulness, which is the foundation of green mindfulness, found that in 2013, Gernot Böhme indicated that atmospheres are essential as mindful physical presences in space [63]. Meanwhile, one hundred per cent of mindfulness practitioners agreed that the most vital physical environment for reactions is the atmosphere [64].
By reviewing the literature, it can be seen that the atmosphere is composed of several components. Gernot Böhme and many other scholars stated that the architectural atmosphere consists of mass and volume, light, color, sound, and landscape [65,66], while some articles added that materials and objects are also part of the atmosphere [64,67,68].
In 2017, an article about “biophilic design” [41] presented the application of mindfulness to design frameworks. This study showed the relationship between mindfulness, mental health, and well-being.
The aforementioned study did not explicitly find the nexus between green mindfulness and architecture. However, we found that green mindfulness, as a state of mindfulness, tends to be fostered by external stimuli such as architecture. Furthermore, the most potent factor is architectural atmospheres, which include mass and volume, material and object, color, light, sound, and landscape and view. The potential design idea is biophilic design.
Therefore, a systematic literature review approach was applied to answer the research questions. The literature review is based on the mindfulness concept of green mindfulness theory coupled with architectural atmosphere notions such as mass and volume, material and object, color, light, sound, landscape, and view, and it is expected to contain details relating to the concept of biophilic design.

3. Methodology

A systematic literature review of the concept of architecture fostering green mindfulness was conducted using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) technique, which has transparency, reliability, and replicability of results, as well as limiting bias [69,70].
To fill this research gap between architecture and green mindfulness, the opinions of professionals were required [41,42]. At the end of September 2022, one architectural researcher, two architectural professors, and two architects were invited to review selected articles and provide recommendations.

3.1. Database

The primary databases used for this study were Scopus, Google Scholar, and Thai Journals Online. Scopus is the largest database for collecting abstracts, references, and works of the world’s leading authors [71].
Google Scholar is essential for eliminating publication bias because it collects both scholarly literature and grey literature and is recognized as the search engine of choice for many researchers [72].
Finally, unlike in other studies, Thai Journals Online was selected as the central electronic journal database system for all disciplines in Thailand, as this is the country where the researchers live, and it is also a country full of information about Buddhism, the origin of the concept of mindfulness [73,74].

3.2. Data Collection

To report publications for the systematic literature review, PRISMA guidelines, which call for four steps (as shown in Figure 2), were used.
(1)
Identification phase
To explore the articles related to architecture with the theme of architectural atmospheres for fostering green mindfulness as a state of mindfulness, a set of words associated with these terms was used from the following definition according to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary: either “architecture” or “building design”, which correspond to architecture; “atmosphere” representing the architectural atmospheres; and “mindfulness” and “mindful”, meaning mindfulness, which is the stem of green mindfulness but is more comprehensive.
On Scopus, the keywords used for searching were “(mindful OR mindfulness) AND (architecture)”, “(mindful OR mindfulness) AND (building AND design)”, and “(mindful OR mindfulness) AND (atmosphere) AND (design OR building)”. This database provided a total of 228 documents between 1983 and 2022.
In Google Scholar, a survey using “(mindful OR mindfulness) AND (architecture)”, “(mindful OR mindfulness) AND (design AND building)”, and “(mindful OR mindfulness) AND (atmosphere)” obtained a total of 24 documents from 2011 to 2022.
The searching queries on Thai Journals Online were “mindful architecture”, “mindfulness architecture”, “mindful design building”, “mindfulness design building”, “mindful atmosphere”, and “mindfulness atmosphere”. There were 22 papers found from 2013 to 2022.
A total of 330 collected articles were placed in Google Sheets and sorted using search terms and year of publication, of which, five articles were excluded because they appeared in duplicate databases.
(2)
Screening phase
All 325 publications were considered in the screening phase. After excluding the duplicates, a quick scan was conducted to ensure that the documents were available to access.
After screening, 14 articles were removed because the documents were not found or were inaccessible.
(3)
Eligibility phase
In the eligibility phase, the remaining 311 documents were screened. To confirm the accuracy and objectivity of this review, three authors—one architectural researcher and two architects—independently reviewed the full-length articles to confirm their suitability for this systematic literature review.
For those not related to architecture, atmosphere, or mindfulness, 303 articles were excluded as they were outside the scope of the research. Most publications were roughly in the areas of medicine, computer science, social science, arts and humanities, or business.
(4)
Including phase
Finally, after careful consideration and discussion by all authors, the number of publications included in this review came to eight publications.

3.3. Data Analysis

(1)
Descriptive analysis
Descriptive analysis was used to answer the first question (Q1): How many publications exist on the nexus between green mindfulness and architecture? All of the eight selected publications were submitted to descriptive analysis. A deductive approach was applied to allocate the articles by year, source, and number of citations.
(2)
Thematic analysis
Thematic analysis was used to answer the second question (Q2): Which architectural features from these studies tend to foster green mindfulness? On the inductive characteristic, the theme of architectural atmospheres and their impact on mindfulness was used for clarification.
Therefore, the thematic analysis in this study used mass and volume, material and object, color, light, sound, and landscape and view because of their potential to foster green mindfulness, as mentioned in Section 2, and their impact on mindfulness, as this study sought to identify the architectural features that promote green mindfulness.

4. Results

This section presents the results of the systematic literature review with regard to two major analyses. The part 1 descriptive analysis was conducted to answer Q1 using the mindfulness and architecture publication contributing year, source, and number of citations. The part 2 thematic analysis was carried out to answer Q2, identifying the theme of architectural atmospheres and their impact on green mindfulness.

4.1. Mindfulness and Architecture Publications by Descriptive Analysis

To describe the nexus between green mindfulness and architecture, the eight selected articles were categorized by year, source, and the number of citations, as indicated in Table 1.
(1)
Year of publication
The selected articles were published between 2013 and 2022. The first article to deliver the nexus dates back to 2013, only nine years ago. However, it appears that the concept was not developed until 2018–2019, when one publication was released per year.
Although 2021 is the year with the highest number of documents published in databases with three publications, in 2022, only one article was found up to the end of September.
(2)
Publishing source
The publications were published once per journal in the OASE Journal for Architecture, the Humanities and Social Sciences Journal Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat University, Japan Society Talk, the Journal of MCU Nakhondhat, Visions for Sustainability, scientific reports, University of Memphis Digital Commons, and Religions.
(3)
Number of citations
The available data shows that the most cited publication is the work of Gernot Böhme, with 71 citations, followed by the study of Hu, Simon, Fix, Vivino, and Bernat E, with 10 citations. The third ranking publication is Barbiero’s article with six citations. Finally, in 2018, the Kawai Y interview in Japan Society Talk has four citations.

4.2. The Architectures That Tend to Foster Green Mindfulness by Thematic Analysis

To identify the architectures that tend to foster green mindfulness, the eight selected articles were categorized by architectural atmosphere, which included mass and volume, material and object, color, light, sound, and landscape and view, in addition to the impact on mindfulness for expanding detail (Table 2).

4.2.1. Architecture in the Theme of Architectural Atmosphere

(1)
Mass and Volume
The first mass and volume component mentioned by Böhme’s publication in 2013 is geometric structure and the atmosphere [63]. Nevertheless, he added that the key element for mindfulness is the atmosphere. Meanwhile, the 2018 study detailed that the atmosphere affects human emotions such as calmness and being welcoming [80].
Second, the review found an interview in 2018 that referred to the Ma concept, which is one of the Japanese traditional architecture ideals meaning in-betweenness. It provided details showing that architecture designed for mindfulness should adjust easily in both form and space [76].
Three of the eight articles mentioned architecture and nature concepts. First, biophilic design is a concept used within a building to increase the occupants’ exposure and connection to the natural environment [44,81,82,83]. At the same time, the other two articles also discussed exposure to nature and connection with nature [78,79].
(2)
Material and Object
Two studies in 2017 and 2019 were conducted on Thai architectural elements. The Trick Lotus Jetiya [75] and the Basement of Chiang Sean’s Chedi in Thailand [77] represent devotion to the Buddha or teaching the four foundations of mindfulness, also known as Satipatthana.
Meanwhile, Kawai’s study referred to a Japanese concept called Michiyuki, which means traveling, and described a design approach that takes into account different perspectives on objects, as when people move and peek [76].
The other four articles addressed natural materials such as concrete or stone, wood texture, highly tactile material, and clay material, as well as natural objects, including images of nature, word reminders of nature, sign reminders of nature, and paintings of nature. Apart from this, is a focus object was referred to [44,78,79,80].
(3)
Color
In Böhme’s publication, he pointed out that the synesthetic properties of color are remarkable [63]. Kawai indicated that color changes over time, with regard to the Japanese concept of Utsuroi, which means transience [76], while Sadeghi’s study referred to color rays and hue color [79].
To foster mindfulness, Chen described that the most suitable color relies on the unique environment and climate of that area; for example, a colorful traditional style was used in cold climates such as that of Tibet. However, in hot climates, practitioners may favor cool color spaces for meditation. On the other hand, people in some other environments preferred simple colors in the Zen style [80].
(4)
Light
Light was one of the elements of architectural atmosphere. Böhme’s publication raised the synesthetic properties of light [63], while Kawai encouraged the Yugen idea in Japanese style, which means to design for improving mindfulness by using light in which people cannot see well through light and shadow design [76], similar to Sadeghi’s perspective [79].
There are three articles that mentioned natural light [44,78,79,80], with Sadeghi’s study referring to white light, spotlight, and light rays [79].
(5)
Sound
Sound in architecture was discussed in three of the eight selected publications. One is about the synesthetic properties of sound, which was mentioned by Böhme [63]. Amplified sound was raised by Sadeghi [79].
To support mindfulness practice, quiet and the natural sound was considered, while Zen-style music and meditation bells may be appropriate auditory elements also.
(6)
Landscape and View
For landscape and view, Kawai recognized Japanese traditional architecture, referencing the Hashi design concept, meaning edge, for designing connections between outdoor and indoor spaces. In addition, the Utsuroi idea was included, in reference to the topic of color, which emphasizes landscaping using colored leaves and the changing of the seasons [76].
Three papers discussed having vegetation including trees, plants, greenery areas, gardens, woodlands, forests, and wild areas [44,79,81]. Meanwhile, others mentioned seeing an uninterrupted natural view or river view from the building [44,78,79,81].
To foster mindfulness through landscape and view, we found some immersive elements, such as a three-dimensional image of water [79]. In addition to this, animals can be allowed to access the area [80].

4.2.2. Mindfulness: Fundamental of Green Mindfulness

This section explains the effects of the architectural atmosphere on mindfulness that are fundamental to green mindfulness.
Böhme [63] and Sadeghi F [79] described the architectural component as the architectural atmosphere affecting humans in finding or accessing themselves physically and mentally.
In addition, two papers on Thai architecture named the Trick Lotus Jetiya in Thailand and the Basement of Chedi in Chiang Sean as symbolic expressions signifying mindfulness or teaching the four foundations of mindfulness (Satipatthana) [75,77].
Kawai’s interview argued that Japanese traditional architecture focused on bridging the body and mind with the surrounding space in which the boundary is blurred [76].
Barbiero explained the applicability of attention restoration and stress recovery, with the biophilic design concept describing the care for nature represented by architecture, while green mindfulness confirmed the care for nature from the inside [44].
Two other articles presented exposure and connection to nature concepts. Besides being analogous in architecture, they are similar in their output that focuses on a recognition of the present, such as constructions, activities, and lives [78,79].
The latest 2022 publication included the application of architectural atmosphere to reduce distraction, calm the mind, reside in the state of mindfulness, and facilitate mindfulness practice [80].

5. Conclusions

This systematic review of the literature analyzed the publications relating to architecture in terms of the architectural atmospheres that tend to foster green mindfulness, which is the state of mindfulness for being green. To analyze the findings, we used descriptive analysis and thematic analysis to answer questions Q1 and Q2, respectively.
Descriptive analysis was used to answer Q1; from the 2013–2022 period, the selected articles were categorized by year, source, and the number of citations. The first article dates back to 2013. In 2018–2019, one publication was released per year. In 2021, three articles were published, and through the end of September 2022, only one article was published. Articles on the topic of green mindfulness and architecture were published in the OASE Journal for Architecture, the Humanities and Social Sciences Journal Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat University, Japan Society Talk, the Journal of MCU Nakhondhat Visions for Sustainability, scientific reports, the University of Memphis Digital Commons, and Religions. The available data shows that the most cited publication is the work of Gernot Böhme with 71 citations. This is followed by the study of Hu, Simon, Fix, Vivino, and Bernat E with 10 citations, Barbiero’s article with six citations, and the interview of Kawai (2018) in Japan Society Talk with four citations.
Thematic analysis was used to answer Q2; there is only one study, Barbiero’s, published in 2021, stating that architectural atmospheres tend to foster green mindfulness as state mindfulness. The publication showed that mass and volume are associated with biophilic design, fascination with biophilic design, and affiliation with biophilic design. Material and object refer to natural material; light is in reference to natural light; and landscape and view suggest plants, greenery and natural views, while the details regarding color and sound were not discussed.

6. Discussion

Despite architecture being associated with physical environments, architectural atmospheres may tend to foster green mindfulness in terms of the state of mindfulness [1,32,34,42]. Furthermore, there has been rapid growth in mindfulness studies in recent years [42,59,60,84]. Previous studies have found that the knowledge gap between architecture and mindfulness is wide [41,42]. The result of this systematic literature review, which includes data from three large databases, shows that the gap evidently still exists. However, there was a growth in the number of studies in 2017, which is in line with the growing trend in mindfulness studies. Nevertheless, there was a decline in the number of studies in 2022, but this may be due to our data collection being conducted before the end of the year.
In the instances where green mindfulness is fostered by architecture, the literature review found that the architectural element critical to mindfulness is architectural atmosphere, while the most relevant design concept is biophilic design. The results of this research found only one study where architecture affecting mindfulness directly addressed green mindfulness. It has four of the six architectural atmosphere characteristics—mass and volume, material and object, light, and landscape and view—but lacks details on color and sound, as mentioned in the literature review. However, the conceptual details of architectural atmosphere design are all in line with the biophilic design approach, which is consistent with the literature review.

7. Limitations

These are two main limitations in this study that need to be considered. The first one is that the extraction of data in this systematic literature review was limited to three databases, which are Scopus, Google Scholar, and Thai Journals Online, and the databases were surveyed in September 2022 using the methodology mentioned in Part 3. There might be articles in other databases related to this topic that are not included in this study.
Secondly, the scope of our review results should be discussed. This study emerged from the aspiration to foster green mindfulness through architecture. Consequently, the analysis was informed by identifying the theme of architectural atmospheres and their impact on mindfulness. Thus, it is possible that some architectural elements may not be counted.

8. Future Research

Regarding the discussion section, due to the small number of studies on architecture and green mindfulness, future research could investigate studies on architecture that affect green mindfulness and confirm the architectural elements that affect green mindfulness, whether they include atmosphere or not. On the other hand, future studies could explain the link between architecture and green mindfulness to characterize the type of architecture that tends to foster green mindfulness.
From this limitation, a methodological approach may limit the results. It would be interesting to enlarge the study to include other studies, databases, or academics to indicate more outcomes. In reference to the analytical method, future studies should proceed to increase the empirical literature associated with architecture that fosters green mindfulness.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, C.T., C.M. and S.B.; supervision, C.M. and S.B.; methodology, C.T.; data collection, screening and reviewing, C.T., P.S. and P.P.; visualization, C.T. and P.P.; writing, C.T. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data from Scopus, Google Scholar, and Thai Journals Online were accessed and obtained in September 2022, and they were extended in November 2022 for analysis.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

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Figure 1. Number of publications on mindfulness 1980–2021 (2022).
Figure 1. Number of publications on mindfulness 1980–2021 (2022).
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Sustainability 15 03823 g002 550
Figure 2. Flow diagram for systematic literature review based on PRISMA.
Figure 2. Flow diagram for systematic literature review based on PRISMA.
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Table
Table 1. The list of publications in the systematic literature review.
Table 1. The list of publications in the systematic literature review.
Article TitleAuthorYearSourceCitations
Atmosphere as Mindful Physical Presence in Space [63]Böhme G2013OASE Journal for
Architecture		[41]
An Analytical on Jetiya in Thailand [75]Teerapanyo S,
Kumpeerayan S,
Kaewkoo J,
Sangsai P		2017Humanities and Social Sciences Journal Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat University–
Designing Mindfulness: Spatial Concepts in Traditional Japanese Architecture [76]Kawai Y2018Interview in
Japan Society Talk		[4]
The Analytical Study of the Buddhist Concept Appeared in the Pagodas in Chiang Sean City [77]Pagunadhammo P,
Vichai V,
Chanreang T		2019Journal of MCU
Nakhondhat		–
Affective Ecology as Development of Biophilia Hypothesis [44]Barbiero G2021Visions for
Sustainability		[6]
Exploring a Sustainable Building’s Impact on Occupant Mental Health and Cognitive Function in a Virtual Environment [78]Hu M,
Simon M,
Fix S,
Vivino A,
Bernat E		2021Scientific reports[10]
Architecture of Mindfulness: How Architecture Engages the Five Senses [79]Sadeghi F2021University of Memphis Digital Commons–
How Does Buddhist Contemplative Space Facilitate the Practice of Mindfulness? [80]Chen A,
Porter N,
Tang Y		2022Religions–
Table
Table 2. Summary of architectures and mindfulness findings in the thematic analysis.
Table 2. Summary of architectures and mindfulness findings in the thematic analysis.
Author (Year)Mass and VolumeMaterial and ObjectColorLightSoundLandscape and ViewMindfulness
Böhme G (2013) [63]Atmosphere
  • Geometric structure
-SynestheticSynestheticSynesthetic-One enters or finds oneself by mind and body (mindful body)
Teerapanyo S, Kumpeerayan S, Kaewkoo J, Sangsai P
(2017) [75]		-The Trick Lotus Jetiya in Thailand----The teaching of the four foundations of mindfulness
Kawai Y (2018) [76]Traditional Japanese architecture:
  • Ma (in-betweenness) Adjustable form/space
Michiyuki (Travelling)
  • Different from other side
Utsuroi (transience):
  • Changing by time
Yugen (unknown):
  • Light and shadow
  • Cannot see well
-Hashi (edge):
  • Outdoor–indoor connection Utsuroi (transience):
  • Colored leaves
  • Changing by season
Mind and body are connected with space
Pagunadhammo P,
Vichai V,
Chanreang T
(2019) [77]		-The Basement of Chedi in Chiang Sean----The signification of mindfulness or insight meditation
Barbiero G (2021) [44]
  • Biophilic design
  • Fascination of biophilic design
  • Affiliation of biophilic design
Natural material-Natural light-
  • Plant
  • Greenery
  • Natural view
  • Green mindfulness
  • Attention and restoration
  • Stress recovery
Hu M, Simon M,
Fix S, Vivino A,
Bernat E (2021) [78]		Exposure to nature
  • Images of nature
  • Word reminders of nature
  • Sign reminders of nature
-
  • Daylight on wall
  • Light from outside
-
  • Tree
  • Natural view
  • Focus on the present moment (built environment and activities)
Sadeghi F (2021) [79]Connection to nature
  • Concrete or stone
  • Wood texture
  • Highly tactile material
  • Clay material
  • Color rays
  • Hue color
  • Natural light
  • White light
  • Spot light
  • Light ray/line
  • Darkness to light
  • Light and shadow
Amplified sound
  • River view
  • Rainwater
  • Immersive water
  • Connect mind and body
  • Aware of a present life
Chen A, Porter N,
Tang Y (2022) [80]
  • Calm atmosphere
  • Welcoming atmosphere
  • Painting of nature
  • Images of nature
  • Focus object
Due to environment
and climate:
  • Colorful in traditional Tibetan style
  • Simplicity in Zen style
  • Cool space to meditate
Natural light
  • Quiet
  • Natural sound
  • Meditation bell
  • Zen music
  • Garden/woodland/forest/wild/green
  • Natural view
  • Unblock view
  • Animal
  • Reduce distraction
  • Calm down one’s mind
  • Reside the state of mindfulness
  • Facilitate mindfulness practice
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Thampanichwat, C.; Moorapun, C.; Bunyarittikit, S.; Suphavarophas, P.; Phaibulputhipong, P. A Systematic Literature Review of Architecture Fostering Green Mindfulness. Sustainability 2023, 15, 3823. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043823

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Thampanichwat C, Moorapun C, Bunyarittikit S, Suphavarophas P, Phaibulputhipong P. A Systematic Literature Review of Architecture Fostering Green Mindfulness. Sustainability. 2023; 15(4):3823. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043823

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Thampanichwat, Chaniporn, Chumporn Moorapun, Suphat Bunyarittikit, Phattranis Suphavarophas, and Prima Phaibulputhipong. 2023. "A Systematic Literature Review of Architecture Fostering Green Mindfulness" Sustainability 15, no. 4: 3823. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043823

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