Three-Dimensional Modeling and Analysis of Virtual Test Pavements for Automotive Test Sites
Round 1
Reviewer 1 Report
Dear Authors,
The experiment was well designed. The big problem with scientific paper is that the sentences are quite unclear. I mean that they are too long and interrupted with some concepts, which completely creates a problem for understanding the text. Comments and recommendations that will contribute to improving your work are as follows:
Comment 1:
Line 10- “The three – dimensional “ instead “The-Three”.
Comment 2 :
Please describe figure 2 in the text.
Comment 3:
If possible, figures 3 and 4 could be of higher quality.
Comment4:
Figure 4- Maybe it's better to say “test pavement section” instead of “test pavement map”.
Comment 5:
Line 137- The sentence (“Some random pavement load spectrum has a great influence on the distribution of 137 vehicle load spectrum (such as gravel pavement), gravel pavement load spectrum is 138 shown in Figure 7, for this kind of pavement according to the level of random pavement reconstruction, and the reconstruction accuracy is analyzed, to ensure that the pavement spectrum structure is basically the same, gravel pavement is shown in Figure 10(c).”) is too long and totally unclear. Please break it up into a few sentences.
Comment 6:
Line 148- Figure 10 (d) does not show the load spectrum, but the layout of the section of the Belgian pavement. “The load spectrum of Belgian pavement is 147 shown in Figure 8, and the load spectrum of Belgian pavement is shown in Figure 10(d).”
Comment 7:
Please describe figure 7 in the text.
Comment 8:
What do lines A to F in figure 13 represent?
Comment 9:
Is the twisted pavement type shown in Figure 15 really? Or is a cross-section shown?
Comment 10:
If possible, figures 16 and 23 could be of higher quality.
Comment 11:
Lines 334 and 335- Not a complete sentence “can be directly modeled, and the typical deterministic three-dimensional virtual pavement reconstruction map is Figure 24.” It should probably say" is shown in Figure 24.
Comment 12:
Line 361- The excess is one point –“ Figure.25.”.
Comment 13:
Lines 367, 368 and 369 – Unclear sentence. The authors started one sentence, then stopped writing and then started another sentence. “Random pavement According to the above modeling analysis method, according to the measured pavement parameters, generate a highly relevant reconstruction of the virtual pavement.”
Comment 14:
Please expand the literature review.
Comment 15:
Please pay attention to the description of the pictures and describe them in more detail so that they are more understandable.
Comment 16:
Add more reference details such as access links or doi numbers. Most of the references you listed are from Chinese authors, so please expand the list of references with authors from other countries.
Author Response
Dear Editors and Reviewers,
Thank you for your letter and for the reviewers' comments concerning our manuscript entitled “Three-Dimensional Modeling and Analysis of Virtual Test Pavements for Automotive Test Sites”. Those comments are all valuable and very helpful for revising and improving our paper, as well as the important guiding significance to our researches. We have studied comments carefully and have made correction which we hope meet with approval. Revised portion are marked in Red in the paper. The responds to the reviewers' comments are as following:
Reviewer#1
The experiment was well designed. The big problem with scientific paper is that the sentences are quite unclear. I mean that they are too long and interrupted with some concepts.
Comment 1: Line 10- “The three – dimensional” instead “The-Three”.
Response: Thanks for your suggestion, we have changed “The-Three-dimensional” to “The three-dimensional” in the paper.
Comment 2: Please describe figure 2 in the text.
Response: Thanks for your suggestion, we have described figure 2 as follows:
“From the frequency domain structure, the pavement elevation information is mainly composed of high frequency signal and low frequency signal. The small waveform and wavelength less than the measured vehicle wheelbase are high frequency signals, which are caused by the low amplitude and high frequency fluctuations of the pavement. The geometry presents a small waveform, and the wavelength is generally less than 100 mm. The large waveform and wavelength larger than the vehicle wheelbase are low frequency signals, which are caused by the high amplitude and low frequency fluctuations of the pavement. The geometry presents a large waveform, and the wavelength is generally greater than 1000 mm. The pavement waveform division diagram is shown in Figure 2.”
Comment 3: If possible, figures 3 and 4 could be of higher quality.
Response: Thanks for your suggestion, we have improved the quality of figure 3 and 4.
Comment 4: Figure 4- Maybe it's better to say “test pavement section” instead of “test pavement map”.
Response: Thanks for your suggestion, we have changed “test pavement map” to “test pavement section” in the paper.
Comment 5: Line 137- The sentence (“Some random pavement load spectrum has a great influence on the distribution of 137 vehicle load spectrum (such as gravel pavement), gravel pavement load spectrum is 138 shown in Figure 7, for this kind of pavement according to the level of random pavement reconstruction, and the reconstruction accuracy is analyzed, to ensure that the pavement spectrum structure is basically the same, gravel pavement is shown in Figure 10(c).”) is too long and totally unclear. Please break it up into a few sentences.
Response: Thanks for your suggestion, we have modified it in the paper. The modified sentences are as follows:
“Some random pavement (such as gravel pavement) load spectrum has a great influence on the distribution of vehicle load spectrum. Gravel pavement load spectrum is shown in Figure 7. Random pavement reconstruction is used for this type of pavement according to the level, and the reconstruction accuracy is analyzed to ensure that the pavement spectrum structure is basically the same. Gravel pavement is shown in Figure 10(c).”
Comment 6: Line 148- Figure 10 (d) does not show the load spectrum, but the layout of the section of the Belgian pavement. “The load spectrum of Belgian pavement is 147 shown in Figure 8, and the load spectrum of Belgian pavement is shown in Figure 10(d).”
Response: Thanks for your suggestion, we have modified it in the paper: “Belgian pavement is shown in Figure 10(d).”
Comment 7: Please describe figure 7 in the text.
Response: Thanks for your suggestion, we have described Figure 7 as follows:
“As shown in Figure 7, the load spectrum of gravel pavement not only shows random variation on the whole road with a length of 4km, but also has serious amplitude fluctuation, which is a typical random signal. This is related to the simulation target and road structure of the gravel pavement. This type of pavement mainly simulates the temporary pavement in the gobi and rural areas. The pavement is scattered with random raised sand and gravel. The load spectrum data curve has a great influence on the vehicle structure.”
Comment 8: What do lines A to F in figure 13 represent?
Response: Thanks for your suggestion, we have explained the meaning of lines A to F in Figure 13.
“According to the power spectral density and root mean square value of pavement unevenness under the reference spatial frequency, the pavement is divided into eight grades. Each grade is expressed in alphabet A ~ H from high to low. The pavement condition of grade A is the best and the road is the most stable. From A to H, the pavement grade decreases in turn, and the pavement condition gradually deteriorates, as shown in Table 1.”
|
Grade |
||
|
A |
16 |
3.81 |
|
B |
64 |
7.62 |
|
C |
256 |
15.23 |
|
D |
1024 |
30.45 |
|
E |
4096 |
60.90 |
|
F |
16384 |
121.80 |
|
G |
65536 |
246.61 |
|
H |
262144 |
487.22 |
Comment 9: Is the twisted pavement type shown in Figure 15 really? Or is a cross-section shown?
Response: Thanks for your suggestion, we have modified the title of Figure 15 to “Longitudinal section of twisted road diagram.” and added an image of twisted pavement to improve the expression effect.
Figure 16. Twisted road diagram.
Comment 10: If possible, figures 16 and 23 could be of higher quality.
Response: Thanks for your suggestion, this paper uses MATLAB / GUI to realize three-dimensional reconstruction in order to obtain pavement data. Therefore, relevant work is not carried out in depth in terms of rendering figures.
Comment 11: Lines 334 and 335- Not a complete sentence “can be directly modeled, and the typical deterministic three-dimensional virtual pavement reconstruction map is Figure 24.” It should probably say" is shown in Figure 24.
Response: Thanks for your suggestion, we have modified it in the paper.
“According to the design parameters of the test pavement, the deterministic pavement can be directly modeled, and the typical deterministic three-dimensional virtual pavement reconstruction map is shown in Figure 25.”
Comment 12: Line 361- The excess is one point – “Figure.25.”.
Response: Thanks for your suggestion, we have deleted extra points in the corresponding position.
Comment 13: Lines 367, 368 and 369 – Unclear sentence. The authors started one sentence, then stopped writing and then started another sentence. “Random pavement According to the above modeling analysis method, according to the measured pavement parameters, generate a highly relevant reconstruction of the virtual pavement.”
Response: Thanks for your suggestion, we have modified it in the paper. The modified sentences are as follows:
“The random pavement is modeled and analyzed as described above to generate a very high correlation reconstructed virtual pavement based on the measured road parameters.”
Comment 14: Please expand the literature review.
Response: Thanks for your suggestion, we have added the following review in the paper.
“Sun, C.Z. et al. established a high-frequency tire model, and used laser scanning to obtain a 3D digital pavement, and proposed a virtual road spectrum dynamic response analysis and durability evaluation method for the complete transfer path of the pavement-tire-suspension-vehicle body [8]. Based on the 3D digital pavement simulation decomposition load spectrum method, Dong, G.J et al. simulated the driving state of the vehicle under the condition of strengthening the pavement in the test sites, which provided a reference for the subsequent fatigue durability analysis [9]. Rong, B. et al. analyzed the fatigue damage of chassis components based on the simulation load spectrum of virtual pavement [10]. Hong et al. also applied the virtual road spectrum to the road simulation experiment of the suspension bench, which expanded the application of virtual test sites technology in fatigue durability analysis [28]. Feri et al. extracted potential features from 2D pavement images for permeable pavement, and generated 3D microstructure images based on 3D-IDWGAN, which improved the model quality of 3D digital pavement [26]. Ahmed et al. proposed a 3D reconstruction algorithm based on motion structure and a method of generating 3D point cloud of pits by laser triangulation for pavement detection and evaluation [27].”
“Pavement roughness is an important parameter to determine the quality of the road, which has a direct impact on the vehicles' grip and anti-skid performance, and is an important factor in the vehicle reliability driving experiment [24].”
Comment 15: Please pay attention to the description of the pictures and describe them in more detail so that they are more understandable.
Response: Thanks for your suggestion, we have added the following description to Figure 2:
“From the frequency domain structure, the pavement elevation information is mainly composed of high frequency signal and low frequency signal. The small waveform and wavelength less than the measured vehicle wheelbase are high frequency signals, which are caused by the low amplitude and high frequency fluctuations of the pavement. The geometry presents a small waveform, and the wavelength is generally less than 100 mm. The large waveform and wavelength larger than the vehicle wheelbase are low frequency signals, which are caused by the high amplitude and low frequency fluctuations of the pavement. The geometry presents a large waveform, and the wavelength is generally greater than 1000 mm. The pavement waveform division diagram is shown in Figure 2.”
The following description is added to Figure 7:
“As shown in Figure 7, the load spectrum of gravel pavement not only shows random variation on the whole road with a length of 4km, but also has serious amplitude fluctuation, which is a typical random signal. This is related to the simulation target and road structure of the gravel pavement. This type of pavement mainly simulates the temporary pavement in the gobi and rural areas. The pavement is scattered with random raised sand and gravel. The load spectrum data curve has a great influence on the vehicle structure.”
The following description is added to Figure 13:
“According to the power spectral density and root mean square value of pavement roughness under the reference spatial frequency, the pavement is divided into eight grades. Each grade is expressed in alphabet A ~ H from high to low. The pavement condition of grade A is the best and the road is the most stable. From A to H, the pavement grade decreases in turn, and the pavement condition gradually deteriorates.”
Comment 16: Add more reference details such as access links or doi numbers. Most of the references you listed are from Chinese authors, so please expand the list of references with authors from other countries.
Response: Thanks for your suggestion, we have supplemented the doi number of the references, and the references of authors from other countries as follows:
[8] Babu; S. V. Baumgartner; G. Krieger. Approaches for Road Surface Roughness Estimation Using Airborne Polarimetric SAR. J. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, 2022, 15, 3444-3462, DOI: 10.1109/JSTARS.2022.3170073.
[12] Hong, H. J.; Strumpfer, S. D. Virtual road load data acquisition for twist axle rear suspension. C. SAE World Congress & Exhibition. Detroit, 2011, DOI: 10.4271/2011-01-0026.
[13] L. E. Feri; J. Ahn, S. Lutfillohonov, et al. A three-dimensional microstructure reconstruction framework for permeable pavement analysis based on 3d-iwgan with enhanced gradient penalty. J. Sensors, 2021, 21(11), DOI: 10.3390/s21113603.
[14] 艾哈迈德;M.阿什法克;M. U. Ulhaq， et al.坑洼3D重建与运动技术的新型成像系统和结构。J. IEEE 智能交通系统学报， 2022， 23（5）， 4685-4694， DOI： 10.1109/TITS.2021.3054026.
[16] 勒;P. T. Nguyen.使用虚拟原型技术对座椅悬架系统进行动态仿真。先进机械设计，系统与制造学报，2017，11（5），DOI：10.1299/jamdsm.2017jamdsm0056。
Author Response File: 
Author Response.docx
Reviewer 2 Report
This is very nice papery. But I have some questions for the authors:
1) You show methods for longitudinal and transverse measurement flatness; after that, you create the virtual model. It is ok for the first layer, but you couldn`t show the model of a second and third layer
2) In chapter 5, you write about the reconstruction of virtual test pavement, but that is the reconstruction only for the first layer, not other layers. The reasons are you don`t use the FWD to put those data for analysis in your virtual model
3) In chapter 7, put one sentence this model is ok for the first layer, and it`s ok, but we don`t use this model for other lower layers.
You must know if you use FWD every 10 m to give better results and a better picture of testing pavement construction. It is true of this model and for this paper. If you want to use this model for other layers, consider using FWD to see the results of the additional layer and put in some calculations to see the modules of elasticity for each layer. After that, you can model reconstruction for all pavement construction.
Author Response
Reviewer#2
Comment 1: You show methods for longitudinal and transverse measurement flatness; after that, you create the virtual model. It is ok for the first layer, but you couldn`t show the model of a second and third layer.
Response: Thanks for your suggestion. This paper is to establish “virtual test pavements of automotive test sites”. The purpose is to provide simulation analysis basis for reliability evaluation of design schemes of military and civil vehicles in the research and development stage. The test sites have high-speed ring roads, mountain pavements, gravel pavements, off-road pavements, and special reliability pavements with fixed pavement shapes (such as: stone pavements, pebble pavements, fish scale pit pavements, washboard pavements, twisted pavements, concave and convex pavements, Belgian pavements, etc.), providing test pavement conditions with various pavement characteristics, and verifying whether the driving reliability or durability of the car meets the design requirements. It is not used to study the mechanical properties or damage evolution mechanism of pavement. Therefore, when the model is established, only the pavement unevenness is considered, and the mechanical properties of the pavement and subgrade are not considered.
Comment 2: In chapter 5, you write about the reconstruction of virtual test pavement, but that is the reconstruction only for the first layer, not other layers. The reasons are you don`t use the FWD to put those data for analysis in your virtual model.
Response: Thanks for your suggestion. The virtual test sites established in this paper is used to evaluate the reliability and durability of the vehicle in the scheme design stage, and is applied to the vehicle dynamics model in the form of geometric boundary conditions. Considering that the elastic deformation of the pavement is much smaller than the pavement unevenness, in order to improve the efficiency of simulation analysis, the vehicle-road coupling effect is ignored, and the mechanical properties of the pavement and subgrade are not considered.
Comment 3: In chapter 7, put one sentence this model is ok for the first layer, and it`s ok, but we don`t use this model for other lower layers.
Response: Thanks for your suggestion, we have added the following description in the conclusion part:
“Special statement: When using the three-dimensional virtual pavement model established in this paper to simulate the vehicle reliability driving test, the elastic deformation caused by pavement and subgrade is not considered.”
Comment4: You must know if you use FWD every 10 m to give better results and a better picture of testing pavement construction. It is true of this model and for this paper. If you want to use this model for other layers, consider using FWD to see the results of the additional layer and put in some calculations to see the modules of elasticity for each layer. After that, you can model reconstruction for all pavement construction.
Response: Thank the experts for professional advice on pavement characteristics, so that I have a further understanding of the pavement model, and provide ideas and directions for the next work. The purpose of this paper is mainly to test the influence of the pavements on the vehicle structure, without considering the effect of the vehicle on the pavements. Therefore, the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) is not used for measurement, and only the inertial measurement of the pavement elevation laser scanning equipment is used to focus on solving the pavement roughness parameter acquisition and reconstruction work.
Author Response File: Author Response.docx
Reviewer 3 Report
The aims of the study are clear and explicit. In general, the work is coherent, consistent and easy to follow. The abstract is representative of the work presented. The different stages of the research and the method of the tests are logical, well-expressed and understandable. The conclusion of the results is clear, consequent and follow logically form the text.
Author Response
Reviewer#3
Comment: The aims of the study are clear and explicit. In general, the work is coherent, consistent and easy to follow. The abstract is representative of the work presented. The different stages of the research and the method of the tests are logical, well-expressed and understandable. The conclusion of the results is clear, consequent and follow logically form the text.
Response: Thank the experts for the evaluation of the paper. We improve the language expression in the paper, split the sentences which are long and difficult to understand, so that you can understand the paper more easily. We also added descriptions of the figures and supplemented a chart. Finally, we also supplemented the DOI number information of the references, some foreign authors' literature, and added some explanations and literature reviews to make the paper more complete.
We tried our best to improve the manuscript by making some corrections. Surely these corrections abided by the advice of reviewers. We really hope that they can obtain the approval of the academic editor and reviewers. Finally, we greatly appreciate for the editors and reviewers' warm work for my paper, and thanks again for the comments.
Author Response File: Author Response.docx
Round 2
Reviewer 1 Report
Dear Authors,
You have implemented most of my suggestions. What is still noticeable is that there are some illogicalities in the text and names of the pictures. The list and review of the literature is not too extended as I told you in the previous review. Additional recommendations for improving paper are:
· Improve figure quality if possible (Figure 2)
· Improve the literature review and expand the list of references
· Figure 16- The fifure does not show the diagram of the twisted road, but the appearance of the twisted road.
Author Response
Dear Editors and Reviewer,
Thank you for your letter and for the reviewers' comments concerning our manuscript entitled “Three-Dimensional Modeling and Analysis of Virtual Test Pavements for Automotive Test Sites”. Those comments are all valuable and very helpful for revising and improving our paper, as well as the important guiding significance to our researches. We have studied comments carefully and have made correction which we hope meet with approval. Revised portion are marked in Red in the paper. The responds to the reviewers' comments are as following:
Reviewer#1
Dear Authors,
You have implemented most of my suggestions. What is still noticeable is that there are some illogicalities in the text and names of the pictures. The list and review of the literature is not too extended as I told you in the previous review. Additional recommendations for improving paper are:
Comment 1: Improve figure quality if possible (Figure 2)
Response: Thanks for your suggestion. The quality of Figure 2 has been improved as follows：
Figure 2. Pavement waveform division diagram.
Comment 2: Improve the literature review and expand the list of references
Response: Thanks for your suggestion. The literature review has been improved and the list of references has been supplemented as follows:
[12] Feri et al. extracted potential features from 2D pavement images for permeable pavement, and generated 3D microstructure images based on 3D-IDWGAN, which improved the model quality of 3D digital pavement
[13] Ahmed et al. proposed a 3D reconstruction algorithm based on motion structure and a method of generating 3D point cloud of pits by laser triangulation for pavement detection and evaluation .
[14] Choi et al. achieved more accurate measurement of the road surface by installing a line laser sensor on the vehicle and can measure lateral and longitudinal profile data of obstacles by matching position information
[15] Lukosevicius et al. developed a refined dynamic model of vehicle stability that evaluates the influence of tire tread and suspensions. And then investigate the effects of road unevenness and vehicle parameters on vehicle directional stability, which can accurately capture the effects of road roughness, vehicle suspension and body movements on vehicle stability [15]. Obtaining accurate and reliable test pavement information and establishing the corresponding mathematical model, and truly reproducing the three-dimensional virtual pavement has become the key to the virtual simulation research of vehicle reliability driving test.
- Feri, L. E.; Ahn, J.; Lutfillohonov, S., et al. A three-dimensional microstructure reconstruction framework for permeable pavement analysis based on 3d-iwgan with enhanced gradient penalty. J. Sensors, 2021, 21(11), DOI: 10.3390/s21113603.
- Ahmed, A.; Ashfaque, M.; Ulhaq, M. U., et al. Pothole 3D reconstruction with a novel imaging system and structure from motion techniques. J. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2022, 23(5), 4685-4694, DOI: 10.1109/TITS.2021.3054026.
- Choi, S.; Kim, S.; Taesik, K., et al. Implementation of 3D road surface monitoring system for vehicle based on line laser. J. The Journal of The Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication, 2020, 20(6): 101-107, DOI: 10.7236/JIIBC.2020.20.6.101.
- Lukosevicius, V.; Makaras, R.; Darguzis, A. Assessment of tire features for modeling vehicle stability in case of vertical road excitation. J. Applied Sciences-Basel, 2021, 11(14): 6608, DOI: 10.3390/app11146608.
Comment 3: Figure 16- The fifure does not show the diagram of the twisted road, but the appearance of the twisted road.
Response: Thanks for your suggestion. The Figure 16 has been replaced to express more clearly
Author Response File: 
Author Response.pdf
