Sustainability Assessment of Coffee Silverskin Waste Management in the Metropolitan City of Naples (Italy): A Life Cycle Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
2.1.1. Goal and Scope Definition
BaU Scenario
Alternative Scenario
2.1.2. Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)
BaU scenario | |||
Pre-treatment | |||
Inputs | Unit | Amount | References 1 |
Coffee Silverskin (CS) | ton | 1.00 × 100 | |
Pneumatic conveying system | [70,71], A | ||
Steel | kg | 3.00 × 10−2 | |
Steel working | kg | 3.00 × 10−2 | |
Aluminium | kg | 3.00 × 10−2 | |
Aluminium working | kg | 3.00 × 10−2 | |
Electricity, medium voltage {IT} | kWh | 3.00 × 100 | |
Pelletizer | P, A, [77] | ||
Steel | kg | 2.20 × 10−1 | |
Steel working | kg | 2.20 × 10−1 | |
Iron | kg | 1.00 × 10−1 | |
Iron working | kg | 1.00 × 10−1 | |
Electricity, medium voltage {IT} | kWh | 1.00 × 102 | |
Tap water | ton | 8.00 × 10−3 | P |
Big Bags | [72], P | ||
Polypropylene, granulate | kg | 3.60 × 100 | |
Polypropylene Injection moulding | kg | 3.60 × 100 | |
Scaffold for Big Bag | [73], A | ||
Steel | kg | 1.30 × 10−1 | |
Steel working | kg | 1.30 × 10−1 | |
Electric Forklift | [74], P, A | ||
Steel | kg | 7.80 × 10−1 | |
Steel working | kg | 7.80 × 10−1 | |
Aluminium | kg | 9.00 × 10−2 | |
Aluminium working | kg | 9.00 × 10−2 | |
Battery cell, Li-ion | kg | 2.90 × 10−1 | |
Electricity, medium voltage {IT} | kWh | 8.52 × 100 | |
Outputs | |||
Coffee Silverskin (CS) | ton | 1.00 × 100 | |
Treatment (Composting) | |||
Inputs | Unit | Amount | References 1 |
Coffee Silverskin (CS) | ton | 1.00 × 100 | |
Transport | tkm | 1.34 × 102 | |
Composting | ton | 1.00 × 100 | EcoInvent v.3.8 |
Outputs | |||
Compost | kg | 5.00 × 102 | |
Avoided Products | |||
Synthetic N fertilizer | kg | 6.00 × 100 | [75] |
Synthetic K fertilizer (as K2O) | kg | 3.50 × 100 | [75] |
Synthetic P fertilizer (as P2O5) | kg | 2.50 × 100 | [75] |
Alternative scenario | |||
Pre-treatment | |||
Inputs 2 | Unit | Amount | References 1 |
Big Bags | [72], P | ||
Polypropylene, granulate | kg | 1.80 × 10−1 | |
Polypropylene Injection molding | kg | 1.80 × 10−1 | |
Treatment (transformation into a functional ingredient) | |||
Inputs | |||
Coffee Silverskin (CS) | ton | 1.00 × 100 | |
Transport to the Bakery | tkm | 2.80 × 102 | |
Sterilizer | [78] | ||
Steel | kg | 5.07 × 100 | |
Steel working | kg | 5.07 × 100 | |
Electricity, medium voltage {IT} | kWh | 8.20 × 102 | |
Gravimetric destoner | [79] | ||
Steel | kg | 7.00 × 10−2 | |
Steel working | kg | 7.00 × 10−2 | |
Electricity, medium voltage {IT} | kWh | 2.67 × 100 | |
Waste transport | tkm | 7.85 × 100 | |
Plastic basin | [80] | ||
PolyEthylene (PE) | kg | 5.00 × 10−2 | |
PE working (injection moulding) | kg | 5.00 × 10−2 | |
Tap water | ton | 9.50 × 10−1 | A |
Professional oven | p | 7.53 × 10−5 | EcoInvent v3.8 |
Electricity, medium voltage {IT} | kWh | 2.69 × 102 | |
Homogenizer | [81], P | ||
Steel | kg | 2.60 × 10−1 | |
Steel working | kg | 2.60 × 10−1 | |
Electricity, medium voltage {IT} | kWh | 8.55 × 100 | |
Outputs | |||
Functional ingredient | ton | 9.50 × 10−1 | |
Solid waste | A | ||
Incineration | ton | 2.50 × 10−2 | |
Landfill | ton | 2.50 × 10−2 | |
Wastewater | ton | 9.50 × 10−1 | A |
Avoided Products | |||
Wheat flour | ton | 9.50 × 10−10 |
2.1.3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
2.2. Life Cycle Costing (LCC)
- The cost estimate of the pneumatic conveying system was made assuming a purchase cost of 1000 €, a 15-year lifetime, and a productivity of 20 tons of CS per year.
- Maintenance costs were always considered equal to 3% of the purchase cost.
- Personnel costs were calculated considering a net salary of 1400 €/month, as indicated by the coffee company, and assuming a gross cost equal to 210% of the net one [92], 168 working hours per month (40 h a week) [93], and 1.58 h (95 min) of total work for managing 1 ton of CS, with 1.42 h (85.2 min) allocated to handling the big bags with the electric forklift.
- The increase in the cost of baked products following enrichment with CS was considered equal to 20% (preliminary estimate provided by the bakery testing the valorization of CS as a functional ingredient on a pilot scale).
3. Results
3.1. Life Cycle Assessment
3.1.1. BaU Scenario
3.1.2. Alternative Scenario
3.2. Life Cycle Costing
3.2.1. Internal Costs
3.2.2. External Costs (Externalities)
4. Discussion
4.1. Discussion of Results from Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Comparisons between the BaU and Alternative Scenarios
4.2. Discussion of Results from Life Cycle Costing (LCC)
4.3. General Considerations Based on LCT Results
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations:
Acronym | Definition |
AC | Acidification |
AR | Abiotic Resources |
ARPAC | Campania Regional Agency for the Protection of the Environment |
AW | Access to Water |
BaU | Business as Usual |
BD | Biodiversity |
CBE | Circular Bioeconomy |
CC | Climate Change |
CE | Circular Economy |
cLCC | conventional LCC |
CS | Coffee Silverskin |
EC | European Commission |
EF | Eutrophication Freshwater |
eLCC | environmental LCC |
ELU | Environmental Load Unit |
EM | Eutrophication Marine |
EPS | Environmental Priority Strategies |
ES | Ecosystem Services |
ET | Eutrophication, Terrestrial |
EU | European Union |
FU | Functional Unit |
HH | Human Health |
HTc | Human toxicity, cancer |
HTnc | Human toxicity, non-cancer |
ILCD | International Reference Life Cycle Data System |
LCA | Life Cycle Assessment |
LCC | Life Cycle Costing |
LCI | Life Cycle Inventory |
LCIA | Life Cycle Impact Assessment |
LCT | Life Cycle Thinking |
MCN | Metropolitan City of Naples |
OD | Ozone depletion |
OECD | Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development |
OFMSW | Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste |
PEF | Product Environmental Footprint |
PM | Particulate matter |
POF | Photochemical ozone formation |
RUF | Resource use, fossils |
RUM | Resource use, minerals and metals |
WU | Water use |
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Item | Internal Cost (€) | Reference 1 |
---|---|---|
Pre-treatment | ||
Pneumatic conveying system | A, [89] | |
Machinery (purchase) | 3.33 | |
Electricity | 0.10 | |
Maintenance | 0.10 | |
Pelletizer | [89,90] | |
Machinery (purchase) | 0.58 | |
Electricity | 3.27 | |
Maintenance | 0.02 | |
Water | 0.00145 | [91] |
Big bag for CS collection | 7.85 | P |
Steel scaffold for big bag | 1.50 | [73] |
Electric forklift | P, [89] | |
Machinery (purchase) | 2.79 | |
Electricity | 0.28 | |
Maintenance | 0.08 | |
Personnel | 27.65 | P, [92,93] |
Total cost for BaU Pre-Treatment | 47.55 | |
Treatment (disposal through composting) | ||
Disposal of CS through the public service for composting | 400.00 | P |
Total cost for BaU Treatment | 400.00 |
Composting Plant | ||
---|---|---|
Item | Internal Cost (€) | Reference |
Composting of 1 ton of CS [2] | 91.50 | [2] |
Selling price of 0.5 ton of compost [94] | −3.00 | [94] |
Net INTERNAL COSTS for the Composting plant | 88.5 |
Item | Internal Cost (€) | Reference 1 |
---|---|---|
Coffee company | ||
Pre-treatment (as in Table 2, excluding big bags) | 39.70 | |
Big bag for CS collection | 0.39 | P |
Analyses | 80.00 | P |
Transport to the bakery | 70.00 | P |
Total cost for coffee company | 190.09 | |
Bakery | ||
Analyses | 80.00 | P |
Sterilizer | 2.67 | A, [89] |
Sterilizer Electricity | 268.39 | |
Destoner | 1.16 | P, [89] |
Destoner Electricity | 0.87 | |
Destoner Waste | 20.00 | |
Basin | 0.50 | A, [91] |
Water | 0.18 | |
Oven | 9.71 | P, [89] |
Oven Electricity | 88.10 | |
Homogenizer | 3.96 | P, [89] |
Homogenizer Electricity | 2.80 | |
Maintenance | 0.52 | A |
Personnel | 3622.80 | P, [92,93] |
Total cost for bakery | 4101.66 | |
Savings on the purchase of wheat flour | −1330.00 | P |
Additional revenues | 30,400.00 | P |
Impact Category | Unit | Total 1 | Pre-Treatment | Treatment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acidification | mol H+ eq. 2 | 3.29 × 100 | 4.12 × 10−1 | 3.61 × 100 |
Climate change | kg CO2 eq. 3 | 2.36 × 102 | 6.61 × 101 | 2.78 × 102 |
Particulate matter | disease inc. 4 | 3.41 × 10−5 | 2.15 × 10−6 | 3.68 × 10−5 |
Eutrophication, marine | kg N eq. 5 | 5.32 × 10−1 | 5.71 × 10−2 | 5.75 × 10−1 |
Eutrophication, freshwater | kg P eq. 5 | 1.68 × 10−2 | 2.26 × 10−2 | 2.72 × 10−2 |
Eutrophication, terrestrial | mol N eq. 6 | 1.43 × 101 | 5.90 × 10−1 | 1.50 × 101 |
Human toxicity, cancer | CTUh 7 | 8.63 × 10−8 | 6.76 × 10−8 | 1.14 × 10−7 |
Human toxicity, non-cancer | CTUh 7 | 1.09 × 10−6 | 9.76 × 10−7 | 1.63 × 10−6 |
Ozone depletion | kg CFC11 eq. 8 | 4.11 × 10−5 | 8.22 × 10−6 | 4.74 × 10−5 |
Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq. 9 | 1.81 × 100 | 1.83 × 10−1 | 1.91 × 100 |
Resource use, fossils | MJ | 2.86 × 103 | 1.16 × 103 | 3.61 × 103 |
Resource use, minerals and metals | kg Sb eq. 10 | 5.27 × 10−4 | 1.13 × 10−3 | 1.37 × 10−3 |
Water use | m3 depriv. 11 | 1.17 × 101 | 5.10 × 101 | 5.35 × 101 |
Impact Category | Unit | Total 1 | Pre-treatment | Treatment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acidification | mol H+ eq. 2 | −1.14 × 101 | 3.59 × 10−1 | 2.47 × 10−3 |
Climate change | kg CO2 eq. 3 | −2.50 × 102 | 5.41 × 101 | 5.30 × 10−1 |
Particulate matter | disease inc. 4 | −8.81 × 10−5 | 1.67 × 10−6 | 1.46 × 10−8 |
Eutrophication, marine | kg N eq. 5 | −8.21 × 100 | 4.70 × 10−2 | 5.01 × 10−4 |
Eutrophication, freshwater | kg P eq. 5 | −3.96 × 10−1 | 1.94 × 10−2 | 1.42 × 10−4 |
Eutrophication, terrestrial | mol N eq. 6 | −5.41 × 101 | 4.86 × 10−1 | 4.79 × 10−3 |
Human toxicity, cancer | CTUh 7 | −1.00 × 10−6 | 6.37 × 10−8 | 2.35 × 10−10 |
Human toxicity, non-cancer | CTUh 7 | −3.61 × 10−5 | 8.95 × 10−7 | 3.49 × 10−9 |
Ozone depletion | kg CFC11 eq. 8 | 2.59 × 10−5 | 7.68 × 10−6 | 8.15 × 10−8 |
Photochemical ozone formation | kg NMVOC eq. 9 | −1.99 × 100 | 1.45 × 10−1 | 1.36 × 10−3 |
Resource use, fossils | MJ | 2.50 × 103 | 8.33 × 102 | 7.93 × 100 |
Resource use, minerals and metals | kg Sb eq. 10 | −5.18 × 10−3 | 1.08 × 10−3 | 1.45 × 10−6 |
Water use | m3 depriv. 11 | −7.92 × 103 | 4.63 × 101 | 4.12 × 10−1 |
Safeguard Subject | Unit 1 | Total | Pre-Treatment | Treatment (Composting) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ecosystem services | ELU | 6.57 × 10−1 | 2.60 × 10−1 | 3.98 × 10−1 |
Access to water | ELU | 4.84 × 10−2 | 1.58 × 10−2 | 3.26 × 10−2 |
Biodiversity | ELU | 4.14 × 10−3 | 8.61 × 10−4 | 3.27 × 10−3 |
Human health | ELU | 4.13 × 101 | 1.14 × 101 | 2.99 × 101 |
Abiotic resources | ELU | 1.14 × 102 | 1.61 × 102 | −4.70 × 101 |
Total | ELU | 1.56 × 102 | 1.72 × 102 | −1.66 × 101 |
Safeguard Subject | Unit 1 | Total | Pre-Treatment | Treatment |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ecosystem services | ELU | −2.90 × 10−2 | 2.13 × 10−1 | −2.42 × 10−1 |
Access to water | ELU | −5.69 × 10−2 | 1.30 × 10−2 | −6.99 × 10−2 |
Biodiversity | ELU | −1.05 × 10−2 | 7.10 × 10−4 | −1.13 × 10−2 |
Human health | ELU | 1.29 × 10−2 | 1.72 × 10−3 | 1.12 × 10−2 |
Abiotic resources | ELU | −6.43 × 101 | 9.09 × 100 | −7.34 × 101 |
Total | ELU | −5.46 × 102 | 1.63 × 102 | −7.09 × 102 |
Category | Unit | BaU 1 | Alternative 1 |
---|---|---|---|
Net INTERNAL costs | €/ton | −447.6 | −199.1 |
Net EXTERNAL costs | €/ton | −155.8 | 545.8 |
Total | €/ton | −603.4 | 346.7 |
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Ansanelli, G.; Fiorentino, G.; Chifari, R.; Meisterl, K.; Leccisi, E.; Zucaro, A. Sustainability Assessment of Coffee Silverskin Waste Management in the Metropolitan City of Naples (Italy): A Life Cycle Perspective. Sustainability 2023, 15, 16281. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316281
Ansanelli G, Fiorentino G, Chifari R, Meisterl K, Leccisi E, Zucaro A. Sustainability Assessment of Coffee Silverskin Waste Management in the Metropolitan City of Naples (Italy): A Life Cycle Perspective. Sustainability. 2023; 15(23):16281. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316281
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnsanelli, Giuliana, Gabriella Fiorentino, Rosaria Chifari, Karin Meisterl, Enrica Leccisi, and Amalia Zucaro. 2023. "Sustainability Assessment of Coffee Silverskin Waste Management in the Metropolitan City of Naples (Italy): A Life Cycle Perspective" Sustainability 15, no. 23: 16281. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316281