Solar Energy Utilization Potential in Urban Residential Blocks: A Case Study of Wuhan, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Thinking and Methodologies
2.1. Framework Ideas
2.2. Sample Selection and Analysis
2.3. Model Creation and Parameter Setting
- (1)
- Meteorological file settings, specifically climatic conditions, play a pivotal role in determining the available solar radiation resources. This study conducted experiments to evaluate different meteorological files, and the findings indicated that the radiation values simulated using the CSWD meteorological file were closely aligned with the measured values. Consequently, in this study, the CSWD meteorological file was selected as the preferred choice [35];
- (2)
- Regarding the run cycle setting, it is essential to note that the final radiation value obtained in this study represents the annual average. Therefore, the simulation cycle spans one year, encompassing the period from 1 January to 31 December.
2.4. Calculated Analysis of the Solar Energy Potential
2.4.1. Calculation of the Solar Radiation Thresholds and Radiation Potential
- (1)
- Solar radiation threshold
- (2)
- Solar radiation potential
2.4.2. BIPV Calculation Analysis
- (1)
- BIPV installation potential
- (2)
- BIPV installation ratio
- (3)
- BIPV power generation potential
2.4.3. SWH Calculations
- (1)
- SWH Installation Potential
- (2)
- SWH heating
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Solar Radiation Values
3.1.1. Calculations of Solar Radiation in Residential Blocks
3.1.2. Solar Radiation Potential
3.1.3. BIPV Installation Ratio
3.1.4. BIPV Installation Potential and BIPV Power Generation Potential
3.2. Parameter Patterns Influencing the BIPV Utilization Potential in Residential Block
3.3. SWH Calculations
3.3.1. SWH Installation Potential
3.3.2. SWH Quantity
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Residential block layouts of various configurations exhibit distinct characteristics concerning their solar radiation potential, which can be quantified based on the proportion of the annual cumulative solar radiation values that exceed a specified threshold on building surfaces. Specifically, LFARLD residential blocks exhibited an overall solar radiation potential of 61%, with rooftops contributing 66% of this potential. HFARHD blocks exhibited an overall solar radiation potential of 70%, of which 71% was attributed to the façade. In contrast, MFARHD residential blocks showed a lower solar radiation potential, with 55% attributed to low-rise buildings and 51% to the façade. This phenomenon arises from the escalation in the building height, which fosters greater inter-building shading. When coupled with the natural attenuation of solar radiation on vertical surfaces, this leads to a reduction in the surface area exposed to solar radiation exceeding the threshold value.
- (2)
- When considering the factors influencing solar energy installation, it was evident that parameters such as FAR, BD, and ABH exert the most significant influences on the solar energy potential of the residential block. Their correlations with the overall solar energy potential of the entire floor area attained values of 75%, 71%, and 75%, respectively. Moreover, the correlation between the building SL and the solar energy potential was estimated to be 50%, with the row-type layout demonstrating the highest solar energy potential. It was evident that optimizing parameters such as the floor area ratio, building density, average building height, and building layout can lead to the maximization of the BIPV installation potential, BIPV installation ratio, and BIPV power generation potential.
- (3)
- In the context of the solar BIPV installation potential, HFARLD row-type residential blocks exhibited the highest BIPV potential among the high-rise residential blocks, closely followed by the MFARLD blocks. It is essential to emphasize that, with regard to the BIPV installation potential, façades accounted for 80% of the overall residential block potential, whereas rooftops contributed only 20%. Both south and west façades exhibited a BIPV installation ratio of approximately 34%. In terms of the BIPV generation capacity, HFARLD residential areas possess the greatest potential, with MFARLD residential areas ranking second. Regarding BIPV generation, façades contributed significantly, accounting for 87% of the total BIPV potential within the residential block, while rooftops contributed merely 13%. Consequently, high-rise residential areas should focus not only on the comprehensive installation of BIPV modules on roofs but also on harnessing the development and utilization of the BIPV power generation potential offered by the building façades.
- (4)
- Concerning the installation potential of SWH, MFARLD residential blocks exhibited the highest installation potential, closely followed by HFARHD blocks. In terms of the heating area covered by SWH, the installation potential for SWH on façades accounted for 77% of the total residential area, whereas rooftops contributed 23%. The installation potential for SWH on the south façade was consistent at approximately 35% in both cases. Regarding the amount of hot water supplied by SWH, MFARLD residential blocks offer the largest volume of solar hot water, followed by HFARHD residential blocks. SWH covers a considerable portion of the hot water area, with SWH on façades contributing to 71% of the entire residential block area, while rooftops contribute 29%. Therefore, when implementing SWH in residential block designs, it is crucial to fully exploit the potential of SWH for supplying hot water on both the roofs and façades of residential blocks.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Habitat Category | Area/km2 | Percentage/% | Regional Description |
---|---|---|---|
LFARLD | 0.36 | 0.24 | Distributed along the lakeshore, characterized by a favorable ecological environment, and primarily comprising villa districts. |
LFARHD | 1.47 | 0.99 | Small, clustered groups, point distribution, concentrated in the historical city center of Wuchang and the Qing tai Annex community in Hanyang. These areas were constructed in the earlier years, exhibiting a high building density and a lower proportion of green spaces. |
MFARLD | 17.62 | 11.92 | Scattered distribution, primarily concentrated in the vicinity of Ink Lake and South Lake, mainly comprising newer residential blocks characterized by a higher-quality living environment. |
MFARHD | 13.73 | 9.28 | Circular and ribbon-like distribution patterns prevail, with circular layouts being predominant in Hankou and ribbon-like configurations occurring along the Second Ring Road in Wuchang and Hanyang. The architectural typology is predominantly multi-rise, featuring a mix of high-rise structures. |
HFARLD | 30.11 | 20.36 | A clustered distribution is primarily observed in newly constructed residential blocks situated outside the Second Ring Road. These areas predominantly consist of high-rise buildings arranged in a point-like pattern, offering a superior living environment. |
HFARHD | 29.45 | 19.91 | It is distributed in a ring and belt configuration, characterized by low-rise, multi-rise, or high-rise building structures, featuring a high building density, high population density, and limited open spaces. |
Type of Space | Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | Case 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LFARLD | Residential Block Patterns | ||||
SL | combinatorial | determinant | faulty presentation | determinant | |
FAR | 1.34 | 1.14 | 1.36 | 1.37 | |
BD (%) | 16 | 14 | 19 | 17 | |
ABH (m) | 31 | 24 | 21 | 24 | |
LFARHD | Residential Block Patterns | ||||
SL | combinatorial | determinant | determinant | faulty presentation | |
FAR | 1.38 | 1.39 | 1.44 | 1.48 | |
BD (%) | 20 | 20 | 23 | 25 | |
ABH (m) | 15 | 21 | 49 | 12 | |
MFARLD | Residential Block Patterns | ||||
SL | combinatorial | faulty presentation | determinant | combinatorial | |
FAR | 2.37 | 1.93 | 2.28 | 1.69 | |
BD (%) | 16 | 18 | 17 | 11 | |
ABH (m) | 64 | 68 | 41 | 20 | |
MFARHD | Residential Block Patterns | ||||
SL | determinant | encompassing | combinatorial | encompassing | |
FAR | 2.37 | 2.3 | 2.19 | 2.1 | |
BD (%) | 28 | 30 | 27 | 35 | |
ABH (m) | 31 | 27 | 114 | 18 | |
HFARLD | Residential Block Patterns | ||||
SL | determinant | encompassing | determinant | encompassing | |
FAR | 2.68 | 2.74 | 3.84 | 3.87 | |
BD (%) | 9 | 18 | 11 | 15 | |
ABH (m) | 117 | 57 | 125 | 117 | |
HFARHD | Residential Blocks Patterns | ||||
SL | encompassing | encompassing | determinant | determinant | |
FAR | 2.68 | 2.8 | 3.16 | 3.5 | |
BD (%) | 25 | 28 | 28 | 25 | |
ABH (m) | 24 | 36 | 33 | 46 |
Building Surface Radiation Potential (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of Space | Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | Case 4 | |
LFARLD | Roof | 56.1 | 118.2 | 58.2 | 49.7 |
South façade | 108.1 | 58.5 | 106.1 | 92.2 | |
North façade | 7.9 | 17.0 | 10.8 | 13.9 | |
West façade | 68.2 | 49.7 | 73.2 | 62.0 | |
East façade | 86.2 | 52.6 | 88.1 | 79.8 | |
LFARHD | Roof | 73.7 | 51.8 | 147.7 | 35.7 |
South facade | 115.1 | 73.6 | 69.4 | 121.8 | |
North facade | 4.7 | 31.6 | 12.8 | 17.5 | |
West facade | 105.3 | 65.1 | 68.5 | 108.2 | |
East facade | 70.9 | 48.3 | 73.7 | 108.2 | |
MFARLD | Roof | 86.9 | 34.6 | 20.3 | 50.2 |
South façade | 56.7 | 52.3 | 96.1 | 83.9 | |
North façade | 54.7 | 1.1 | 52.1 | 1.1 | |
West façade | 69.4 | 76.9 | 153.3 | 68.1 | |
East façade | 76.9 | 80.9 | 118.1 | 81.2 | |
MFARHD | Roof | 81.7 | 106.9 | 23.4 | 81.8 |
South façade | 55.1 | 32.1 | 148.8 | 28.9 | |
North façade | 26.7 | 14.5 | 41.3 | 16.4 | |
West façade | 71.5 | 41.9 | 87.3 | 28.4 | |
East façade | 103.9 | 43.5 | 111.6 | 26.5 | |
HFARLD | Roof | 49.3 | 100.0 | 58.9 | 100.0 |
South façade | 50.5 | 41.7 | 107.4 | 74.1 | |
North façade | 95.3 | 43.1 | 1.5 | 60.9 | |
West façade | 92.5 | 61.1 | 107.6 | 81.5 | |
East façade | 102.2 | 68.4 | 67.5 | 60.9 | |
HFARHD | Roof | 48.1 | 70.5 | 111.6 | 47.7 |
South façade | 73.1 | 57.9 | 61.2 | 113.4 | |
North façade | 35.9 | 70.3 | 6.4 | 32.2 | |
West façade | 75.1 | 100.2 | 67.6 | 95.8 | |
East façade | 102.4 | 117.2 | 67.5 | 106.1 |
BIPV Installation Ratio (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of Space | Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | Case 4 | |
LFARLD | Roof | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
South façade | 91.7 | 99.6 | 74.6 | 90.3 | |
North façade | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
West façade | 84.5 | 30.6 | 86.3 | 66.8 | |
East façade | 0.6 | 0.7 | 13.2 | 1.5 | |
LFARHD | Roof | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
South façade | 51.8 | 50.1 | 53.1 | 65.5 | |
North façade | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
West façade | 55.5 | 51.8 | 65.4 | 61.3 | |
East façade | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.4 | |
MFARLD | Roof | 98.9 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
South façade | 41.6 | 23.5 | 43.1 | 29.3 | |
North façade | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
West façade | 75.5 | 52.4 | 83.5 | 79.5 | |
East façade | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
MFARHD | Roof | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
South façade | 45.6 | 37.1 | 71.1 | 46.1 | |
North façade | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
West façade | 66.7 | 47.7 | 24.3 | 45.3 | |
East façade | 7.7 | 0.0 | 20.0 | 0.0 | |
HFARLD | Roof | 100.0 | 100.0 | 98.7 | 100.0 |
South façade | 25.1 | 58.9 | 57.0 | 45.2 | |
North façade | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
West façade | 53.2 | 46.9 | 54.0 | 53.8 | |
East façade | 0.2 | 0.3 | 5.0 | 0.0 | |
HFARHD | Roof | 97.8 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 98.9 |
South façade | 54.6 | 59.9 | 58.1 | 45.8 | |
North façade | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
West façade | 23.4 | 52.9 | 54.8 | 53.4 | |
East façade | 0.0 | 0.3 | 5.3 | 0.0 |
BIPV Installation Potential (m2) | BIPV Generation Potential (KWH/m2·y) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of Space | Case1 | Case2 | Case3 | Case4 | Case1 | Case2 | Case3 | Case4 | |
LFARLD | Roof | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 8.34 | 17.70 | 4.42 | 3.14 |
Façade | 0.36 | 0.28 | 0.36 | 0.24 | 11.33 | 52.18 | 53.12 | 34.66 | |
Residential block | 0.38 | 0.33 | 0.39 | 0.26 | 19.67 | 69.88 | 57.54 | 37.80 | |
LFARHD | Roof | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 5.85 | 4.56 | 28.31 | 3.47 |
Façade | 0.25 | 0.11 | 0.16 | 0.29 | 30.94 | 11.72 | 18.29 | 35.25 | |
Residential block | 0.29 | 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 36.79 | 16.28 | 46.60 | 38.72 | |
MFARLD | Roof | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 8.05 | 2.33 | 1.01 | 2.92 |
Façade | 0.12 | 0.22 | 0.33 | 0.36 | 12.12 | 22.55 | 35.68 | 46.58 | |
Residential block | 0.16 | 0.24 | 0.34 | 0.38 | 20.17 | 24.88 | 36.69 | 49.50 | |
MFARHD | Roof | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 10.86 | 31.90 | 2.05 | 17.68 |
Façade | 0.70 | 0.36 | 0.73 | 0.27 | 98.30 | 53.58 | 113.36 | 32.30 | |
Residential block | 0.77 | 0.47 | 0.75 | 0.36 | 109.16 | 85.48 | 115.41 | 49.98 | |
HFARLD | Roof | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 1.37 | 18.16 | 2.92 | 20.08 |
Façade | 1.08 | 0.94 | 1.37 | 1.46 | 189.22 | 143.11 | 216.75 | 248.87 | |
Residential block | 1.09 | 1.01 | 1.39 | 1.53 | 190.59 | 161.27 | 219.67 | 268.95 | |
HFARHD | Roof | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 5.53 | 7.75 | 22.47 | 5.23 |
Façade | 0.32 | 0.48 | 0.68 | 0.38 | 39.59 | 52.95 | 101.23 | 42.18 | |
Residential block | 0.36 | 0.54 | 0.78 | 0.42 | 45.12 | 60.70 | 123.70 | 47.41 |
Building Surface | FAR | BD | ABH | SL | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R2 | p | R2 | p | R2 | p | R2 | p | |
Roof | 0.949 | 0.026 | 0.758 | 0.129 | 0.289 | 0.463 | 0.259 | 0.281 |
Façade | 0.172 | 0.585 | 0.106 | 0.674 | 0.702 | 0.162 | 0.704 | 0.147 |
Residential block | 0.747 | 0.04 | 0.71 | 0.017 | 0.75 | 0.029 | 0.503 | 0.167 |
SWH Installation Potential (m2) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of Space | Case1 | Case2 | Case3 | Case4 | |
LFARLD | Roof | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.02 |
South façade | 0.21 | 0.02 | 0.40 | 0.03 | |
West façade | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.02 | |
East façade | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.02 | |
Residential block | 0.47 | 0.09 | 0.71 | 0.09 | |
LFARHD | Roof | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.03 |
South façade | 0.23 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.30 | |
West façade | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.07 | |
East façade | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.07 | |
Residential block | 0.4 | 0.19 | 0.31 | 0.47 | |
MFARLD | Roof | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
South façade | 0.67 | 0.84 | 0.29 | 0.24 | |
West façade | 0.78 | 0.99 | 0.10 | 0.04 | |
East façade | 0.86 | 1.06 | 0.15 | 0.06 | |
Residential block | 2.35 | 2.91 | 0.55 | 0.36 | |
MFARHD | Roof | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.09 |
South façade | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.19 | 0.09 | |
West façade | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.04 | |
East façade | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.05 | |
Residential block | 0.34 | 0.28 | 0.4 | 0.27 | |
HFARLD | Roof | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.07 |
South façade | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.23 | |
West façade | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.17 | |
East façade | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.13 | |
Residential block | 0.36 | 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.6 | |
HFARHD | Roof | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.04 |
South façade | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.05 | |
West façade | 0.09 | 0.41 | 0.09 | 0.01 | |
East façade | 0.06 | 0.35 | 0.09 | 0.02 | |
Residential block | 0.47 | 1.14 | 0.59 | 0.12 |
SWH Building Average Annual Water Heating (GWh/y) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of Space | Case 1 | Case 2 | Case 3 | Case 4 | |
LFARLD | Roof | 5.81 | 38.21 | 9.55 | 6.78 |
South façade | 81.17 | 9.43 | 171.25 | 14.12 | |
West façade | 31.21 | 4.28 | 45.87 | 7.54 | |
East façade | 48.40 | 4.43 | 58.03 | 8.64 | |
Residential block | 166.59 | 56.35 | 284.70 | 37.08 | |
LFARHD | Roof | 12.63 | 9.85 | 61.12 | 7.49 |
South façade | 89.45 | 27.18 | 39.51 | 121.55 | |
West façade | 18.58 | 21.87 | 17.85 | 26.64 | |
East façade | 24.86 | 9.55 | 14.80 | 26.65 | |
Residential block | 145.52 | 68.45 | 133.28 | 182.33 | |
MFARLD | Roof | 17.38 | 5.03 | 2.18 | 6.31 |
South façade | 233.07 | 240.10 | 99.36 | 96.94 | |
West façade | 299.96 | 329.86 | 43.57 | 14.50 | |
East façade | 349.13 | 361.22 | 56.74 | 23.80 | |
Residential block | 899.54 | 936.21 | 201.85 | 141.55 | |
MFARHD | Roof | 23.46 | 68.87 | 4.43 | 38.16 |
South façade | 28.61 | 25.40 | 78.80 | 24.25 | |
West façade | 25.31 | 14.32 | 35.19 | 10.72 | |
East façade | 33.82 | 18.22 | 28.59 | 13.13 | |
Residential block | 111.20 | 126.81 | 147.01 | 86.26 | |
HFARLD | Roof | 2.95 | 39.20 | 6.29 | 43.36 |
South façade | 64.21 | 38.60 | 88.53 | 87.47 | |
West façade | 35.53 | 45.34 | 63.32 | 68.00 | |
East façade | 41.68 | 40.53 | 30.05 | 44.95 | |
Residential block | 144.37 | 163.67 | 188.19 | 243.78 | |
HFARHD | Roof | 11.94 | 16.73 | 48.52 | 11.29 |
South façade | 100.06 | 83.91 | 108.39 | 20.80 | |
West façade | 38.39 | 179.68 | 33.02 | 3.80 | |
East façade | 21.71 | 119.32 | 32.99 | 8.02 | |
Residential block | 172.10 | 399.64 | 399.64 | 43.91 |
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Jin, S.; Zhang, H.; Huang, X.; Yan, J.; Yu, H.; Gao, N.; Jia, X.; Wang, Z. Solar Energy Utilization Potential in Urban Residential Blocks: A Case Study of Wuhan, China. Sustainability 2023, 15, 15988. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152215988
Jin S, Zhang H, Huang X, Yan J, Yu H, Gao N, Jia X, Wang Z. Solar Energy Utilization Potential in Urban Residential Blocks: A Case Study of Wuhan, China. Sustainability. 2023; 15(22):15988. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152215988
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Shiyu, Hui Zhang, Xiaoxi Huang, Junle Yan, Haibo Yu, Ningcheng Gao, Xueying Jia, and Zhengwei Wang. 2023. "Solar Energy Utilization Potential in Urban Residential Blocks: A Case Study of Wuhan, China" Sustainability 15, no. 22: 15988. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152215988