Sustainability of Informal Artisanal Mining in the Peruvian Andean Region
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results
Documentary Review
4. Interview and Discussion
4.1. The Social License and Agreements by Communal Assembly
- (a)
- A general meeting is called and the decision to approve the social license and use of easement for the beginning of exploration and exploitation of the mining deposit is taken as an agenda with a technical report on the quality and quantity of metal contained in the mining concession, issued by the Ministry of Energy and Mines, adding to the verification of the ownership and validity of the mining complaint;
- (b)
- The approval of the community assembly continues from the beginning of formalization of an association of local mining extractors and marketers of the peasant community;
- (c)
- The process continues with the approval of delivery of a share of profits to the owner of the mining claim who holds the property title and taking him as an eventual community member;
- (d)
- The approval and agreement of the directors of the miners’ association with the community members continue, which stipulates that unskilled labor for the exploitation of the mine must be assigned preferably to community members or qualified assets of the community, whose order of participation is according to mining requirements;
- (e)
- The process is closed with the approval of the demarcation that includes the mining area, the buffer zone, and the waste collector area to be subsequently treated;
- (f)
- An environmental surveillance committee is formed whose function is to supervise the treatment process and dumping of mining waste.
4.2. The Flexibility of Formalization and Preventive and Environmental Protection Law Compliance
4.3. The 50% Growth in Socio-Environmental Conflicts over Mining Activities
4.4. A 25% Progressive Growth in the Production Costs of Agricultural and Livestock Activities
4.5. Limited Reconversion of Agricultural Land-Use Change in One-Third of the Communal Territories in Headwaters
4.6. Displacement of 20% of Eco-Friendly Economic Activity in Waterheads
4.7. The Inability to Modify or Take Action on Freshwater Surfaces, Groundwater, and Wetlands Due to Communal Agreements
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Valle Díaz, F.R.; Apaza-Apaza, O.; Rodriguez-Peceros, R.I.; Huamán-Cuya, A.; Valle-Sherón, J.F.; Luque-Rivera, J.V.; Dávila-Ignacio, C.V.; Chaccara-Huachaca, H. Sustainability of Informal Artisanal Mining in the Peruvian Andean Region. Sustainability 2023, 15, 15586. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115586
Valle Díaz FR, Apaza-Apaza O, Rodriguez-Peceros RI, Huamán-Cuya A, Valle-Sherón JF, Luque-Rivera JV, Dávila-Ignacio CV, Chaccara-Huachaca H. Sustainability of Informal Artisanal Mining in the Peruvian Andean Region. Sustainability. 2023; 15(21):15586. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115586
Chicago/Turabian StyleValle Díaz, Felipe Rafael, Oscar Apaza-Apaza, Rosmel Iván Rodriguez-Peceros, Alfredo Huamán-Cuya, Juan Felipe Valle-Sherón, Jesús Virgilio Luque-Rivera, Carlos Vidal Dávila-Ignacio, and Hermenegildo Chaccara-Huachaca. 2023. "Sustainability of Informal Artisanal Mining in the Peruvian Andean Region" Sustainability 15, no. 21: 15586. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115586