Diversity of Agro-Biological Traits and Development of Diseases in Alfalfa Cultivars during the Contrasting Vegetation Seasons
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Material and Research Site
2.2. Treatments and Experimental Design
2.3. Evaluation of Agro-biological Traits in Experimental Fields of Alfalfa
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Meteorological Conditions during Experimental Year
3. Results
3.1. Wintering and the Height of Alfalfa Cultivars at the Spring Regrowth and before Flowering
3.2. The Fresh and Dry Matter Yields of Alfalfa Cultivars
3.3. The Development of Spring Black Stem Leaf Spot and Downy Mildew in Alfalfa Cultivars
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Month | 2016 Sowing Year | 2018 Sowing Year | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |||||
T, °C | P, mm | T, °C | P, mm | T, °C | P, mm | T, °C | P, mm | |
January | −3.2 | 14.2 | −1.6 | 55.5 | −4.4 | 48.8 | 2.7 | 52.2 |
February | −1.6 | 25.1 | −6.1 | 16.2 | 1.2 | 39.2 | 2.3 | 47.3 |
March | 3.5 | 38.9 | −1.9 | 17.3 | 3.3 | 37.0 | 3.5 | 31.7 |
April | 5.6 | 48.2 | 9.9 | 52.1 | 8.9 | 0.0 | 6.8 | 9.4 |
May | 12.8 | 3.4 | 16.9 | 40.2 | 12.9 | 55.4 | 10.6 | 50.1 |
June | 15.4 | 72.1 | 17.5 | 34.1 | 20.6 | 16.1 | 18.9 | 165.9 |
July | 16.7 | 153.8 | 20.5 | 83.3 | 17.3 | 66.0 | 17.4 | 65.6 |
August | 17.3 | 53.2 | 19.5 | 37.0 | 18.2 | 107.0 | 18.5 | 47.7 |
September | 13.3 | 123.1 | 15.0 | 19.1 | 12.8 | 48.5 | 15.0 | 14.8 |
October | 7.4 | 89.3 | 8.3 | 32.8 | 9.3 | 34.9 | 10.2 | 49.4 |
November | 4.2 | 41.0 | 2.9 | 13.1 | 4.9 | 29.5 | 5.3 | 33.3 |
December | 1.0 | 64.4 | −1.1 | 60.8 | 2.4 | 45.3 | 0.6 | 24.4 |
Source | 2016 Sowing Year (2017–2018), p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
df | W | SR | HF 1st Cut | HF 2nd Cut | HF 3rd Cut | |
Cultivar | 10 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 |
Year | 1 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 |
Cultivar × Year | 10 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 |
2018 sowing year (2019–2020), p-value | ||||||
Cultivar | 10 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 |
Year | 1 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 |
Cultivar × Year | 10 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 |
Trait | 2016 sowing year | 2018 sowing year | ||||
2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | |||
W, Score | 2.0 a | 2.5 b | 2.6 a | 2.9 b | ||
SR cm | 19.1 a | 29.1 b | 33.4 b | 20.3 a | ||
HF 1st cut, cm | 95.5 b | 79.3 a | 98.8 b | 95.1 a | ||
HF 2nd cut, cm | 75.2 b | 63.4 a | 57.9 a | 68.3 a | ||
HF 3rd cut, cm | 63.6 b | 50.8 a | 62.0 a | 57.4 a |
Source | 2016 Sowing Year (2017–2018) p-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
df | FMY 1st Cut | FMY 2nd Cut | FMY 3rd Cut | DMY 1st Cut | DMY 2nd Cut | DMY 3rd Cut | |
Cultivar | 10 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0003 |
Year | 1 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.6518 |
Cultivar × Year | 10 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 |
2018 sowing year (2019–2020) p-value | |||||||
Cultivar | 10 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 |
Year | 1 | <0.1465 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.3667 | <0.0000 |
Cultivar × Year | 10 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0064 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0027 |
Trait | 2016 sowing year | 2018 sowing year | |||||
2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | ||||
FMY 1st cut, t ha−1 | 33.3 b | 24.3 a | 29.0 a | 29.8 a | |||
FMY 2nd cut, t ha−1 | 17.4 a | 18.4 a | 13.2 a | 15.2 b | |||
FMY 3rd cut, t ha−1 | 8.5 b | 6.3 a | 12.7 b | 9.9 a | |||
DMY 1st cut, t ha−1 | 8.8 b | 7.0 a | 5.6 b | 4.8 a | |||
DMY 2nd cut, t ha−1 | 2.3 a | 4.3 b | 3.1 a | 3.1 a | |||
DMY 3rd cut, t ha−1 | 2.2 a | 2.2 a | 2.9 b | 2.4 a |
Source | 2016 Sowing Year (2017–2018) p-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
df | SBSLS 1st Cut | SBSLS 2nd Cut | SBSLS 3rd Cut | DM 1st Cut | DM 2nd Cut | DM 3rd Cut | |
Cultivar | 10 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 |
Year | 1 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 |
Cultivar × Year | 10 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 |
2018 sowing year (2019–2020) p-value | |||||||
Cultivar | 10 | <0.0081 | <0.0002 | <0.1324 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 |
Year | 1 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 |
Cultivar × Year | 10 | <0.0125 | <0.0023 | <0.0300 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 | <0.0000 |
Trait | 2016 sowing year | 2018 sowing year | |||||
2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | ||||
SBSLS at the 1st cut, AUDPC value | 1037.9 b | 353.6 a | 254.8 a | 319.4 b | |||
SBSLS at the 2nd cut, AUDPC value | 300.4 b | 184.3 a | 127.3 a | 293.5 b | |||
SBSLS at the 3rd cut, AUDPC value | 476.1 b | 210.8 a | 324.5 a | 438.5 b | |||
DM at the 1st cut, AUDPC value | 112.2 a | 281.2 b | 111.2 b | 0.0 a | |||
DM at the 2nd cut, AUDPC value | 34.4 b | 20.5 a | 40.1 b | 0.0 a | |||
DMat the 3rd cut, AUDPC value | 307.7 b | 172.5 a | 31.4 b | 0.0 a |
Traits | SR | HF1 | HF2 | HF3 | FMY2 | FMY3 | DMY1 | DMY2 | DMY3 | DM1 | DM2 | DM3 | SBSLS2 | SBSLS3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W | 0.376 | 0.26 | 0.419 | 0.547 | 0.243 | 0.75 ** | −0.102 | 0.219 | 0.825 ** | 0.699 * | 0.519 | 0.425 | 0.081 | 0.118 |
SR | 0.917 ** | 0.846 ** | 0.849 ** | 0.912 ** | 0.631 * | 0.295 | 0.847 ** | 0.42 | 0.545 | 0.822 ** | 0.448 | 0.49 | 0.028 | |
HF1 | 0.782 ** | 0.747 ** | 0.822 ** | 0.654 * | 0.382 | 0.752 ** | 0.439 | 0.463 | 0.682 * | 0.378 | 0.381 | −0.013 | ||
HF2 | 0.859 ** | 0.726 * | 0.673 * | 0.149 | 0.552 | 0.48 | 0.668 * | 0.481 | 0.418 | 0.227 | 0.281 | |||
HF3 | 0.654 * | 0.665 * | −0.028 | 0.541 | 0.53 | 0.795 ** | 0.68 * | 0.435 | 0.218 | 0.167 | ||||
FMY1 | 0.507 | 0.048 | 0.958 ** | 0.563 | −0.105 | −0.455 | 0.113 | −0.501 | 0.654 * | −0.525 | ||||
FMY2 | 0.569 | 0.541 | 0.96 ** | 0.335 | 0.283 | 0.778 ** | 0.155 | 0.727 * | −0.237 | |||||
FMY3 | 0.165 | 0.487 | 0.953 ** | 0.725 * | 0.571 | 0.387 | 0.245 | −0.064 | ||||||
DMY1 | 0.575 | 0.029 | −0.296 | 0.173 | −0.341 | 0.632 * | −0.392 | |||||||
DMY2 | 0.286 | 0.131 | 0.821 ** | 0.083 | 0.779 ** | −0.347 | ||||||||
DMY3 | 0.711 * | 0.447 | 0.409 | 0.068 | −0.007 | |||||||||
DM1 | 0.466 | 0.642 * | −0.059 | 0.277 | ||||||||||
DM3 | −0.36 | 0.665 * | ||||||||||||
SBSLS2 | −0.747 ** |
Traits | SR | HF1 | HF2 | HF3 | FMY2 | FMY3 | DMY1 | DMY2 | DMY3 | DM3 | SBSLS3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W | 0.564 | 0.646 * | 0.681 * | 0.709 * | 0.363 | 0.496 | 0.355 | 0.427 | 0.559 | -0.18 | 0.372 |
SR | 0.733 * | 0.859 ** | 0.882 ** | 0.658 * | 0.772 ** | 0.738 ** | 0.703 * | 0.868 ** | 0.213 | −0.266 | |
HF1 | 0.705 * | 0.684 * | 0.477 | 0.51 | 0.733 * | 0.495 | 0.605 * | 0.409 | −0.145 | ||
HF2 | 0.945 ** | 0.707 * | 0.865 ** | 0.763 ** | 0.748 ** | 0.934 ** | 0.121 | −0.029 | |||
HF3 | 0.601 | 0.785 ** | 0.733 ** | 0.668 * | 0.876 ** | 0.152 | −0.068 | ||||
FMY1 | 0.478 | 0.302 | 0.385 | 0.384 | 0.19 | 0.357 | 0.177 | ||||
FMY2 | 0.934 ** | 0.778 ** | 0.988 ** | 0.875 ** | 0.312 | 0.214 | |||||
FMY3 | 0.743 ** | 0.94 ** | 0.978 ** | 0.216 | 0.091 | ||||||
DMY1 | 0.788 ** | 0.769 ** | 0.467 | −0.06 | |||||||
DMY2 | 0.895 ** | 0.258 | 0.26 | ||||||||
DM2 | 0.651 * | −0.103 | |||||||||
SBSLS2 | −0.647 * |
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Liatukienė, A.; Norkevičienė, E.; Danytė, V.; Liatukas, Ž. Diversity of Agro-Biological Traits and Development of Diseases in Alfalfa Cultivars during the Contrasting Vegetation Seasons. Sustainability 2023, 15, 1445. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021445
Liatukienė A, Norkevičienė E, Danytė V, Liatukas Ž. Diversity of Agro-Biological Traits and Development of Diseases in Alfalfa Cultivars during the Contrasting Vegetation Seasons. Sustainability. 2023; 15(2):1445. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021445
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiatukienė, Aurelija, Eglė Norkevičienė, Vida Danytė, and Žilvinas Liatukas. 2023. "Diversity of Agro-Biological Traits and Development of Diseases in Alfalfa Cultivars during the Contrasting Vegetation Seasons" Sustainability 15, no. 2: 1445. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021445