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6 January 2023

Technologies for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage—A Systematic Review of the Literature

,
and
1
Department of Computer Science and Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de la Costa CUC, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
2
Department of Systems Engineering and Telecommunications, Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability2023, 15(2), 1059;https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021059
This article belongs to the Section Tourism, Culture, and Heritage
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Abstract

This work establishes the technological elements that have enabled the preservation, promotion, and dissemination of tangible and intangible cultural heritage in the period from 2018 to 2022. For this, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted in the scientific databases Scopus, Science Direct, IEEE and Web of Science, which facilitated the identification of 146 articles related to the topic. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the journals, authors and topics was carried out, detailing the important variables required to establish the sought-out elements; for this purpose, the following were quantified in the papers: type, topic, categorization, country, and language; in the publications, the type of heritage chosen, the place of the heritage and the type of intervention were investigated. The number of publications reporting the use of some type of technology was also identified, finding that 70% of them show a technological approach to preserve cultural heritage, while 30% refer to other types of interventions. The technologies reported to be used the most are 3D digital technologies (44% of those showing technological applications), augmented reality or virtual reality, henceforth AR/VR (15%).

1. Introduction

Cultural heritage is a term made known in the middle of the 20th century mainly by entities interested in its protection, such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, hereinafter UNESCO, which defines it in its document resulting from the 1972 Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage held in Paris, as all tangible and intangible cultural expressions [,].
Intangible cultural heritage is defined by UNESCO in the same document as the practices, representations, expressions, and knowledge that a country or region recognizes as part of its cultural heritage [].
Globally, many countries have been concerned about preserving, disseminating and teaching new generations the cultural and intangible heritages they have in their territories, and found the use of information and communication technologies a very valuable tool to achieve that goal; these tools have been applied to publicize traditional places [], ref. [] as well as to teach the cultural richness of a country [,], disseminate traditional symbols specific to the culture of each region [,], teach about traditional music and dances [,], and as a method of digital protection of cultural and intangible heritage [,].
Different technologies have been used for the preservation of cultural heritage in the world, and in order to provide information on what technological strategies can be implemented to promote tangible and intangible cultural heritage, this article analyzes the references that, from a technological approach, have some direct relationship with the promotion, dissemination and appropriation of heritage in general, with the purpose of making available to those interested, support to adopt good practices in future research work on the subject. To this end, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was carried out through the consultation and exhaustive filtering of 144 articles selected from different databases.
Based on the fact that information and communication technologies are fundamental allies for the preservation of tangible and intangible cultural heritage, their use has facilitated the emergence of a new paradigm in the conservation, preservation and dissemination of cultural heritage, known as Intelligent Heritage Management. This paradigm has as its objectives and fundamental pillars the use of technology for the application of preventive maintenance of heritage, the improvement of energy efficiency, the characterization of the profile of tourists and visitors, the increase in security and surveillance of heritage and the promotion of preservation and dissemination work at the service of the conservation and dissemination of cultural heritage. []
This document is structured in six sections. Section 2 describes the work related to the research topic. Section 3 presents the methodology applied for the present systematic review of the literature, implemented in two large sections: Section 4 presents the discussion and results, where an analysis is made from the scientometric variables and from the technical variables. The conclusions that led to this study are presented in Section 5. Finally, some proposals for future work are presented in Section 6.

3. Methodology

SLR constitutes a valuable tool for the construction of state-of-the-art research; it allows the creation of frameworks on which future research is supported []; reference [] cited by [] defines it as a review that strives to comprehensively identify, evaluate and synthesize all relevant studies on a given topic.
There are different methodologies for conducting SLR. In [], one of three stages is proposed: the first constitutes the definition of search parameters (definition of hypotheses, construction and validation of search strings), the second stage refers to the identification, compilation and debugging of information from the articles consulted and the final stage is the analysis of results from the compiled information.
An SLR similar to this has been raised in [], but its approach has been more theoretical; it consists of three stages, the first consists of a review of electronic articles that allows the collection of relevant data. The second stage consists of analyzing and synthesizing the collected documents and writing the research results. Finally, considerations and conclusions are formulated.
For the development of this work, the methodology applied in [] was selected. For the definition of the search parameters, initially, a preliminary literature review was conducted in the field of research (consulting documents such as reviews and overviews), which allowed the identification of the hypotheses that mark the horizon of this study and, with them raise the research questions whose answer will be sought throughout this work.
The research questions that served as a guide to narrow the search parameters and conduct the SLR were:
Q1-What types of interventions have enabled the conservation and preservation of the world’s cultural heritage in the period 2018–2022?
Q2-What types of technologies have been used to conserve and preserve cultural heritage globally in the period 2018–2022?
Based on the above research questions, the key terms used for the construction of the search strings to be used in the SLR were identified (see Figure 1).
Figure 1. Diagram of the search chains built for the bibliographic compilation referring to the subject under study.
Figure 1 shows the scheme representing the search strings used, using as a particular focus in the thematic axes the words: “Cultural Heritage”, “Conservation”, “Preservation”, “Technology”.
The search strings constructed were validated in several specialized databases, which were selected from among the most recognized worldwide: Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, IEEE and Science Direct, which are related to the actuarial framework of the research that supports this article.
On the other hand, Table 1 presents the thematic axes considered and explains their combination strategies in the elaboration of the search strings. These combinations were used both in ascending and descending order.
Table 1. Thematic axes and combination strategies used in the review.
Thematic axis 1 is directed towards the different types of heritage, while thematic axis 2 is centered on the main theme, which is the conservation and preservation of cultural heritage. Thematic axis 3 is more specific to the term’s technology. The strategy consisted of combining, in the different possible ways, these three thematic axes by means of the logical connectors AND, and OR, limiting them in time to the period 2018–2022 to ensure the observation window of interest is maintained.
With these search strings, we proceeded to the second stage. In this stage, the different articles downloaded from the specialized databases were compiled and filtered, eliminating duplicate articles and those that did not directly obey the purpose of the research.
With the previous step, 142 articles were compiled, and with them, a data acquisition matrix was constructed that documented for each article the scientometric and technical variables that will be described in the following section. The final stage consisted of developing different analyses based on the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the documented variables.
The technical variables used to document the bulk of the articles and especially those directly related to technologies applied to the conservation and preservation of cultural heritage, were: (1) Type of heritage, (2) Location of the heritage, and (3) Type of intervention, which corresponds to the processes developed to preserve and/or conserve the chosen heritage. At the same time, other more specific technical variables were documented considering the type of technology implemented.
The last stage of the research is the discussion of the results and conclusions.

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Scientometric Analysis

For the study of the 146 publications found in the previous step, the following variables were used as scientometric variables: number of articles published by each database, year of publication, publication medium (proceedings, journal or book, in the case of a journal, the quartile is identified), it was also considered important to identify the countries of publication, both of the journal or event and of the authors (country of the first author) and finally the language of publication, all of them considering the subject of interest, filtered according to the search strings described above.
This analysis began with the quantification of the publications found according to the databases. The databases considered were IEEE, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus-Web of Science, and Scopus-Web of Science- Science Direct, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Number of publications: vs: Databases.
In Figure 2, it is identified that the scientific database with the highest number of publications found in the area of interest between 2018 and 2022 was Scopus, with 76 articles corresponding to 52% of the articles consulted. Scopus is one of the most accessed databases in the world; in addition, the focus of the articles published on this database is consistent with that of the present research.
From Figure 3, the subject studied shows a growing trend in terms of the number of publications per year since 2018; because this topic was of great interest to the academic community, it was still studied despite the global pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the years 2020 and 2021. It is also evident that in the first months of 2022, publications on the subject continued to grow, which led us to believe that the trend would be maintained for the current year.
Figure 3. Number of publications: vs: Year of publication.
Regarding the number of publications according to the type of publication medium, the following were considered: proceedings, book chapters and those published in indexed journals.
Although only five book chapters were found, representing only 3% of the publications, it is clear from the results shown in Figure 4 that the topic is relevant for the scientific community in this area since, of the 146 publications analyzed, 100 (equivalent to 69%) have been published in indexed journals, which are usually specialized and have demanding evaluation systems, with more than one evaluator.
Figure 4. Number of publications: vs: Publication media type.
Normally, although the publications resulting from the presentation of papers at events are refereed, they are not categorized since they depend on the type of event, while books or book chapters go through the publisher’s own evaluation systems. For this reason, in what follows, for the categorization of the publications consulted, only the number of publications found in specialized magazines or journals will be taken into account, which according to the graph shown in Figure 4, is 100. Of these, 90 journals were categorized, and 10 were not categorized, equivalent to 62% of the specialized publications consulted.
When analyzing these publications in journals that are categorized, it was found that 53 of them (corresponding to 59%) are categorized in Q1, 26 of them (corresponding to 29%) are categorized in Q2, 7 of them (corresponding to 8%) are in Q3, and the remaining 4 (corresponding to 4%) are in Q4. Figure 5 graphically shows the distribution described above, the categorization based on Scopus.
Figure 5. Number of journal publications: vs: quartile.
From the previous figure, it is very clear that the scientific community that publishes in this area has seen its work well valued since, due to its relevance and importance for the interested parties, it has been well categorized. The next scientometric variable analyzed was the country of origin of the first author of the articles.
Since many countries of origin were found for the first authors of the analyzed publications, it was decided to quantify the number of publications based on the countries with the largest number of authors. In Italy, there were 41 publications in the area of interest, equivalent to 28.1% of the total, followed by Spain with 15 publications (10.3%), and China with 14 publications (9.6%); the remaining countries with their respective number of publications and total percentage are shown in Figure 6: Algeria, Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Colombia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Germany, India, Iraq, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Shanghai, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Ukraine, and the United Arab Emirates, whose individual contributions are minimal (but exist) and total 30 publications, which represent 20.5% of the publications studied.
Figure 6. Number of publications: vs: country of the first author.
Regarding the number of articles according to the country of the journal publishing it, it was found that Germany is the country of preference for publishing on this topic, with 34 publications corresponding to 24% of the total, followed by the United States with 33 publications (representing 23%); in this case, the conglomerate of 14 countries gathered in a single item add up to 28 publications, which corresponds to 20%, but now the countries are: Austria, Belgium, Brazil, China, Egypt, Spain, France, Italy, Jordan, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine.
With respect to the language of publication, English is the predominant language, making up 95% of the articles published (139 articles), followed by Ukrainian with 1 article, representing 1%; the remaining 3% are distributed among other languages, as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7. Number of publications according to the language of the paper.
The SLR also identified the journals with the largest number of publications on the topic of interest; this is divided into journals and Proceedings. It was found that the journal of Sustainability from Switzerland had 17 published articles, followed by five articles each in the following: the Swiss journal of Applied Sciences and the Journal of Cultural Heritage from France. The complete information on these publications can be found in Table 2. It should be clarified that not all articles are analyzed; only the journals with the highest number of articles are presented.
Table 2. Journals with more publications.

4.2. Technical Analysis

The technical aspects to consider when analyzing different investigations are the types of technologies applied to preserve tangible and intangible cultural heritage, in addition to establishing the type of heritage that is most intertwined with technological processes.
Bearing in mind that cultural heritage is divided into tangible and intangible, it should be noted that the primary interventions are carried out for tangible cultural heritage, such as churches, [] museums [], buildings [], sculptures, paintings [], among others, of which 131 articles (92%) correspond to tangible cultural heritage, as shown in Figure 8 [].
Figure 8. Number of publications according to the type of cultural heritage.
In developing the SLR, the best options for applying technology to the preservation of the tangible and intangible cultural heritage of humanity were analyzed.
Regarding the types of intervention documented to preserve cultural heritage, of the 146 articles analyzed, 70%, 102 are related to the application of different types of technology to preserve cultural heritage, as shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Type of intervention.
Of the 101 articles related to technological intervention, the type of technology applied was reviewed, showing that 3D modeling (44%), virtual reality and augmented reality, hereinafter AR/VR (15%), are the types of technologies most used to preserve cultural heritage, as shown in Table 4.
Table 4. Types of Technologies.
Other technologies include gamification, digital restoration, social networks, the use of information systems, and different web technologies, among other technologies applied to preserve cultural heritage in different parts of the world.
Three Dimensional Digital Technologies
Three-dimensional digital technologies (3D modeling, 3D Scanning, 3D Visualization) are mainly widely used in the preservation of material cultural heritage; it has been applied in buildings of different types, such as castles [,,,,], churches [], sculptures [], archaeological sites, [,] among others.
Table 5 shows the items that relate to 3D digital technologies. The heritage type item relates to whether it is natural, cultural or both; the heritage subtype relates to whether it is tangible, intangible, or both; and the final item is the specific heritage that has been chosen for the study. This same structure is used for the other types of applied technologies shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Articles on 3D digital technologies.
As shown in Table 5, the type of cultural heritage chosen by the application of 3D digital technologies is mostly cultural and tangible. Studies vary in the application of 3D digital technologies; some studies show this technology integrated with other types, as is the case for hyperspectral data for the estimation and evaluation of the degradation of materials used in heritage restoration by using geometric information point clouds and 3D meshes [], the linking of the physical and digital world by combining Web-Gis, 3D and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to preserve heritage buildings [], proposals for virtual tours [], simulations [], which shows that it is the most used type of technology in preservation of cultural heritage especially material.
The chosen heritages vary in type and location; the Italian ones are the preferred choice, which corroborates what is shown in Figure 6.
From each of the articles related to the application of 3D digital technologies, the following technical variables were investigated: the Methodology implemented, which describes the steps used for the intervention; the Data Acquisition techniques, which establish the techniques used to obtain the information required for 3D modeling; the Data Acquisition Equipment, which corresponds to the different equipment used to obtain information; the Data Processing, which relates to the software tools used to process the information; and finally, the End Users, that relates to what type of users the intervention is directed at (i.e., Experts: are people, entities or institutions in charge of the protection of the cultural and natural heritage of humanity; Non-experts: are users and/or tourists who visit different heritages).
Review articles and those that do not specify the technical variables analyzed are excluded. The table with complete information is presented in the Appendix A (Table A1).
The main data acquisition methodologies found are in phases, where initially a survey of information is made, making use of different techniques such as photogrammetry [,,,] scanning (laser, optical or magnetic) [,,,,,,,,] or a combination of both [,,,,,,,,,,,,], and application of the BIM method [,,,,,,,].
Photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning are the main techniques to acquire data for 3D digital technologies [,,,,,,,,,,,,]. Photogrammetry is mainly used due to the affordability of the devices (cameras) required, and in the case of laser scanning, together with suitable software, it is used mainly because of the speed at which it captures and processes data.
Regarding data processing, the most used programs for 3D modeling are Agisoft PhotoScan [], Refs. [,,,,,,,] and Autodesk [,,,,,,,,].
In [], a comparison is made between these two software, highlighting the benefits of each one. They point out their preference for Autodesk because it has a free version for education, but this differs with what is shown in Table 6, where Agisoft Photoscan is used more despite being a proprietary software because it has no limits on the maximum amount of photographs to process, which allows quicker processing and excellent quality results.
Table 6. Articles on 3D-(AR/VR).
The end users of these interventions are mainly experts (78%), i.e., these types of interventions are carried out to obtain information that allows decisions to be made for the care and conservation of different heritages.
Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality (AR/VR)
As for the articles describing the use of AR/VR, they are presented in Table 6.
As in the previous case, the main chosen heritages are cultural and tangible, which confirms that they are the most protected by technological processes.
From the studies presented in Table 7, the following technical variables were analyzed: Data Acquisition Techniques, which establish the techniques used to obtain the required information; VR Software, which corresponds to the program used for the implementation of virtual or augmented reality; VR System, which corresponds to the level of immersion of the implementation (Immersive or non-immersive); Immersion Technology, which refers to the equipment used for the implementation of VR/AR; Data Acquisition Equipment, which relates to the different equipment used to obtain information; Data Processing, which relates to the software tools used to process the information; and finally, End Users, which relates to what type of users the intervention is aimed at (i.e., Experts: are people, entities or institutions in charge of the protection of the cultural and natural heritage of humanity, Non-experts: are users and/or tourists who visit the different heritages).
Table 7. Technical aspects of 3D-(AR/VR) articles.
Review articles and those that do not specify the technical variables analyzed are excluded. Table 7 shows the results.
Unlike the articles presented above (Table 5 and Table A1), the application of AR/VR are more focused on non-expert users, i.e., they are mainly applications for visitors to interact virtually with the heritage, which contributes to its protection.
For these articles, photogrammetry stands out as a data acquisition technique [,,,] which establishes that for AR/VR applications, they prefer this technique to obtain the required images.
Around 77.78% of the applications are non-immersive in nature, 33% are accessed through an app for smartphones, an equal percentage are used through a high denomination computer, and the remaining 33% are accessed with both systems (App and high denomination PC).
The UE4 Unreal Engine is the software most used for visualization, among other reasons, because of the simplicity of its interaction, since you are not required to be an expert programmer to use it and also because of its fast rendering [,,].
In [], a study is presented where they develop an application that adapts the M.A.G.E.S. platform as AR to be used as VR in virtual museum applications.
It is very interesting how this application designs a device driver module to support all compatible VR headsets such as Oculus, HTC VIVE, Microsoft Mixed Reality and others. In addition, they use HoloToolK as API to integrate HoloLens to provide a Hologram service.
In [], a study is presented for the creation of Cross/Augmented Reality applications for the Industrial Museum and Cultural Center in the region of Thessaloniki that can be replicated to showcase other types of cultural heritage.
IoT
Of the 146 articles analyzed, only four correspond to IoT technology, two applied in Italy, one in Spain and one in South Korea. The four articles correspond to tangible cultural heritage, as shown in Table 8.
Table 8. Articles on IoT.
From the studies presented in Table 8, the following technical variables were analyzed: Description of the Architecture, which corresponds to a brief synthesis of the IoT architecture presented in the article; Components of the architecture, which describes the elements that make up the architecture presented; Data Exchange, which describes how the information is handled within the architecture chosen; IoT System, which refers to the equipment used for the implementation of IoT technology; Protocols Used, which relates the different IoT protocols used in the implementation; and finally, End Users which relates to what type of users the intervention is aimed at (i.e., Experts: Are people, entities or institutions that are responsible for the protection of the cultural and natural heritage of humanity, Non-experts: are users and/or tourists who visit the different heritages).
Review articles and those that do not specify the technical variables analyzed are excluded. Table 9 shows the results.
Table 9. Technical aspects of IoT articles.
As can be seen in Table 9, the platforms with IoT technologies designed for cultural heritage protection are very similar in their architecture; basically, they use nodes, gateways and a user interaction layer [,,]
The main IoT protocols used in terms of short-range networks are 5G and ZigBee [,]. For long-range networks, the most widely used is LoRaWan [,].
Around 50% of the articles on IoT are addressed to expert users, and the other 50% to non-experts.

5. Conclusions

By means of a strict SLR based on the approach of carefully designed search chains to debug publications, 146 articles were filtered from which a description was made of the technological elements for the promotion, dissemination and appropriation of cultural heritage at a global level in a 2018–2022 observation window. For this review, several databases were carefully selected from among the most used for international publications, finding that most of the articles are published in specialized and indexed journals, duly categorized, most of them in Q1, in journals mostly from the USA and in English.
In response to the questions posed regarding the type of intervention that has enabled the conservation and preservation of the cultural heritage of humanity in the period between 2018–2022, Table 3 shows that cultural heritage intervention has been achieved from different approaches, where it stands out that the main interventions are technological (70%) and architectural (6%).
Regarding the second question, the types of technologies that have been used to conserve and preserve cultural heritage globally in the period between 2018–2022 are mainly 3D digital technologies (encompassing 3D modeling, 3D Scanning, 3D Visualization), AR/VR (immersive and non-immersive) and IoT platform configuration.
The use of technology to preserve tangible and intangible cultural heritage constitutes smart cultural heritage management, a term widely used worldwide.
From the above, it can be concluded that the technological elements and resources available today allow the inclusion of technology as a tool to contribute to the preservation of cultural elements and intangible heritage.

6. Future Work

Based on the results, recommendations for future research are made. The first relates to the application of technology for the preservation and dissemination processes of intangible cultural heritage, as in the case of Colombian vallenato and Spanish flamenco.
The second recommendation consists of the deepening of educational processes implemented to preserve intangible cultural heritage.
Considering Figure 8, 92% of the implementation of technological solutions is mainly in tangible heritage; it would be interesting to deepen the implementation of technology for the protection of intangible heritage in general.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.A.D.M.; methodology, E.D.L.H.F.; validation, M.A.D.M.; formal analysis, M.A.D.M. and J.E.G.G.; investigation, M.A.D.M., E.D.L.H.F. and J.E.G.G.; re-sources, M.A.D.M.; data curation, M.A.D.M. and E.D.L.H.F.; writing—original draft preparation, E.D.L.H.F.; writing—review and editing, J.E.G.G. and M.A.D.M.; visualization, M.A.D.M.; supervision, E.D.L.H.F. and J.E.G.G.; project administration, E.D.L.H.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research is supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of Colombia through the Bicentenary Scholarship program in its first cohort. The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work. No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript. No funding was received for conducting this study. No funds, grants, or other support were received.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Appendix A

Table A1. Technical aspects of 3D digital technologies articles.
Table A1. Technical aspects of 3D digital technologies articles.
ReferencesData Acquisition MethodologyData Acquisition TechniqueData Acquisition EquipmentData ProcessingEnd Users
[]Initial modeling (M1): geodetic, photogrammetric and laser scanning data
Spectral system:		Photogrammetry Magnetic ScanM1: Two total integrated stations (Pentax R323NX and Leica TCR 405), two time-of-flight pulse-based 3D laser scanners (Leica BLK 360 and Faro HDR), two full-frame DSLR cameras (Canon EOS 6D and Sony A7RIII) with multiple lenses (24 mm, 135 mm, 28–75 mm) and two unmanned aerial systems (DJI Phantom 4 Pro and Mavic 2 Pro). Hyperspectral: HyperView multi-sensor hyperspectral sensing platform using 3D-oneSoftware Agisoft Metashape v.1.6.5
Software Geomagic Wrap 2017.
Software Faro Scene and Cyclone Register 360 (BLK Edition) applying the Cloud-to Cloud method		Experts
[]Application of the HeritageCare project with all its protocols (SL1, SL2, SL3) SL1: advanced monitoring system to keep specific structural and environmental parameters under control.BIMSL1: 12 temperature and relative humidity (TH), 7 surface and 5 environmental sensors, plus 5 sensors for surface temperature, relative humidity and luminosity (THL). Three xylophagous sensors (X). One carbon dioxide (G) sensor. 2 biaxial clinometers (CL). One weather station (EM) BIM model: Autodesk Revit Virtual Virtualization Tour: HoloLensHeritageCare Platform
Autodesk Revit Software		Experts/Non-experts
[]The phases of the FEM analysis: (i) construction of the 3D model; (ii) transformation of NIF into a quad mesh model and NURBS; (iii) WEF analysis. Phases of the Photogrammetric Model: (i) alignment of the images; (ii) building of a dense point cloud (PC); (iii) the construction of meshes and the identification of the plans of the single façade; (iv) the construction of the ortho mosaic.FotogrametríaTopographic survey: Total station: Leica TS11. EDM measurements are performed using laser technology (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) Scan to FEMSLR camera. Nikon D3300 with a Nikkor 20mm f/2.8D prime lens. Intel(R) Xeon(R) E5-1650v4 @ 3.60 GHz CPU (central processing unit), RAM (random access memory) 64 GB, NVIDIA Quadro M4000 GPU (graphics processing unit).Software Rhino
Software Cloud Comparison
Software Agisoft Metashape
Software Midas Fea NX		Experts
[]Data acquisition (photogrammetry) Information Analysis-3D Modeling Using Analysis Software Calculating the severity indexFotogrametríaProcessing: Computer with dual Intel Xeon processor (128 GB RAM, 64-bit operating system). Standard Level Cameras, Carbon Fiber Telescopic Rod, Tripod, Tablet, Laser Distance Meter, Flexometer, TweezersSoftware Agisoft Photoscan
Software 3D microscopy analysis software (such as TalyMap 3D), Microsoft Excel software		Experts
[]Exhibition platform (mirror)
Three-dimensional (3D) scanning to build a digital database of the original shapes.		Optical scanningHigh-resolution optical scanner for creating 3D models3D printing for scientific exhibitionNon-experts
[]Implementation of the INCEPTION platform: innovate 3D models “forever”, “for everyone”, “everywhere”, developing, collecting and sharing interoperable 3D semantic models. Cloud-based platform.BIMThe BIM model allows the use of any software such as Autodesk Revit, ArchiCAD, Apache Fuseki SPARQL Dedicated Server.Input = BIM model loaded as IFC (Industry Foundation Class) processed under Windows. Semantic information is extracted and generated as (RDF), according to the INCEPTION H-BIM ontology, serialized as Turtle (TTL), stored and accessed as HTTP through a dedicated server.Experts
[]A segmentation process was carried out in the chosen sector using the EasyCUBE PRO software of the Geomaticscube Ecosystem (Geomaticscube, 2018) Software tool called “Working Box” allows you to define the minimum rectangular parallelepiped (box) capable of enclosing a 3D object.EasyCUBE PRO software from the Geomaticscube ecosystem (Geomaticscube, 2018)Experts
[]Knowledge: 3D Survey Techniques Modeling
Methods and modalities of access and web exchange of multiscale 3D reconstructions.		BIMOnline information system, data provided by the Politecnico di Milano.Modelo 3D: BIM technique.
BIM3DSG7:1. Database creation (DB). PostgreSQL
Software PgAdmin.		Experts
[]Application of different data acquisition techniques for 3D modeling and literature analysis to formulate guidelines for the implementation and organization of the BIM and HBIM process for cultural heritage objectsProject 1: Terrestrial laser scanning-Photogrammetry Project 2: Laser scanning Project 3: Photogrammetry Project 4: Laser scanning and photogrammetry
BIM		Project 1: Faro X330 ScannerProject 2: Z+ F SCANNER IMAGER 5010cProject 3: NIKON D200 digital camera and AF S NIKKOR objective Project 4: FARO FocuS 150 ground scanner, complemented by drones with 6K Cinema DNGRAW digital cameras.P1: Autodesk ReCap, AutoCAD, Revit, Meshlab-BIM model: Software: FARO SCANE, Geomagic Design X, Rhino Ceros
P2: Revit Software, Laser Control Software, ArchiCAD, Software pointcab P3: Software Photomodeler Scanner Rino Software P4: Reality Capture Software. Unity CAD Program (3D)		Experts
[]Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) for data acquisition is processed using software, and a massive point cloud of approximately 426 million points is obtained for 18.27 GB file in PTS format.Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS)TLS: Leica Geosystems BLK360 3D scanner [], maximum range of 120 m (radius of 60 m), spot measurement speed of 360,000 points per second and accuracy of 4 mm at 10 mLeica Cyclone REGISTER 360 software on a laptop via the scanner’s Wi-Fi networkExperts
[]Elaboration of a digital replica of the Heritage with photographs. Digital printing with 3D to capture murals in the caves and print them on the walls of a physical replica of the cave. Digital wall staging: (1) image segmentation; (2) damage labeling; and (3) content filling.Material heritage: high-precision scanning and photography. Intangible heritage: phonological coding methodFlying Sky gigapixel cameraA priori algorithm and the Suffix Array structureNon-experts
[]Application of GPR to examine the ability of the method to detect cracks and changes in the thickness of the heritage wall, implementing 4 phases of measurements, making use of GPR NogginGPR (Ground Penetrating Radar)GPR Noggin (Sensors & Software) is equipped with 250 MHz and 500 MHz antennas. Synthetic GPR models and scans were performed using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method via the free gprMax softwareMatlab: Crewes Matlab ToolboxExperts
[](1) Collection of information through photogrammetry and TLS
(2) Data processing by specialized software
(3) Production of 3D surface model.		Photogrammetry Solar Laser Scanning (TLS)SLR cameras, compact cameras, tablets, smartphonesZephyr Aerial 3DF Raster Graphics Editing SoftwareExperts
[](1) Data: HBIM method, photogrammetric study integrated with GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) study
(2) Modeling, HBIM, for VR model
(3) Features of the VR model route
(4) Preliminary Evidence
(5) Development of a serious game		Fotogrametría
HBIM		An omnidirectional camera called RICOH THETA. Shader Skybox/3D Panoramic UnitBIM-based Autodesk Revit VR platform: Autodesk LIVE and Enscape-Game engine: UnityNon-experts
[]Two fine recording methods were applied: the nearest iterative point to the nearest neighbor (NN-ICP) and the nearest Levenberg-Marquardt iterative point (LM-ICP). 3D modelado. A comparison is made between these two methods.Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS)Reference Data Contrast: Topcon ES 105 Total Station TLS Device: Stonex X300 TLS ScannerCAD modeling software.Experts
[]Analysis, data acquisition, 3D modeling and spatial analysis in the GIS environment.UAV method combined with ground control points (GCPs)Image: DJI Mavic Pro drone UAV-based camera equipped with a 4K camera, manufactured by Da-Jiang Innovations Science and Technology Co and a stabilizer camera base head.Software Agisoft Photoscan
Metaforma
BIM Technique
Software ArchiCAD
Motion Software Structure (SfM)		Experts
[]Data acquisition (3D laser scanning and UAV photogrammetry) Data processing (two data sets) Comparison of the two data points.Fotogrametría
Ground Laser Scanning (TLS)Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)		Faro Focus 3D S120UAV laser scanner: Phantom 4 manufactured by DJI. The quadcopter has an integrated camera with a CMOS sensor (1/2.3 inch) of 6.17 mm wide and 3477 mm long and a resolution of 12MpxSoftware DJI GS pro software FARO SCENE software ContextCapture
software CloudCompare		Experts
[]Review of geoinformatics technologies in photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information science and their application to HCTerrestrial Laser Scanning Photogrammetry (TLS)Non-professional Single Lens Reflex Laser Scanner Faro Focus 3D S120Leica Cyclone 3D processing software. Online geo-crowdsourcing platformExperts
[](1) Identification of milestones S, T and D
(2) The establishment of 3D topography and modeling of heritage objects.
(3) Planimetric support hitos
(4) Creation of the initial GNSS
(5) Establishment of GCP
(6) Thickening of the planimetric network GCP
(7) distribution of elevations to GCP planimetric milestones
(8) Red GCP completada
(9) Levantamiento fotogramétrico terrestre		Ground laser scanning (TLS) and aerial photogrammetry performed with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)Photogrammetry: Nikon D5100 18–55 VR Drone Kit DJI Phantom 4 Digital Camera, with the following features: Camera sensor: 1” CMOS; Resolution: 20 mpixels, Lens: FOV 84°; 8.8 mm/24 mm TLS scanner: Z + F (Zoller + Frochlich) Imager 5010Software Agisoft Photoscan
Software CloudCompare
Software Z + F Laser Control® Office y Scout Software CAD		Experts
[]Satellite data collection-software data processing-3D modelingPersistent dispersive interferometry (PS-InSAR)Persistent dispersion interferometry: Image: Copernicus program: 20 images acquired by Sentinel-1A and 21 images of Sentinel-1B downloaded free of charge from the Copernicus Open Access Hub. Digital modeling: Scout LiDAR sensor (Velodyne Ultra Puck VLP 32C) and a Sony A7R II camera, both mounted on a DJI Matrix M600 PRO UAV platform.Software ENVI SARscape
Software Phoenix LiDAR Systems Software Global Mapper		Experts
[]The three main stages consisted of data preparation, data preprocessing, and main processing.Ground laser scanning (TLS) and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones) 3D Geoinformation System (GIS)Professional Multirotor Fixed Wing UAV DJI Phantom 3 Laser Scanner Topcon IP-S3 HD Mobile Mapping System 3Descarners Laser (GNSS)Magnet Master Field, TopconMagnet Collage, Topcon
Software Agisoft photoscan
City Engine, software ESRI		Experts
[](1) Acquisition of geometric and photogrammetric data and analysis of the conservation status of the selected portion
(2) The formalization of the ontology for the conservation process.
(3) 3D modeling.
(4) The enrichment of parametric model data.		UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) digital photogrammetry and SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) handheld laser scannerGPT3105N como estación total. DJI Spark MMA1 drone y su cámara integrada RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems). Slam MLS (Mobile Laser Scanner) KAARTA Stencil 2 ScannerAgisoft Metashape Software version 1.5.3 CloudCompare Software. Autodesk Revit SoftwareExperts
[]Data acquisition (LiDAR method) Generated Point Cloud Mapping (BIM) Resource collection, Cleansing collected data, saving in format(.csv), and converted to XML format by Top braid Composer to be replicated with Autodesk Revit and AutoCAD Ontology DesignLiDARBIM scanning methodDoes not specifyAutoCAD
Autodesk Revit (BIM environment)		Experts
[]Two types of GNSS receivers were used for data acquisition: (a) 3 Trimble R9 equipped with Zephyr 2 geodesic GNSS antennas and (b) a Leica GS15 smart GNSS receiver.UIAV magicians and laser scanningTrimble R9 equipped with Zephyr 2 geodesic GNSS antennas and (b) a Leica GS15 smart GNSS receiver Image acquisition: DJI Inspire 2 UAV, with a 24 MP cameraSoftware Agisoft PhotoScan ProfessionalExperts
[]Inspect the building and obtain morphological data, at an adequate and quantifiable scale, together with complementary chromatic information that allows a high-quality definition of the external texture of each of its parts.Fotogrametría
Solar Laser Scanning (TLS)		Laser Scanner Faro Focus 3D S120 Canon 5D Camera Mark lll DSLR with Canon EF 24–105 mm f/3.5-5.6 IS STMP Lens OpCard 202Onnon DL-913/DL-Simple Model LED Continuous Light and Tripod LensDoes not specifyExperts
[](1) Extraction of data from the conservation plan.
(2) classification of data to be included in the BIM model.
(3) Modeling of base data to include them in BIM
(4) Translation of the data model to be implemented in the chosen software		Fotogrametría
HBIM		Does not specifySoftware Autodesk RevitExperts/Non-Experts
[](1) Creation of 3D models.
(2). Formation of ontology.
(3) Creation of 3D GIS for onto-model integration
(4) Formation of ontological excursion routes		Recommended: UAV imaging and laser scanningRecommended: tripod and a special panoramic head, digital camera, lens (wide-angle or fisheye type), camera shooting cableRecommended 3D modeling: Real Works Survey (RWS) software, three-dimensional development 3Dipsos: Autodesk Inventor software, Autodesk Revit 3DExperts
[](1) Data acquisition by terrestrial laser scanning
(2) Recording and georeferencing scans
(3) Point cloud segmentation into tiles
(4) Rearranging point cloud tiles
(5) 3D solid modeling
(6) texture mapping of polygon models,
(7) Conversion of data for import into the game engine
(8) development of motion and interaction control in Unity
(9) implementation on HTC Vive
(10) immersive and interactive visualization of the Complex		Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS)Riegl VZ400 scanner with Canon EOS 7D mk II Nikon D610 camera with 20.2MP CMOS sensor. RiScan for georeferencing and segmentation of point clouds ReCap for reorganization of tiles3ds Max using segmented point clouds for 3D modeling and texture mapping Unit game engine Visualization: HTC Vive VR system that uses Steam VR as an interface between the game engine and HTC Vive.Software Autodesk 3D MaxExperts
[]Data acquisition (3D laser scanning and photogrammetry) Data processing 3D modeling visualizationFotogrametría
Solar Laser Scanning (TLS)		Active sensors (laser scanner) and passive sensors (digital camera) Professional SLR cameraSoftware Agisoft PhotoScan
Visualización: 3DHOP (3D Heritage Online Presenter		Experts
[]CAAL satellite remote sensingRemote sensing data: very high resolution (VHR) images available through Google Earth and Bing Imagery, transmitted within the QGIS platformCORONA SatelliteDoes not specifyExperts
[](i) 3D reproductions for the implementation of augmented reality; (ii) interaction of the gaze and gestures for the realization of applications to improve the visitor experience in the exhibitions; (iii) AI applications for the realization of useful tools/solutions for the restoration of works of art.Natural User Interfaces (NUI)Eye-tracking system: consists of a common PC, a Full HD 24 display and an EyeTribe device (ET100-The Eye Tribe Tracker 11) Application based on gesture interaction: a standard PC, a 24” Full HD monitor and a Kinect sensorDoes not specifyNon-experts
[](1) Workflow organization
(2) Section control
(3) 2d fusion
(4) representation. Documentation and study of mechanical behavior through 3D modeling: Data collection in the field and data processing.		3D laser scannerDoes not specifyEscanear WordExperts
[]Application of HBIM techniques to obtain the 3D Model of the chosen heritage, the data obtained are transferred to the EasyCUBE PRO software to be processed (Segmented) and obtain the analysis of patrimonial degradation.Fotogrametría digitalThey do not specifySoftware EasyCUBE ProExperts
[]Based on the hierarchical orientation of the images through an artificial vision technique. To automate image-based modeling and produce high-quality 3D point clouds. Three-dimensional point clouds, textured meshes and orthoimages were created.Digital Photogrammetry Ground Laser Scanning (TLS)Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)DJI Inspire 1 Pro UAV platform, Zenmuse X5 digital camera equipped with a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and an interchangeable lens that can be operated in real-time cinematic mode (RTK). Riegl LMS-Z210 Scanner (for TLS)Pix4D CloudCompare Software (To compare the results of two applied techniques)Experts
[]Making a replica of Tutankhamun’s tomb using a high-resolution two- and three-dimensional capture of the images of the original tomb. The print of the images was vacuum filled on a base of milled and molten resin to be assimilated to the surface contours of the original wall.Laser scanning and photogrammetryDoes not specifyDoes not specifyNon-experts
[]Recopilation and data processing, Identification of historical details, Constructing of parametric historical objects and mapping of parametric objects in scanning data to produce complete engineering orthographic drawings and 3D models.Laser scanning
HBIM		Artificial Intelligence “AI” sensors and camerasHBIM and IoT toolsExperts
[]Use of the platform:
(1) Geometric modeling
(2) Server usage
(3) Visor”		Photogrammetry Magnetic ScanPhotogrammetry: Nikon F-810 camera and wide angle of 17 mm. (104°) and 24 mm (83°). Laser Scanning: laser scanner of the brand Faro, model Focus 150PetrobimPhotoscan web platform
Autodesk Recap Software Open Source Cloud Comparison		Experts
[]Application of the HeritageCare System: SL1 or StandardCare; SL2 or PlusCare. SL1, evaluates the state of the heritage
SL3 or TotalCare: integrates and manages all data collected from SL1 and SL2 using BIM Modeling		BIMHeritageCare platform, developed in PHP and JavaScript, HTMLy CSS (design language), among other web systems. To obtain information from the sensors using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) communication protocol between the platform and the server that stores the monitoring data.Application of the PlusCare protocol on the HeritageCare platformExperts/Non-Experts
[]3D ScanningPhotogrammetry laser scanningCreaform Go! Scan 50Autodesk Mudbox
CATIA V5		Experts/Non-Experts

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