The Spatiotemporal Links between Urban and Rural Regions through the Sale and Consumption of Agri-Food Products
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Oporto and Lisbon Case Studies
2.2. Analytical Framework
2.2.1. Data Collection and Pre-Processing
- Cluster 1 (“Wine Focused”) includes stores (N = 13, 11.5%) that almost exclusively sell wines and other beverages. This is the least represented cluster in the sample. It is important to note that compared to the other two clusters, the stores in this cluster do not sell any product without a certification seal, and most wines have the Denomination of Controlled Origin (DOC) or Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) designations. Compared to the other clusters, this one tends to promote “Cooking Workshops/Courses” more often.
- Cluster 2 (“The Rural Provenance Focused”) includes stores (N = 41, 41.8%) that, although they sell a wide variety of food products of rural origin, sell mainly “Cheese and other dairy products” and “Meat, sausages, and other sub-products of animal origin”. This cluster is the second most representative cluster of stores. These stores, compared to the other clusters, tend to be a group of stores with a more represented family structure that opened before the year 2000. Furthermore, these stores tend to acquire their products in both ways: both directly from the producer and through the distributor.
- Cluster 3 (“The Generalist”) includes stores (N = 44, 44.8%) which, compared to other clusters, are characterized by the sale of vegetables (and related products) and other products as well as olive oil. This is the cluster with the highest representation in the sample; however, it is also the cluster with a greater variety of other sold products. In addition, the stores are more likely to sell hygiene and cleaning products (soaps, shower gel) and other foods that use raw materials from rural sources such as beeswax, honey, olive oil, goat and donkey milk. In this cluster, the store owners are part of collective companies and have a greater preference for buying directly from the producer, namely vegetables and olive oil.
2.2.2. Geospatial Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Geodemography of the Cities of Oporto and Lisbon
3.2. Spatial and Temporal Evolution and Influence Area of Store Locations in the Cities of Oporto and Lisbon
- In all of them, the directional distribution increased in area, moving from an ellipsoid shape to a more harmonized circular shape and dispersed throughout the urban territory. This situation is, however, more evident in the city of Lisbon, which is partly due to its greater extension and the existence of several urban ‘centers’;
- Most of the stores in the two cities opened in the last decade and a half, although there are centenary stores in the cities of Oporto and Lisbon. The recent nature of these stores draws attention to their probable relationship with the increase in tourist flows that have been observed in the three cities in recent years;
- The greater concentration of stores in the historic centers or in their immediate vicinity also suggests their greater focus on marketing agri-food products of rural origin to visitors and tourists without prejudice to the fact that in some cases, the focus is also on local residents.
3.3. Supply Chains for Agri-Food Products in the Cities of Oporto and Lisbon
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data | Geometry | Description | Date | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stores | Point | Specialized/gourmet stores in Oporto and Lisbon | 2020 | Field work |
Tourist photos | Point | Flickr photos uploaded by tourists | 2021 | Flickr social network |
Local lodging | Point | Includes number of beds and carrying capacity | 2021 | National Tourism Authority |
Road network | Lines | Includes metric and time distance attributes | 2021 | Here/ESRI |
Geodemographic data | Polygon (subsection) | Urban quarters (includes dwellings and resident population data) | 2021 | Statistics Portugal |
Oporto | Cluster 1 The Wine Focused | Cluster 2 The Rural Provenance Focused | Cluster 3 The Generalist |
---|---|---|---|
Observed average distance (m) | 295.8846 | 278.8454 | 176.0159 |
Expected average distance (m) | 1216.2614 | 702.2088 | 780.4615 |
Average nearest neighbor | 0.243274 | 0.397097 | 0.225528 |
Z-score | −3.830175 | −5.285519 | −6.108872 |
p-Value | 0.000128 | 0.000000 | 0.000000 |
Lisbon | Cluster 1 The Wine Focused | Cluster 2 The Rural Provenance Focused | Cluster 3 The Generalist |
---|---|---|---|
Observed average distance (m) | 1704.7745 | 486.0530 | 468.6458 |
Expected average distance (m) | 1623.2571 | 982.4790 | 870.8746 |
Average nearest neighbor | 1.046351 | 0.494721 | 0.538132 |
Z-score | 0.250803 | −4.533916 | −4.675493 |
p-Value | 0.801966 | 0.000006 | 0.000003 |
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Ribeiro, C.; Viana, C.M.; Girão, I.; Figueiredo, E.; Rocha, J. The Spatiotemporal Links between Urban and Rural Regions through the Sale and Consumption of Agri-Food Products. Sustainability 2023, 15, 12038. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151512038
Ribeiro C, Viana CM, Girão I, Figueiredo E, Rocha J. The Spatiotemporal Links between Urban and Rural Regions through the Sale and Consumption of Agri-Food Products. Sustainability. 2023; 15(15):12038. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151512038
Chicago/Turabian StyleRibeiro, Carlos, Cláudia M. Viana, Inês Girão, Elisabete Figueiredo, and Jorge Rocha. 2023. "The Spatiotemporal Links between Urban and Rural Regions through the Sale and Consumption of Agri-Food Products" Sustainability 15, no. 15: 12038. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151512038