Revealing the Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus)’s Cave Preference in Gökova Bay on the Southwest Coast of Türkiye
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Field Surveys and Data Collection
2.3. Data Evaluation
Statistical Analyses on Monk Seal Cave Preference
3. Results
3.1. Seasonal and Diel Cave Use by the Mediterranean Monk Seals
3.2. Identification of the Mediterranean Monk Seals: Photo—ID Study
3.3. Evaluation of the Monk Seal Cave Use Preference
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Cave Code—Camera Trap No—Year | January, February, March | April, May, June | July, August, September | October, November, December |
---|---|---|---|---|
C1_1_2017 | -*, 89.29%, 38.71% | 23.33%, 100.00%, 93.33% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 93.55%, 86.67%, 58.06% |
C2_2017 | -*, 85.71%, 100.00% | 33.33%, 0.00%, 43.33% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 73.33% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
C3_1_2017 | -, -, -* | -, -, -* | -, -, -* | 58.06%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
C3_2_2017 | -, -, -* | -, -, -* | -, -, -* | 58.06%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
C4_2017 | 100.00%, 14.29%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
C1_1_2018 | 0.00%, 0.00%, 51.61% | 100.00%, 45.16%, 70.00% | 51.61%, 0.00%, 0.00% | 80.65%, 100.00%, 6.45% |
C1_2_2018 | 16.13%, 92.86%, 51.61% | 100.00%, 93.55%, 70.00% | 25.81%, 0.00%, 0.00% | 38.71%, 30.00%, 100.00% |
C2_2018 | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 25.81%, 0.00%, 0.00% | 64.52%, 30.00%, 100.00% |
C3_1_2018 | 80.65%, 0.00%, 48.39% | 76.67%, 0.00%, 73.33% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
C3_2_2018 | 100.00%, 14.29%, 48.39% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 63.33%, 100.00% |
C4_2018 | 100.00%, 100.00%, 54.84% | 26.67%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 80.65%, 33.33%, 22.58% |
C1_1_2019 | 16.13%, 100.00%, 45.16% | 60.00%, 25.81%, 50.00% | 38.71%, 74.19%, 0.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
C1_2_2019 | 29.03%, 100.00%, 77.42% | 60.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 96.67% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 70.97% |
C2_2019 | 70.97%, 100.00%, 45.16% | 56.67%, 25.81%, 0.00% | 35.48%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
C3_1_2019 | 64.52%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 58.06%, 80.65%, 100.00% | 0.00%, 70.00%, 100.00% |
C3_2_2019 | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 76.67%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 70.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
C3_3_2019 | -, -, -* | 60.00%, 100.00%, 86.67% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
C4_2019 | 16.13%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 35.48%, 0.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 74.19% |
C5_2019 | -, -, -* | -, -*, 23.33% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 76.67% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
C1_1_2020 | 100.00%, 100.00%, 90.32% | 0.00%, 58.06%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
C1_2_2020 | 100.00%, 100.00%, 90.32% | 0.00%, 58.06%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
C2_2020 | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
C3_1_2020 | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 76.67% | 0.00%, 0.00%, 0.00% |
C3_2_2020 | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 70.97%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
C3_3_2020 | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 0.00%, 0.00%, 0.00% | 61.29%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
C4_2020 | 0.00%, 13.79%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 80.00% | 58.06%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
C5_2020 | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 43.33%, 0.00% |
C1_1_2021 | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 50.00%, 0.00%, 0.00% | 3.00%, 25.81%, 0.00% | 83.87%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
C1_2_2021 | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 50.00%, 0.00%, 0.00% | 3.00%, 25.81%, 0.00% | 83.87%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
C2_2021 | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 93.55%, 0.00% | 35.48%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
C3_1_2021 | 9.68%, 35.71%, 0.00% | 23.33%, 77.42%, 0.00% | 61.29%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
C3_2_2021 | 87.10%, 78.57%, 87.10% | 23.33%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
C3_3_2021 | 64.52%, 78.57%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
C4_2021 | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 60.00%, 100.00%, 46.67% | 61.29%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
C5_2021 | 67.74%, 75.00%, 0.00% | 23.33%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% | 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% |
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Cave Code—Camera Trap No | Monitoring Period |
---|---|
C1—1 | February 2017–December 2021 |
C1—2 | January 2018–December 2021 |
C2 | February 2017–December 2021 |
C3—1 | October 2017–December 2021 |
C3—2 | October 2017–December 2021 |
C3—3 | April 2019–December 2021 |
C4 | January 2017–December 2021 |
C5 | June 2019–December 2021 |
Caves/Distance (km) | C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | - | 16.7 | 49.1 | 48.3 | 68.1 |
C2 | - | - | 64.3 | 63.5 | 83.7 |
C3 | - | - | - | 0.8 | 19.5 |
C4 | - | - | - | - | 20.3 |
C5 | - | - | - | - | - |
Cave-Morphology-Related Variables | Description | Expected Direction of Effect |
---|---|---|
Entrance width (m) | Distance at water level between two walls of the cave entrance | Negative |
Entrance height (m) | Vertical distance between the center of the entrance and the ceiling of the cave | - |
Entrance depth (m) | Vertical distance between the center of the entrance and the bottom of the sea | Positive |
Number of entry paths | Total number of paths leading into the interior of the cave | Positive |
Corridor length (m) | Direct distance (m) at sea level between the center of the entrance and the middle of the main beach | Positive |
Total dry area (m²) | Size of all dry areas inside the cave | Positive |
Main used dry area (m²) | Size of the dry area used by monk seals inside the cave | Positive |
Wet area (m2) | Size of the water surface area in the interior of the cave | Positive: having a protected pool inside the cave; negative: decreasing dry area |
Weather-related variables | Description | Expected direction of effect |
Wind speed | Wind speed (kph and bft) and direction | Negative |
Wind speed and direction and cave entrance direction | Wind speed (bft) and direction in relation to the direction of the cave entrance (low, medium, and high) | Negative (in cases where the cave entrance direction and the wind direction overlap) |
Variables Related to Biological and Behavioral Needs of the Species | Description | Expected Direction of Effect |
---|---|---|
Beach visibility | Ability to see the dry surface in the interior of the cave from 30 m outside the entrance of the cave (not visible—0; partially visible—50; visible—100) | Negative |
Luminance | Amount of daylight inside the cave (low—0; medium—50; high—100) | Positive (monk seal preference for pupping is that caves should be neither completely dark nor completely luminous) |
Main beach substrate | Type of substrate of the main dry area (sand/pebbles, stones, boulders, and rock platform) | For pupping caves, soft substrate is preferable, especially during parturition period |
Substrate size | Sand/pebbles—12.5; stones—37.5; boulders—67.5; rock platform—100 | Especially for pupping caves, as the size of the substrate particle decreases, the likelihood of preference increases |
Human activity | Intensity of the human activity within a 2 km radius from the cave’s entrance (low—settlement further than a 2 km radius; medium—settlement within a 2 km radius; high—settlement closer than a 2 km radius) | Negative |
Cave/Year | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cave 1 | 0.3411 ± 0.1382 | 0.2306 ± 0.0955 | 0.3592 ± 0.0938 | 0.2790 ± 0.0506 | 0.1048 ± 0.0661 |
Cave 2 | 0.3333 ± 0.0576 | 0.3343 ± 0.3329 | 0.0683 ± 0.0641 | ||
Cave 3 | 0.2279 ± 0.1768 | 0.3336 ± 0.1660 | 0.1753 ± 0.0560 | 0.6545 ± 0.3255 | 0.1458 ± 0.0479 |
Cave 4 | 0.0208 ± 0.0167 | 1.0000 ± 0.0000 | 0.1372 ± 0.0850 | 0.0476 ± 0.0137 | |
Cave 5 | NA | NA | 0.5217 ± 0.1871 | 0.2300 ± 0.0636 |
Estimation Results | Marginal Effects | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cave Use Rate | Coefficient | Std. err. | z | P > |z| ** | dy/dx * | P > |z| ** |
Cave use rate Trend in annual cave use ratio | −0.1712323 | 0.0819284 | −2.09 | 0.037 | −0.0391161 | 0.037 |
Winter | −0.9463345 | 0.2548635 | −3.71 | 0.000 | −0.2114705 | 0.000 |
Spring | −0.2954965 | 0.3266665 | −0.90 | 0.366 | −0.065301 | 0.348 |
Summer | −0.1040194 | 0.3210316 | −0.32 | 0.746 | −0.0235163 | 0.743 |
Wind speed_bft ≤ 3 | −0.6664194 | 0.2790405 | −2.39 | 0.017 | −0.1460101 | 0.012 |
Wind speed_3.01≤ bft ≤ 4 | −0.6257136 | 0.2817903 | −2.22 | 0.026 | −0.1343311 | 0.017 |
Luminance_High | −0.4766574 | 0.2411808 | −1.98 | 0.048 | −0.1083527 | 0.046 |
_constant | 1.151355 | 0.5260535 | 2.19 | 0.029 | ||
scale _constant | −0.1475534 | 0.0851323 | −1.73 | 0.083 |
Estimation Results | Marginal Effects | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cave Use Rate | Coefficient | Std. err. | z | P > |z| ** | dy/dx * | P > |z| ** |
Cave use rate Number of entry path | 14.11748 | 5.995442 | 2.35 | 0.019 | 3.235325 | 0.019 |
Human activity_High | −4.383445 | 2.072883 | −2.11 | 0.034 | −0.3892708 | 0.000 |
Luminance | −1.695895 | 0.8018865 | −2.11 | 0.034 | −0.388651 | 0.035 |
Wet area | −0.0795416 | 0.0340877 | −2.33 | 0.020 | −0.0182287 | 0.020 |
_constant | −5.824936 | 2.105663 | −2.77 | 0.006 | ||
scale _constant | −0.2539095 | 0.0824504 | −3.08 | 0.002 |
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Saydam, E.; Güçlüsoy, H. Revealing the Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus)’s Cave Preference in Gökova Bay on the Southwest Coast of Türkiye. Sustainability 2023, 15, 12017. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151512017
Saydam E, Güçlüsoy H. Revealing the Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus)’s Cave Preference in Gökova Bay on the Southwest Coast of Türkiye. Sustainability. 2023; 15(15):12017. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151512017
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaydam, Ezgi, and Harun Güçlüsoy. 2023. "Revealing the Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus)’s Cave Preference in Gökova Bay on the Southwest Coast of Türkiye" Sustainability 15, no. 15: 12017. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151512017
APA StyleSaydam, E., & Güçlüsoy, H. (2023). Revealing the Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus)’s Cave Preference in Gökova Bay on the Southwest Coast of Türkiye. Sustainability, 15(15), 12017. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151512017