Transforming Supply Chains: Powering Circular Economy with Analytics, Integration and Flexibility Using Dual Theory and Deep Learning with PLS-SEM-ANN Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Foundations and Literature Review
2.1. Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) Framework
2.2. Dynamic Capabilities View (DCV)
2.3. Circular Economy (CE)
- Focus on fewer input resources and minimized exploiting natural resources, like energy and material, as input and increased efficiency;
- Encourage organizations to share renewable resources, primarily focused on converting non-renewable resources into renewable resources; organizations must consider the recycling process and move towards sustainability;
- Must reduce the carbon footprint through fewer emissions in the complete material life cycle;
- Minimize wastage through fewer materials losses and save natural resources;
- Support to re-use the product, expansion in the product life cycle, and retain the product as long as possible.
3. Hypotheses and Conceptual Framework Development
3.1. Data Integrity and Scalability (DIS)
3.2. Organizational Readiness (OR)
3.3. Policy and Regulation (PR)
3.4. Supply Chain Analytical Adoption (SCAA)
3.5. Environmental Dynamism (ED)
3.6. Supply Chain Integration (SCI)
3.7. Sustainable Supply Chain Flexibility (SSCF)
4. Methodology
4.1. Measures
4.2. Data Collection
4.3. Common Method Bias (CMB)
4.4. Research Tools
5. Results
5.1. Measurement Model
5.2. Reliability
5.3. Convergent Validity
5.4. Discriminant Validity
5.5. Structural Model
5.6. Hypotheses Testing
5.7. Mediation Analysis
5.8. Effect Size and Predictive Relevance
5.9. Model Fit
5.10. Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
5.11. Sensitivity Analysis
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions and Implications
7.1. Theoretical Implications
7.2. Practical Implications
7.3. Social Implications
7.4. Limitations and Future Research Direction
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- The utilized supply chain analytics systems are compatible with the company’s existing hardware and software applications.
- Data quality issues are relevant to my organization when implementing supply chain analytics systems.
- Data interoperability issues are relevant to my organization when implementing supply chain analytics systems.
- supply chain analytics systems are supported by data quality and data integration tools.
- Customer data needs to be integrated into supply chain analytics systems and checked for quality.
- Our organization has the human capabilities and capacity on using supply chain analytics systems to support operations.
- Our organization has no difficulties in accessing all the necessary resources (e.g., funding, people, time) to adopt supply chain analytics technologies.
- Our organization employees are knowledgeable and skillful in supply chain analytics systems.
- Our organization supports ongoing personnel training schemes on supply chain analytics systems.
- The company management considers supply chain analytics systems important and supports their use.
- The management is willing to communicate with staff and participate in the implementation process of supply chain analytics systems.
- There is legal protection in the use of supply chain analytics systems, but companies have difficulty complying with policies and regulations due to the large amount of unstructured data.
- Legislation and regulations are sufficient to guarantee the use of supply chain analytics systems.
- Financial incentives to promote the adoption of supply chain analytics systems are provided.
- Our organization is currently evaluating the usage of supply chain analytics systems.
- Our organization has evaluated and planned the adoption of supply chain analytics systems.
- Our organization has already adopted supply chain analytics systems.
- There is a collaboration between the production department and suppliers.
- There is a collaboration among shop-floor workers.
- There is a collaboration between the production department and other firms’ departments.
- Customers have an active role in new product development.
- Customers have an active role in the production process.
- Ability to minimize the cost of green products through process flexibility.
- Ability to reduce transportation time of green products through delivery flexibility.
- Ability to supply green products to customers by resorting to product flexibility.
- Ability to reconfigure the supply chain using flexible supply chain systems.
- Ability to introduce new alternative recycled resources through sourcing flexibility.
- Ability to reduce the waste generated from the supply chain through volume flexibility.
- Ability to increase the speed of acquiring environmental information and response to market flexibility.
- The rate at which your customer’s product/service needs change.
- The rate at which your supplier’s skills/capabilities change.
- The rate at which your competitors’ products/services change.
- The rate at which your firm’s products/services change.
- Reduction in inputs used (including energy or materials).
- Adoption of more sustainable inputs (e.g., recycled or recyclable materials).
- Move toward greener suppliers.
- Use of waste from other sectors/firms as inputs.
- Reduction in process-related environmental impacts (e.g., on air or water).
- Reduction in production waste.
- Use of the firm’s waste in the production process.
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Constructs | Factor Loadings | VIF |
---|---|---|
Data Integrity and Scalability (α = 0.800, CR = 0.861, AVE = 0.555) | ||
DIS1 | 0.728 | 1.610 |
DIS2 | 0.768 | 1.662 |
DIS3 | 0.820 | 1.731 |
DIS4 | 0.668 | 1.453 |
DIS5 | 0.735 | 1.475 |
Organizational Readiness (α = 0.867, CR = 0.900, AVE = 0.600) | ||
OR1 | 0.772 | 1.826 |
OR2 | 0.734 | 1.713 |
OR3 | 0.761 | 1.836 |
OR4 | 0.814 | 2.16 |
OR5 | 0.808 | 1.951 |
OR6 | 0.755 | 1.715 |
Policies and Regulations (α = 0.761, CR = 0.862, AVE = 0.677) | ||
PR1 | 0.786 | 1.427 |
PR2 | 0.849 | 1.663 |
PR3 | 0.832 | 1.595 |
Environmental Dynamism (α = 0.780, CR = 0.858, AVE = 0.602) | ||
ED1 | 0.762 | 1.553 |
ED2 | 0.780 | 1.524 |
ED3 | 0.775 | 1.542 |
ED4 | 0.787 | 1.551 |
Supply Chain Analytics Adoption (α = 0.719, CR = 0.843, AVE = 0.641) | ||
SCAA1 | 0.803 | 1.442 |
SCAA2 | 0.840 | 1.575 |
SCAA3 | 0.757 | 1.32 |
Supply Chain Integration (α = 0.855, CR = 0.896, AVE = 0.633) | ||
SCI1 | 0.830 | 2.030 |
SCI2 | 0.790 | 1.792 |
SCI3 | 0.770 | 1.702 |
SCI4 | 0.793 | 1.840 |
SCI5 | 0.795 | 1.863 |
Sustainable Supply Chain Flexibility (α = 0.874, CR = 0.903, AVE = 0.570) | ||
SSCF1 | 0.746 | 1.802 |
SSCF2 | 0.773 | 1.890 |
SSCF3 | 0.729 | 1.707 |
SSCF4 | 0.757 | 1.877 |
SSCF5 | 0.737 | 1.761 |
SSCF6 | 0.787 | 1.986 |
SSCF7 | 0.753 | 1.803 |
Circular Economy (α = 0.901, CR = 0.922, AVE = 0.627) | ||
CE1 | 0.811 | 2.281 |
CE2 | 0.778 | 1.916 |
CE3 | 0.79 | 2.072 |
CE4 | 0.804 | 2.172 |
CE5 | 0.791 | 2.103 |
CE6 | 0.813 | 2.179 |
CE7 | 0.753 | 1.809 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. CE | 0.792 | |||||||
2. DIS | 0.581 | 0.745 | ||||||
3. ED | 0.633 | 0.364 | 0.776 | |||||
4. OR | 0.715 | 0.543 | 0.530 | 0.774 | ||||
5. PR | 0.578 | 0.602 | 0.389 | 0.514 | 0.823 | |||
6. SCAA | 0.618 | 0.573 | 0.530 | 0.587 | 0.611 | 0.801 | ||
7. SCI | 0.745 | 0.641 | 0.491 | 0.638 | 0.543 | 0.582 | 0.796 | |
8. SSCF | 0.702 | 0.602 | 0.701 | 0.674 | 0.503 | 0.674 | 0.678 | 0.755 |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. CE | ||||||||
2. DIS | 0.681 | |||||||
3. ED | 0.753 | 0.458 | ||||||
4. OR | 0.806 | 0.644 | 0.642 | |||||
5. PR | 0.698 | 0.771 | 0.506 | 0.625 | ||||
6. SCAA | 0.766 | 0.743 | 0.709 | 0.736 | 0.826 | |||
7. SCI | 0.848 | 0.781 | 0.596 | 0.739 | 0.674 | 0.74 | ||
8. SSCF | 0.789 | 0.713 | 0.846 | 0.771 | 0.614 | 0.848 | 0.785 |
Hypotheses | Β | T Values | p Values |
---|---|---|---|
DIS → SCAA | 0.210 | 2.526 | 0.012 |
ED → SCI | 0.333 | 3.697 | 0.000 |
ED → SSCF | 0.476 | 5.803 | 0.000 |
Moderating Effect 1 → SCI | 0.151 | 2.391 | 0.017 |
Moderating Effect 2 → SSCF | 0.131 | 2.383 | 0.018 |
OR → SCAA | 0.304 | 3.354 | 0.001 |
PR → SCAA | 0.328 | 4.222 | 0.000 |
SCAA → CE | 0.159 | 1.895 | 0.059 |
SCAA → SCI | 0.524 | 7.332 | 0.000 |
SCAA → SSCF | 0.357 | 4.504 | 0.000 |
SCI → CE | 0.461 | 4.229 | 0.000 |
SCI → SSCF | 0.289 | 3.509 | 0.000 |
SSCF → CE | 0.282 | 2.433 | 0.015 |
Mediations | Direct β | Indirect β | Total β | VAF | Mediation Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SCAA → SCI → CE | 0.159 | 0.241 | 0.401 | 0.603 | Partial Mediation |
SCAA → SSCF → CE | 0.159 | 0.101 | 0.260 | 0.388 | Partial Mediation |
SCI → SSCF → CE | 0.461 | 0.081 | 0.542 | 0.150 | No Mediation |
Endogenous Variables | R2 | Q2 | Exogenous Variables | F2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Supply Chain Analytical Adoption | 0.5 | 0.305 | Data Integrity and Scalability | 0.05 |
Organizational Readiness | 0.12 | |||
Policy and Regulation | 0.126 | |||
Supply Chain Integration | 0.41 | 0.247 | Supply Chain Analytical Adoption | 0.286 |
Environmental Dynamism | 0.114 | |||
Sustainable Supply Chain Flexibility | 0.701 | 0.384 | Supply Chain Integration | 0.164 |
Supply Chain Analytical Adoption | 0.205 | |||
Environmental Dynamism | 0.411 | |||
Circular Economy | 0.64 | 0.395 | Sustainable Supply Chain Flexibility | 0.093 |
Supply Chain Integration | 0.301 | |||
Supply Chain Analytical Adoption | 0.036 |
Constructs | AVE | R Square |
---|---|---|
CE | 0.627 | 0.640 |
SCAA | 0.641 | 0.500 |
SCI | 0.633 | 0.410 |
SSCF | 0.570 | 0.701 |
0.618 | 0.56275 | |
Goodness of Fit | 0.585 |
Neural Network | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Input Covariates: | Input Covariates: | Input Covariates: | Input Covariates: | |||||
DIS, OR, PR | SCAA, ED | SCAA, ED, SCI | DIS, OR, PR, SCAA, ED, SSCF, SCI | |||||
Output: SCAA | Output: SCI | Output: SSCF | Output: CE | |||||
Training | Test | Training | Test | Training | Test | Training | Test | |
ANN1 | 0.111 | 0.107 | 0.138 | 0.164 | 0.105 | 0.093 | 0.113 | 0.119 |
ANN2 | 0.112 | 0.117 | 0.152 | 0.128 | 0.090 | 0.120 | 0.116 | 0.109 |
ANN3 | 0.121 | 0.097 | 0.152 | 0.133 | 0.099 | 0.100 | 0.105 | 0.108 |
ANN4 | 0.111 | 0.115 | 0.144 | 0.181 | 0.106 | 0.104 | 0.102 | 0.116 |
ANN5 | 0.116 | 0.091 | 0.144 | 0.150 | 0.105 | 0.113 | 0.120 | 0.101 |
ANN6 | 0.110 | 0.114 | 0.138 | 0.148 | 0.091 | 0.120 | 0.119 | 0.112 |
ANN7 | 0.105 | 0.113 | 0.155 | 0.125 | 0.104 | 0.096 | 0.097 | 0.138 |
ANN8 | 0.115 | 0.105 | 0.155 | 0.130 | 0.096 | 0.111 | 0.108 | 0.132 |
ANN9 | 0.112 | 0.111 | 0.148 | 0.141 | 0.111 | 0.071 | 0.108 | 0.126 |
ANN10 | 0.114 | 0.106 | 0.138 | 0.166 | 0.097 | 0.103 | 0.123 | 0.080 |
Average | 0.113 | 0.108 | 0.146 | 0.147 | 0.100 | 0.103 | 0.111 | 0.114 |
Predictor | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Input Covariates: | Input Covariates: | Input Covariates: | Input Covariates: | |
DIS, OR, PR | SCAA, ED | SCAA, ED, SCI | DIS, OR, PR, SCAA, ED, SSCF, SCI | |
Output: SCAA | Output: SCI | Output: SSCF | Output: CE | |
DIS | 74.63 | 33.3 | ||
OR | 76.55 | 99.47 | ||
PR | 100 | 46.23 | ||
SCAA | 100 | 79.66 | 35.45 | |
ED | 83.8 | 100 | 86.36 | |
SCI | 60.73 | 100 | ||
SSCF | 54.82 |
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Shafique, M.N.; Rashid, A.; Yeo, S.F.; Adeel, U. Transforming Supply Chains: Powering Circular Economy with Analytics, Integration and Flexibility Using Dual Theory and Deep Learning with PLS-SEM-ANN Analysis. Sustainability 2023, 15, 11979. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511979
Shafique MN, Rashid A, Yeo SF, Adeel U. Transforming Supply Chains: Powering Circular Economy with Analytics, Integration and Flexibility Using Dual Theory and Deep Learning with PLS-SEM-ANN Analysis. Sustainability. 2023; 15(15):11979. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511979
Chicago/Turabian StyleShafique, Muhammad Noman, Ammar Rashid, Sook Fern Yeo, and Umar Adeel. 2023. "Transforming Supply Chains: Powering Circular Economy with Analytics, Integration and Flexibility Using Dual Theory and Deep Learning with PLS-SEM-ANN Analysis" Sustainability 15, no. 15: 11979. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511979