Simple Alkali-Modified Persimmon Peel–Montmorillonite Composite Hydrochar for Rapid and Efficient Removal of Methylene Blue
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Hydrochar
2.3. Batch Adsorption Experiments
2.4. Characterization Methods
2.5. DFT Calculation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Hydrochar Characterization
3.1.1. SEM Analysis
3.1.2. XRD Analysis
3.1.3. FTIR and XPS Analysis
3.1.4. Zeta Potential Analysis
3.2. Adsorption Study
3.2.1. Effect of Additional Amounts of Modified Hydrochars on MB Adsorption
3.2.2. Adsorption Isotherms of MB onto Modified Hydrochars
3.2.3. Adsorption Kinetics of MB onto Modified Hydrochars
3.3. Adsorption Mechanisms
3.3.1. FTIR and XPS Analysis
3.3.2. DFT Calculation
3.4. Regeneration of Modified Hydrochar
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Isotherm Model | Constants | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
PMHC-KOH | PMHC-NaHCO3 | |||
Langmuir | 278.41 | 121.28 | ||
0.408 | 0.361 | |||
0.9719 | 0.9544 | |||
Freundlich | 101.97 | 43.47 | ||
n | 4.067 | 4.639 | ||
0.8718 | 0.9814 | |||
Redlich–Peterson | 117.73 | 105.21 | ||
0.445 | 1.804 | |||
g | 0.987 | 0.844 | ||
0.9723 | 0.9870 |
Kinetic Model | Constants | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
PMHC-KOH | PMHC-NaHCO3 | |||
Pseudo-first-order | 64.48 | 61.76 | ||
k1 | 1.225 | 0.0212 | ||
R2 | 0.9884 | 0.9802 | ||
Pseudo-second-order | qe | 66.33 | 67.34 | |
k2 | 0.0433 | 0.00041 | ||
0.9962 | 0.9949 | |||
Elovich | α | 1.03943 × 1012 | 5.0013 | |
0.4779 | 0.0873 | |||
0.9645 | 0.9420 |
No. | Adsorbents | Qm (mg/g) | k2 (g/mg/min) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | ZnCl2 modified bamboo hydrochar | 47.30 | Not Given | [44] |
2 | native pine needle biochar (PNBC), weak Acid-treated biochar (WABC), strong acid-treated biochar (SABC) | 106.38 | 0.0022 | [45] |
113.63 | 0.0022 | |||
153.84 | 0.0073 | |||
3 | Fe3O4-loaded protonated amine-modified hydrochar (Fe3O4-PAMH) | 148.84 | 0.000436 | [46] |
4 | Hydrochar from wood residues of Pinus caribaea (PIN), combined with acid-base treatment (PIN-200-24-B) | 132.10 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | [47] |
149.00 | 0.033 ± 0.002 | |||
5 | Oxidized pine needles oxime (OPNoxime) | 169.21 | 0.00147 | [48] |
6 | Coconut shell waste hydrochar by NaOH impregnation (COSHTC). | 200.01 | 0.066 | [49] |
7 | PMHC-NaHCO3 | 121.28 | 0.00041 | This study |
PMHC-KOH | 278.41 | 0.0433 |
Model | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HC + MB | −3970.2024 | −2787.9787 | −1182.0940 | −0.12954 | −3.525 |
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Chai, N.; Gao, L.; Li, S.; Ma, Z.; Li, L.; Hu, M. Simple Alkali-Modified Persimmon Peel–Montmorillonite Composite Hydrochar for Rapid and Efficient Removal of Methylene Blue. Sustainability 2023, 15, 11867. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511867
Chai N, Gao L, Li S, Ma Z, Li L, Hu M. Simple Alkali-Modified Persimmon Peel–Montmorillonite Composite Hydrochar for Rapid and Efficient Removal of Methylene Blue. Sustainability. 2023; 15(15):11867. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511867
Chicago/Turabian StyleChai, Na, Lihui Gao, Shulei Li, Zilong Ma, Lingni Li, and Ming Hu. 2023. "Simple Alkali-Modified Persimmon Peel–Montmorillonite Composite Hydrochar for Rapid and Efficient Removal of Methylene Blue" Sustainability 15, no. 15: 11867. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511867