Influence of the Bed Temperature on the Operational Reliability of a Hybrid Constructed Wetland Wastewater Treatment Plant in South-Western Poland—A Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Facility
2.2. Analytical Methods
2.2.1. Wastewater Quality
2.2.2. Assessment of Atmospheric Air Temperature and Temperature Inside the HF Bed
2.3. Statistical Analysis
- Pollutant removal efficiency ɳ;
- Treatment plant reliability factor (RF);
- Technological efficiency of wastewater treatment PSW;
- Risk of a negative assessment of the wastewater treatment plant operation RS.
- Ci—concentration of a pollution indicator in influent [mg∙dm−3],
- Ce—concentration of a pollution indicator in effluent [mg∙dm−3].
- —mean concentration of a pollution indicator in treated wastewater [mg∙dm−3],
- xper—permissible concentration of a pollution indicator in treated wastewater [mg∙dm−3].
- nc—number of outflow readings compliant with the Regulation [–],
- N—number of all the outflow readings [–].
- nn—number of samples collected at the outflow from the treatment plant in which the concentration limits for the tested pollutant were exceeded [–],
- Nper—the maximum permissible number of samples that, according to the Polish Regulation [61], may exceed the pollutant concentration limits during one year; two exceedances are allowed per 12 samples [–].
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Wastewater Quality
3.1.1. Mechanically Treated Wastewater
3.1.2. Effluent from the VF Bed
3.1.3. Effluent from the HF Bed
3.2. Pollutants Removal Efficiency
3.3. Atmospheric Air Temperature and Temperature in the HF Bed
3.4. Pollutants Removal Reliability
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Parameter | Unit | Assay Method |
---|---|---|---|
1 | BOD5 | [mgO2·dm−3] | manometric method using the Oxi Top IS-6 kit |
2 | COD | [mgO2·dm−3] | spectrophotometric method using the PhotoLab 7100 VIS spectrophotometer |
3 | TSS | [mg·dm−3] | weight method using ashless filter strainers after drying in a laboratory dryer of type SLW 32 Smart |
4 | TN | [mgN·dm−3] | spectrophotometric method using Merck-certified cuvette assays with a PhotoLab 7100 VIS spectrophotometer |
5 | TP | [mgP·dm−3] | spectrophotometric method using Merck-certified cuvette assays with a PhotoLab 7100 VIS spectrophotometer |
Parameter | [mg·dm−3] | min [mg·dm−3] | max [mg·dm−3] | s [mg·dm−3] | Vs [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mechanically treated effluent from the settling tank | |||||
BOD5 | 125.3 | 44.0 | 350.0 | 93.3 | 74.4 |
COD | 336.0 | 140.0 | 636.0 | 168.5 | 50.1 |
TSS | 67.3 | 9.0 | 128.0 | 42.6 | 63.3 |
TN | 56.7 | 24.0 | 131.0 | 30.5 | 53.8 |
TP | 10.9 | 5.1 | 16.1 | 3.5 | 32.1 |
Effluent from the VF bed | |||||
BOD5 | 20.6 | 1.0 | 105.0 | 30.2 | 146.9 |
COD | 71.7 | 30.0 | 137.0 | 32.9 | 46.0 |
TSS | 27.1 | 2.4 | 100.0 | 28.8 | 106.1 |
TN | 27.3 | 12.0 | 71.0 | 15.3 | 56.1 |
TP | 4.1 | 1.8 | 7.0 | 1.7 | 41.7 |
Effluent from the HF bed | |||||
BOD5 | 5.2 | 0.5 | 15.0 | 5.5 | 105.9 |
COD | 33.8 | 6.0 | 118.0 | 31.0 | 91.9 |
TSS | 12.7 | 2.0 | 33.6 | 12.6 | 99.1 |
TN | 17.4 | 8.0 | 35.0 | 8.2 | 47.1 |
TP | 2.5 | 1.5 | 4.0 | 0.8 | 32.9 |
A VF-HF Constructed Wetland | Mean Pollutants Removal Efficiency [%] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BOD5 | COD | TSS | TN | TP | |
Paistu, Estonia [49] | 91 | - | 78 | 63 | 89 |
South Korea [50] | 99 | 98 | 99 | 68 | 72 |
Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain [51] | 86 | 80 | 86 | 88 | 24 |
Tylicz, Poland [42] | 97 | 95 | 84 | 67 | - |
Janów, Poland [26] | 96 | 94 | 89 | 66 | 95 |
Skorczyce, Poland [44] | 99 | 98 | 94 | 64 | 68 |
Florianka, Poland [46] | 98 | 96 | 87 | 86 | 94 |
various VF-HF facilities, Poland [45] | 97 | 94 | 92 | 65 | 89 |
KRAJANÓW, POLAND | 95 | 89 | 81 | 66 | 76 |
Removal Efficiency for Individual Pollution Indicator | Temperature [°C] | |
---|---|---|
Atmospheric Air | HF Bed | |
BOD5 | −0.13 | −0.22 |
COD | 0.14 | 0.29 |
TSS | −0.03 | 0.12 |
TN | 0.07 | 0.17 |
TP | 0.05 | −0.01 |
Indicator | RF [-] | PSW [-] | RS [-] |
---|---|---|---|
BOD5 | 0.13 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
COD | 0.23 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
TSS | 0.25 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
TN | 0.58 | 0.92 | 0.50 |
TP | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.00 |
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Jóźwiakowska, K.; Bugajski, P. Influence of the Bed Temperature on the Operational Reliability of a Hybrid Constructed Wetland Wastewater Treatment Plant in South-Western Poland—A Case Study. Sustainability 2023, 15, 11790. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511790
Jóźwiakowska K, Bugajski P. Influence of the Bed Temperature on the Operational Reliability of a Hybrid Constructed Wetland Wastewater Treatment Plant in South-Western Poland—A Case Study. Sustainability. 2023; 15(15):11790. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511790
Chicago/Turabian StyleJóźwiakowska, Karolina, and Piotr Bugajski. 2023. "Influence of the Bed Temperature on the Operational Reliability of a Hybrid Constructed Wetland Wastewater Treatment Plant in South-Western Poland—A Case Study" Sustainability 15, no. 15: 11790. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511790